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  • A Review On To Expose The Effect Of Plant Ghee And Animal Ghee On Biochemical Parameters
  • 1Assistant professor, Department of Pharmacology, Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy, Kurtadi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India-431701.
    2,3,B. Pharm Final Year Students of Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy, Kurtadi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India-431701.
     

Abstract

Ghee is used in various purpose but, in Indian ghee is used as a vehicle in many Ayurveda medicinal purposes to treat various diseases. The study aim is purpose to expose of effect of both plant ghee and animal ghee on various biochemical parameters. Types of ghee are available in market i.e. plant ghee and animal ghee. Animal ghee: Cow ghee - this is categories into grain-fed and grass-fed. Grain-fed ghee is made from the milk of a cow. It contains a fat-soluble vitamins and heart healthy CAL. It is used to reduce the steroids and antibiotics activity. Grain-fed ghee comes from cows exclusively fed on grass. Grass-fed milk has more nutrition and benefits than grain fed. The ghee from grass-fed milk is superior in quality. Unsaturated saturated fatty acids are of two types i.e. MUFA and PUFA. The plant ghee and animal ghee having a various clinical use. Plant ghee is used as a anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, vitamin A intake boost and also used in cough. Plant ghee is used in preparing bakery food like puffs, khari, breads and biscuits, nankhati, cakes, sweets and ice-creams too. The chemical composition of plant ghee and animal ghee is reviewed. One theory suggests that its lipid peroxidation that causes fat to become atherogenic (plaque forming) and animal saturated fat is resistant to the oxidation process and hence cannot cause the formation of plaque. On the contrary vegetable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) are readily oxidized and PUFA-cholesterol esters are implicated in the process of plaque formation. Another theory suggests that Ghee is rich in Antioxidants including Vitamin A, Vitamin E and carotenoids which may be helpful in preventing lipid peroxidation.

Keywords

Plant Ghee, Animal Ghee, Vanaspati ghee, Immunity, UFA, PUFA, Anti-inflammatory.

Introduction

Ghee commonly called “Gritha” in Sanskrit, has been utilized for thousands of years in Ayurveda as part of diet. According to Ayurveda, ghee promotes longevity and protects body from various diseases.It increases digestive fire and improves absorption and assimilation. It nourishes, ojas, very clever essence of all the body tissues. It improves memory and strengthens the brain and nervous system. It lubricates the connective tissues, thereby rendering the body more flexible. In India ghee was used as a vehicle in many Ayurveda Medicinal preparations. Ghee cools the body and prevents overheat. Ghee makes internal body organs smooth and soft and also increases secretion of internal juices, which are diminished by aging.[1] Indian population uses ghee in their regular diet. Ghee can be made from the milk of different animals. Ayurvedic classical texts described eight kinds of ghee from eight different animal milk and ghee made from cow milk is said to be superior among them, whereas ghee of ewe milk is said to be inferior. Maharsi Caraka has mentioned it as Ahridya (detrimental to heart).[2] Dairy activities and business have traditionally been rooted to India's rural economy. India is the leading producer and consumer of dairy products. In ancient India, ghee (Ghrita) was produced far back as 1500 BC (Achaya, 1997). Some reports have also mentioned similar type of product in Middle East, available probably since same ancient times (Abdalla, 1994). The term “Desi ghee” is generally used for milk fat obtained from fermented milks whether from cow or buffalo in which curd has to be churned to form butter followed by heat clarification to the


       
            Animal Ghee.png
       

    Figure 1: Animal Ghee


separate out fat from non-fat medium. It remains a top choice among households in India in comparison of other fats/oils, with some trusted brands (Gowardhan, Anik, Milkfood, Madhusudhan,Verka, Amul, Healthhaid, Gopaljee,NestleEveryday, Patanjali and Britannia) having their stronghold in the market. However, it is essential for good health up to some extent, consuming it beyond the individual limit may show detrimental health effects, because of having cholesterol content and is also highly saturated in nature.[3]Dalda was founded under the name "Vanaspati." It started in 1937; the year an oil company was founded, which led to Dalda Foods' eventual success. Since then, it has grown a lot and added value to the lives of its customers by offering healthy options.the most common type of hydrogenated vegetable oil is known as "vanaspati ghee." In 2003, Unilever made the decision to market Dalda in Pakistan and India.[4The anti oxidant properties of ghee help to prevent neurological diseases & increase HDL level of the blood and reduce LDL level of the blood. Ghee is known to be digested 96% which highest as compare to other vegetable and animal source fats.[5]Unilever Laboratories, Holland has developed Virtually Trans fatty acid Free (VTF) technology, which has been introduced in Pakistan by Lever Brothers to provide virtually trans fatty acid free (VTF) Daldabanaspati.Trans rich fats significantly elevated total cholesterol and LDL and depressed HDL-cholesterol relative to all fats tested.[6].Ghee is used to improving voice complexion, promoting memory, intelligence and power of digestion, boosting up immunity, helping in absorption of vital nutrients, lubricating the connective tissues there by rendering the body more flexible. Ayurveda described for the regular consumption of Ghrita as it boosted the mental as well as physical strength of the individual and also warded off diseases.[7]

