Tobacco Consumption and Their Associated Factors about the Andhra-Odessa Border People, Andhra Pradesh, India

Andhra Pradesh state districts Srikakulam, Vizayanagaram, Visakhapatnam are share with the Odessa districts Ganjam, Gajapathi, Rayagada, Koraput and Malkangiri. The interstate border is present  with bilingual language that is Odiya and Telugu. In this most of people are depends upon of agriculture. Tobacco using family history is higher than the other districts of Andhra Pradesh. Tobacco is the major cause to the health effects like pneumonia, Cancer, Heart and Lung diseases, highly addictive substances is effect to the brain. According to the WHO every year 8 million people were died by the effect of tobacco. (2) Tobacco use has been started before 18 years in the developed countries. (4) India is a second largest tobacco producer and consumer in the world and major contributor to the annual fatalities according for 9.5% out of the total. (3) All most 300 million people are low and moderate income living with poverty conditions. (1) All most 33% cancer fatalities cases are caused by the Tobacco in the global, the counting of 27% fatalities are burden by smoking. (5) Approximately 28.6% smoking adults in India total of the global. (6) Teenagers tobacco addiction is  most common in rural areas more than urban areas and Tribal areas  still high prevalence. (7,8,9 ) Study of Maharashtra and central India Tobacco use prevalence of 45.42% and 27.25% about Tribal adolescents respectively. ( 10,11 ) India’s Tobacco products smoke less fallowed by Guthaka, Khani, Betel quid, Zarda users are more than smoking tobacco fallowed by Cigarette, Bidi, Hukka. (12) Nicotine is more effect to the adolescent. In my study area selected as stages the first stage studied on the Literates the age above 18 years, the second stage Illiterates the age period between 20-50 years. In this study fallowed by given objectives.

1. To calculate proportionate of Tobacco use among the Literate College / Non college students and Illiterate people in the Andhra-Odessa border region.
2. To determine the tobacco users based on the age initiation and pattern of Tobacco usage.
3. To calculate the percentage based on the graphs of age initiation, pattern of Tobacco usage, tobacco using time of ever or partial.

3. METHODS AND MATERIALS:

a) Study type:

This study was village (rural)/ town and college based oral and observation survey type with a cross sectional design

b) Study Area:

This study was conducted Odessa-Andhra border rural village and town along with Government and private Degree colleges the time period between Dece2023-March 2025 in the North districts Srikakulam, Vizayanagaram and Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh.

C) Study Samples:

The study was conducted among the adolescent students, adolescent and middle age illiterates ( Tribal and non tribal area) men and women’s the age 18 to 50 years who self willing and participate in their survey day. It is random average and accurate data.

d) Sample Size:

Calculating the sample size based on the formula [ N=P(1-P)P²/d²] , With 27.25% prevalence from a related study done in central India (15), 95% Confidence Interval, 5% Allowable Error, 10% non-response rate, and a design effect of 2, calculate the number of participants which was founded the total study participant number 964, it was rounded to 970.

e) Sampling Collection:

In applied random sampling method by the multiple steps. The first step Srikakulam, Vizayanagaram and Visakhapatnam Tribal and others of  Odessa- Andhra border samples were collected at random from a total samples. In the second step with the conceder of cast based like Tribal, Mala sub casts, Backward and Open category people by lottery method. The third step sample collection was divided based on the Literature, Age and development. In the fourth step selected the 14 Co-Education colleges where the all community people are studied. In the fifth step collected the illiterate samples from the rural and town area based on the lottery method. The final step collect the samples from the Graduates who are completed the Degree. The above sample collection is taken, each Literate and Illiterate participants were conceder as sample by the random sampling method from each social area and colleges.

f) Study tools:

Data collected by using self administrable, questionnaire pre design semi structure from Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). Odia, tribal and Telugu languages are translation mode of questionnaire. Collecting data translate to validate to respective languages by the initial, Transverse- Translation, Fallowed by pre testing.

G) Ethical issues:

The College/Institutional ethical committee provides the Ethical consideration data collection notice to each principal and village/ town government authorities and permission was obtained, who are Literates and Illiterates are participated in this data collection with use of self willing and without any external force. We provide the instructions how the data will collect at the time of questionnaire.