Types of Ghee[8]:

You will find many types of ghee available in the market. However, broadly, it can be classified by source and feed.

Cow Ghee:

It prepared by the cow or buffalo milk.It mainly used in food also in drugs also. Cow ghee can be categorised into grain-fed and grass-fed cows.


       
            Categories of Cow Ghee.jpg
       

    Figure 2: Categories of Cow Ghee


  1. Grain-fed ghee is made from the milk of a cow that is largely fed on a diet of grains and other feed that are not grass-based. The milk from these cows might contain residues of steroids and antibiotics administered to these cows. Milk, and therefore, ghee from grain-fed cows is inferior in quality.
  2. Grass-fed ghee comes from milk produced by cows exclusively fed on grass. Cows are allowed to graze on green pastures. Grass-fed milk has more nutrition and benefits than grain-fed. The ghee from grass-fed milk is superior in quality

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Types:

There are two types of good unsaturated fatty acids,

  1. MUFA
  2. PUFA.

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA):

By chemical definition, MUFAs are FAs that have only 1 unsaturated carbon bond. Oleic acid (OA; 18:1n–9)2 and palmitoleic acid (PO; 16:1n–7) are the most common MUFAs although many less abundant MUFAs species exist. In addition to obtaining MUFAs from the diet, MUFA can also be synthesized by elongate and desaturase enzymes from SFAs primarily derived from de novo lipogenesis. From a nutrition standpoint, MUFAs have mixed effects on human health. However, recent evidence tends to indicate more beneficial effects, in particular, on reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and other inflammation-related diseases, although these effects differ between the individual MUFAs. Accordingly, MUFA-enriched foods such as olive oil are among highly recommended healthy foods..[9]

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA):

PUFAs have been claimed to have a broad range of beneficial effects including lowering cholesterol, decreasing the risk of arrhythmia, lowering the blood pressure, preventing diabetes in pregnancy, and beneficial effects on joints (relief of arthritis). Both omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA are precursors of hormone-like compounds, which are involved in many important biological and biochemical processes in human body. They are indispensable for the syntheses of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclines and leukotrienes and take part in the transport and oxidation of choles-terol. PUFAs are important constituents of the phospholipids of all cell membranes. [10]


       
            Plant ghee.jpg
       

    Figure 3: Plant ghee


Health Benefits of Ghee:

Animal Ghee:[11]

  1. Wound healing properties
  2. The function of cow ghee in prevention and treatment of diabetes
  3. Ghee helps in digestion
  4. Useful in preventing oxidative damage to the body & brain.
  5. Ashwagandha ghrita for GI disorder its manifold uses include treatment of patients suffering from breathing difficulty, alzheimer disease, cancer for general strength during and after chemotherapy, immune system problems, insomnia
  6. Cow ghee is the most preferred base for preparing any medicine because it can reach the deepest of tissues in the human body and nourish it Ghee is a rich source of Omega-3 fatty acids, a natural antioxidant and prevents degenerative changes in musculoskeletal system, prevents premature ageing. [12]
  7. It has anti-ageing factors, exhibits antichollestric and immunostimulant activity, good for cholesterol and heart patients. Cow butter is a blood purifier, increases the beauty. Cow ghee promotes healing of wounds, helpful in preventing and controlling paralysis and asthma. [13]
  8. Improves weight management by removing excess fat , Improves cognitive functions, intelligence, learning skills , Improves eyesight and prevents irritation.[14]
  9. Ghee can be used to treat a variety of ailments, including epilepsy, intoxication, fainting, malaria, illnesses of the head, eyes, and ears, and some conditions affecting the female reproductive system.[15]

Plant Ghee:

  1. dalda to make foods more delicious and tasty.[16]
  2. DALDA is a potent and highly selective ?-opioid receptor agonist with a Ki of 1.69 nM. DALDA shows antinociceptive and respiratory effects[17]

Various Treatments using Ayurvedic Ghee[18]

Role of Goghrita in certain disorders   Go Ghrita is considered superior to ghrita obtained from milk of other animals. It is effective in Vata and Pitta disorders. According to Ayurveda, consumption of ghee in medicinal proportion is beneficial for general mental and physical health. It is Sapta dhatu vardhak, Ojo vardhak and Kaantivardhak. It is Buddhivardhaka (enhance intelligence), Smritivardhaka (enhancing memory), Deepana (improves appetite) and is useful in the treatment of Unmada, Apasmara, Murccha and Mada Bleeding through nose- Few drops of goghrita in each nostril stops the bleeding from nose.   Burn injuries- Goghrita is used as ointment on burned site. 

  • Reducing toxic effects of dhatura, Raskarpoor- Intake of Goghrita reduces toxic effect of Dhatura and Ras karpoor. 
  • Migraine- In migraine, Cow ‘s ghee can be used for nasya. Few drops of this ghee in each nostril, twice a day for one week or 10 gms Cow‘s ghee mixed with Misri orally once a day every morning for three day .
  • Alcohol Intoxication- In alcohol intoxication, 24grams of Goghrita is given with same amount of misri.
  • Hiccups- Intake of Goghrita is helpful. 
  • Excessive cough in children- Massaging on chest with Goghrita is helpful.

Chemical Composition of Ghee:[19]


       
            1 Compositional and physico-chemical properties of ghee residue..png
       

    Table 1. Compositional and physico-chemical properties of ghee residue.


Chemical Composition of Plant Ghee:[20]


       
            2.png
       

         Table 2: Fatty acids composition of vanaspati ghee and cooking oil samples


Comparative Study of Ghee:


       
            4Comparative Study of Ghee.png
       

    Table 3: Comparative Study of Ghee


Screening of Ghee:

As we know, cow ghee has various properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, etc., so in this study, it is used as an ointment base and other ointment bases and evaluated for its compatibility with other ointment bases. We conducted research combining various ghee concentrations with other bases that give Cow ghee's physical and chemical parameters. A total of nine ointment bases were prepared F1 to F9, the composition is given in, and all these are evaluated in terms of physical and chemical stability.[36]

DISCUSSION:

Ghee in spite of being a rich source of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids is considered good for the heart. One theory suggests that its lipid peroxidation that causes fat to become atherogenic (plaque forming) and animal saturated fat is resistant to the oxidation process and hence cannot cause the formation of plaque. On the contrary vegetable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) are readily oxidized and PUFA-cholesterol esters are implicated in the process of plaque formation .Another theory suggests that Ghee is rich in Antioxidants including Vitamin A, Vitamin E and carotenoids which may be helpful in preventing lipid peroxidation. Cow Ghee is healthy for daily consumption because it contains healthy saturated fats, but vegetable oil or dalda ghee contain trans-fats which are harmful to health. Both vegetable and animal ghee which are used for cooking in India and other South Asian countries have extremely high trans fatty acid content.Also somehow it is beneficial for health such as CAD so the Indians immune system is strong than others. Ghee is anhydrous milk fat and is rich in saturated fat (62%), most of which are cholesterol-raising (myristic acid 17%, palmitic acid 26%).

CONCLUSION:

Ghee is considered assuperior to other fatty acids.it is beneficial for toxin binds,glow of face,increase physical and mental stamina.it is fat rich product therefore it is antioxidant play major role in preventing rancidity. .From improving lubrication between bones to adding healthy fats to your diet, pure ghee has formed a very special place in Indian household.