1. Literates: we are gave the questionnaire paper what we want data and options, collected samples are finalized by the random process.

2. Illiterates: We were collected data by oral questionnaire method and finalized by random process

The above data collected with confidentially divide as a Age initiation, Types of Tobacco, Family Tobacco history, Type of the Gender, Type of Religion all derived in the given tabular form (Table1)

Table1: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the participants in the study area N=964 Round figure (970)

Note: The total number of study people (Literates and Illiterates)-964

4. RESULTS:

In the total study people number is 1040, out of them 76 people not given the correct information about the Tobacco consuming, finally we consider the 964 people only after delete the 76 people. The total people divide as Literates and Illiterates based on the Age initiation, Sex, Religion, Socio-Economic status and family history. Out of the 964 the Illiterates are 540. In the Illiterates survey, based on Age group highest responders percentage is (48.88) age between 20-30 years average mean value is 25 years and lowest percentage is (47.4) age between 30-50 years average mean value is 40 years fallowed by the based on Sex, Male highest responders percentage is (60.74) Female is (39.25), Based on Religion Hinduism is highest responders percentage is (73.7),Others is lowest percentage is (1.11), Socio Economic status highest responders percentage is lower class(55.92), Upper class is lowest percentage is (2.59), Tobacco Family history highest responders percentage is Use Tobacco\Present  (64.81), No use Tobacco\Absent  is lowest percentage is (35.18),Followed by Literates out of 424, based on Age group highest responders percentage is (54.1) age between 18-22 years average mean value is 20 years and lowest percentage is (45.9) age  above 22 to 26 years average mean value is 24 years fallowed the based on Sex, Male highest responders percentage is (75.9) Female is (24.1), Based on Religion Hinduism is highest responders percentage is (74.5),Others is lowest percentage is (1.11), Socio Economic status highest responders percentage is Middle class (57.5), Upper class is lowest percentage is (9.4), Tobacco Family history highest responders percentage is No Tobacco\Absent (68.4),  Use Tobacco\Present  is lowest percentage is (31.6). Based on the (Table 2)  Total consumers divide as a two characteristics that is based on the Ever consumers and partial consumers. In the Literates partial Tobacco consuming rate (67.5%) is higher than the Ever consume (32.5%).  As fallowed by Illiterates are absolutely opposite results, partial Tobacco consuming rate (39.3%) is lesser than the Ever consume (59.8%). The overall  out of the total numbers of Literates and Illiterates (964) the Ever consumers (52%) and partial consumers (48%) based on (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Proportion of tobacco consumption among study participants (n=964)

Figure 3:  Tobacco consuming based on age group of literates and illiterates:

Figure 4 :  Tobacco consuming based on type pattern  of literates and illiterates:

 In my study  Odessa- Andhra border  highest people illiterates are lowest income (lower class) than the literates and they are believe to old culture and habits. I calculated the data as two subdivisions literates and illiterates based on the Age initiation, Sex, Religion, Socio-Economic status and family history. Based on the age period literates  ever users (84,I%) highest than the partial users (27.62%) in the age of above 23 years, opposite of the  below 22 years ever users are lesser(15.90%) than the partial users (72.37%) as well as illiterates fallowed by ever users (56.34%) highest than the partial users (34.10%) in the age between 30-50 years, opposite age between 20-30 years ever users are lesser(45.20%) than the partial users (63.59%). Male ever users are higher than the female , in male literates ever users (71.5.%) are lesser than the  partial users (64.02%) as well as females illiterates  partial users are highest   than the literates and  literates ever users lesser than the illiterates. According to based on Religion  Hinduism is highly consume tobacco than Christianity . In  Hinduism literates  ever users (71.00%) are lesser  than the  partial users (76.92%) as well as  Hinduism illiterates  partial users (81.73%) are highest   than the literates (76.92%) . In socio- economic status lower class people are highly consume than the middle class and higher class. Lower class tobacco ever users (39.88%) are lesser  than the partial users (51.45). Middle class tobacco ever users (61.3%) are higher  than the partial users (41.11%). Upper class people are very less percentage use of the tobacco why because their family education history is better than the middle and lower class people. In illiterates tobacco family history highest than the iterates family history . (Table 5 ),( Figure 5).