REFERENCE

  1. Karamaradi S. Nirmala1, Bhat Manjula S2, H. Sahajananda3 :Effect of Two Types of Dietary Ghee On Serum Lipid Levels In Rats, J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci(2016) 5:49.
  2. ratsDipali J. Shukla, Hitesh A. Vyas1, Mahesh Kumar Vyas2, Ashok B. K.3, B. Ravishankar4 :A comparative study on chronic administration of Go Ghrita (cow ghee) and Avika Ghrita (ewe   ghee) in albino(2012)33.
  3. BenefitsAnil Kumar, Shreya Tripathi, Nidhi Hans, Falguni Pattnaik, Satya Narayan Naik :Ghee : Its Properties, Importance and Health Centre for Rural Development & Technology, (2018)6
  4. Nasir Mehmood, Syed Muhammad Hussain Kazmi: Distribution / Channel Management (2022) 47733
  5. Review On Ghee And It’s Ayurvedic Uses Dr.Sewwandi Darshika Kodituwakku Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka
  6. Asifa Tareen*, Abdul Basit Jasra**, M. Shafiq Malik, Nasir lshaq Tahir, M. Riaz :Trans Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils and Ghee .
  7. Varnika Singh 1 , Vd. Shalini Rai1*, Vd. Vijay Kumar Rai2 :A systematical review of traditional Ayurvedic and modern medical perspectives on Ghrita, TMR (2019)
  8. What is Ghee? Types, Benefits, Uses, and Preparation MethodNOVEMBER 6, 2023 DR. SUNIL SHARMA
  9. Chaodong Wu :MUFAs ,Advances in Nutrition(2015) 5:268 
  10. S Y Mhaskar PhD, Purvi Varma RD :Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Role in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Enhancing their Efficacy in Indian Cooking,Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology( 2015) 2:45.
  11. Health benefits of ghee (clarified butter) -A review from ayurvedic perspective manasar 2020, IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science
  12. narendra bhatt1*, manasi deshpande2 :A critical review and significance of lipid-based ayurvedic dosage forms ghrita and taila: Int J Curr Pharm Res(2023) 15: 2-16
  13. Mohd. Yaqub Khan1*, Maryada Roy2, Brijesh KumarSaroj3, Sudhakar Dubey1,Vineet Kumar Sharma: A Review- Benefits of Panchgavya therapy (Cowpathy) for health of humans  Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 5(2): 115-125 
  14. DK Satapathy*, Gurudutta Pattnaik, S Tripathy:Rational of Medicinal Ghrita on Treatment of CNS Disorders , Systematic Review Pharmacy (2022) 13:2.
  15. Sourav Pattanayak1, Sagar Sheel2, Vikash Kumar3, Vinutha Bhat4: Ghee-Based Balm: A Novel and Innovative Herbal Therapy for Patients with  Common Cold, Nasal Congestion, and Allergic Rhinitis,Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res.( 2023)16:112-117.
  16. Md. Saidur Rahman1, Md. Mehedi Hasan2, Md. Ehsanul Kabir3, Nahid Nawrin Sultana4, Md. Eliusur Rahman Bhuiyan1 and Nazim Ahmad :Comparison the effects of animal fat (ghee) with that of vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical parameters in mice  Asian J. Med. Biol. Res (2018) 4: 2.
  17. M Shimoyama 1, N Shimoyama, G M Zhao, P W Schiller, H H Szeto: .Antinociceptive and respiratory effects of intrathecal H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 (DALDA) and [Dmt1] DALDA,J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2001)297(1):364-71.
  18. Dr. Shubhangi Katkar1* and Dr. Sanjay Anant Dhurve2 :An Ayurvedic Review On Clinical Utility Of Ghrita ,Ayurved Journal  (2022) 11: 7.
  19. Development of Thabdi milk sweets of Gujarat State, India utilizing Ghee residue as an ingredient Parth Hirpara* SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agriculture University, Anand-388110 (Gujarat), India .
  20. GC-MS Evaluation of Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Bioactive of Partially Hydrogenated Cooking Oil Consumed in Pakistan Aftab Ahmed Kandhroab, Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazia *, Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesara, Mohammad Younis Talpura , Aijaz Ali Bhuttoa and Kamran Abroab
  21. Matam Vijaya Kumar a, Kari Sambaiah a, Belur R Lokesh a, Effect of dietary ghee—the anhydrous milk fat, on blood and liver lipids in rats, The Journal of Nutritional BiochemistryVolume 10, Issue 2, February 1999, Pages 96-104
  22. LUO Xin, SUN Wancheng, LUO Yihao , Regulatory Effects of Yak Ghee Sphingomyelin on Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Liver Inflammation in Mice , Food Science Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 161-168.
  23. DK Satapathy*, Gurudutta Pattnaik, S Tripathy, Rational of Medicinal Ghrita on Treatment of CNS Disorders , A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy, Vol 13, Issue 2, Jan Feb, 2022
  24. A M Krupanidhi2 , K V Ashok Kumar1*, D K Ramesh3 , Manjunath Katagi1 , Lipishree B M1,Impact of Nutraceuticals-Cow-ghee on diabetic induced experimental animals, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, Volume 7, Issue 5 Sep-Oct 2022, pp: 639-642
  25. R.Sreelekshmi1*, M.S Deepa2 , chronic anticonvulsant effect of ghee prepared with humboldtia vahliana(attuvanchi bark) –an ethnomedicinal practice in kerala ,International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, November 2020 | Vol 8 | Suppl 2,pp:61-65
  26. Hassan T. El Gharrawy 1, Kadry M. Sadek 1*, Sahar F. Mahmoud 2, Attaa. M. Abd Elrehim3, Mustafa Shukry 4*, Heba I. Ghamry 5, Samah F. Ibrahim6, Liana Fericean 7, Mohamed Abdo 8,9 and Mohamed M. Zeweil, Natural Ghee Enhances the Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Reproductive Performance of Female Rabbits, journal Life 2023, vol-13, ISSUE-80, pp:1-16
  27. .alam zeb and islam Uddin , the coadministration of unoxidized and oxidized desi ghee ameliorates the toxic effects of thermally oxidized ghee in rabbits, journal of nutrition and metabolism ,Volume 2017, Article ID 4078360, 7 pages
  28. R. Kaushik *, J. Jain and P. Rai, Therapeutic Potentials Of Cow Derived Products- A Review Kaushik et al, IJPSR, 2016; Vol. 7(4): 1383-1390.
  29. Piyush K Gandhi1 * and Sandeep V Binorkar2, Effect of Ghee (Clarified Butter) intake on Lipid profile: A systematic review on animal experiments, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 14(3),  2023, pp. 360-371
  30. Md. Saidur Rahman1, Md. Mehedi Hasan2, Md. Ehsanul Kabir3, Nahid Nawrin Sultana4, Md. Eliusur RahmanBhuiyan1 and Nazim Ahmad1*, Comparison the effects of animal fat (ghee) with that of vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical parameters in mice, Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2018, 4 (2), 222-226
  31. Rani.C*, Prem Anand Govande, Palat Kuttinarayanan Sathu.T and Ahire Girish Sureshrao, Effect of Addition of Ghee Residue on the Microbiological and Keeping Quality of Pet Food, Shanlax International Journal of Veterinary Science, Vol.1 No.4 Apr-Jun2014 ISSN : 2321-6387,pp:1-5
  32. Soniya Vyas1, Soumen Manna2, Jayant Kumar3, Hanjabam Barun Sharma4, Association of Ghee Consumption with Lowered CHD History: A Study in Urban North Indian Adults, Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine Vol-6  Issue-1-2 Jan-Jun, 2017,pp:10-22
  33. Yogita Surendra KarandiKar1, Akshahata Sanjay Bansude2, Eesha ajit Angadi, Comparison between the Effect of Cow Ghee and Butter on Memory and Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016 Sep, Vol-10(9): FF11-FF15
  34. Anil Kumar, Shreya Tripathi, Nidhi Hans, Falguni Pattnaik, Satya Narayan Naik, Ghee : Its Properties, Importance and Health Benefits, LIPID UNIVERSE, January - December 2018, Volume-6,PP:6-14
  35. Harishma Asok.S1*, Arjun Chand.C.P2, Arun Pratap3, Kasthuri Nair.A4, role of goghrta (cow’s ghee) and medicated ghrta (medicated ghee) in metabolism and managing metabolic disorders, AYUSHDHARA (2023)  10:(2):54-59
  36. An Emerging Approach for Optimization of Cow Ghee as an Ointment Base in Combination With Selected Conventional Bases Monitoring Editor: Alexander Muacevic and John R Adler

Reference

  1. Karamaradi S. Nirmala1, Bhat Manjula S2, H. Sahajananda3 :Effect of Two Types of Dietary Ghee On Serum Lipid Levels In Rats, J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci(2016) 5:49.
  2. ratsDipali J. Shukla, Hitesh A. Vyas1, Mahesh Kumar Vyas2, Ashok B. K.3, B. Ravishankar4 :A comparative study on chronic administration of Go Ghrita (cow ghee) and Avika Ghrita (ewe   ghee) in albino(2012)33.
  3. BenefitsAnil Kumar, Shreya Tripathi, Nidhi Hans, Falguni Pattnaik, Satya Narayan Naik :Ghee : Its Properties, Importance and Health Centre for Rural Development & Technology, (2018)6
  4. Nasir Mehmood, Syed Muhammad Hussain Kazmi: Distribution / Channel Management (2022) 47733
  5. Review On Ghee And It’s Ayurvedic Uses Dr.Sewwandi Darshika Kodituwakku Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka
  6. Asifa Tareen*, Abdul Basit Jasra**, M. Shafiq Malik, Nasir lshaq Tahir, M. Riaz :Trans Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils and Ghee .
  7. Varnika Singh 1 , Vd. Shalini Rai1*, Vd. Vijay Kumar Rai2 :A systematical review of traditional Ayurvedic and modern medical perspectives on Ghrita, TMR (2019)
  8. What is Ghee? Types, Benefits, Uses, and Preparation MethodNOVEMBER 6, 2023 DR. SUNIL SHARMA
  9. Chaodong Wu :MUFAs ,Advances in Nutrition(2015) 5:268 
  10. S Y Mhaskar PhD, Purvi Varma RD :Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Role in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Enhancing their Efficacy in Indian Cooking,Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology( 2015) 2:45.
  11. Health benefits of ghee (clarified butter) -A review from ayurvedic perspective manasar 2020, IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science
  12. narendra bhatt1*, manasi deshpande2 :A critical review and significance of lipid-based ayurvedic dosage forms ghrita and taila: Int J Curr Pharm Res(2023) 15: 2-16
  13. Mohd. Yaqub Khan1*, Maryada Roy2, Brijesh KumarSaroj3, Sudhakar Dubey1,Vineet Kumar Sharma: A Review- Benefits of Panchgavya therapy (Cowpathy) for health of humans  Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. (2015) 5(2): 115-125 
  14. DK Satapathy*, Gurudutta Pattnaik, S Tripathy:Rational of Medicinal Ghrita on Treatment of CNS Disorders , Systematic Review Pharmacy (2022) 13:2.
  15. Sourav Pattanayak1, Sagar Sheel2, Vikash Kumar3, Vinutha Bhat4: Ghee-Based Balm: A Novel and Innovative Herbal Therapy for Patients with  Common Cold, Nasal Congestion, and Allergic Rhinitis,Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res.( 2023)16:112-117.
  16. Md. Saidur Rahman1, Md. Mehedi Hasan2, Md. Ehsanul Kabir3, Nahid Nawrin Sultana4, Md. Eliusur Rahman Bhuiyan1 and Nazim Ahmad :Comparison the effects of animal fat (ghee) with that of vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical parameters in mice  Asian J. Med. Biol. Res (2018) 4: 2.
  17. M Shimoyama 1, N Shimoyama, G M Zhao, P W Schiller, H H Szeto: .Antinociceptive and respiratory effects of intrathecal H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 (DALDA) and [Dmt1] DALDA,J Pharmacol Exp Ther. (2001)297(1):364-71.
  18. Dr. Shubhangi Katkar1* and Dr. Sanjay Anant Dhurve2 :An Ayurvedic Review On Clinical Utility Of Ghrita ,Ayurved Journal  (2022) 11: 7.
  19. Development of Thabdi milk sweets of Gujarat State, India utilizing Ghee residue as an ingredient Parth Hirpara* SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agriculture University, Anand-388110 (Gujarat), India .
  20. GC-MS Evaluation of Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Bioactive of Partially Hydrogenated Cooking Oil Consumed in Pakistan Aftab Ahmed Kandhroab, Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazia *, Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesara, Mohammad Younis Talpura , Aijaz Ali Bhuttoa and Kamran Abroab
  21. Matam Vijaya Kumar a, Kari Sambaiah a, Belur R Lokesh a, Effect of dietary ghee—the anhydrous milk fat, on blood and liver lipids in rats, The Journal of Nutritional BiochemistryVolume 10, Issue 2, February 1999, Pages 96-104
  22. LUO Xin, SUN Wancheng, LUO Yihao , Regulatory Effects of Yak Ghee Sphingomyelin on Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Liver Inflammation in Mice , Food Science Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 161-168.
  23. DK Satapathy*, Gurudutta Pattnaik, S Tripathy, Rational of Medicinal Ghrita on Treatment of CNS Disorders , A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy, Vol 13, Issue 2, Jan Feb, 2022
  24. A M Krupanidhi2 , K V Ashok Kumar1*, D K Ramesh3 , Manjunath Katagi1 , Lipishree B M1,Impact of Nutraceuticals-Cow-ghee on diabetic induced experimental animals, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, Volume 7, Issue 5 Sep-Oct 2022, pp: 639-642
  25. R.Sreelekshmi1*, M.S Deepa2 , chronic anticonvulsant effect of ghee prepared with humboldtia vahliana(attuvanchi bark) –an ethnomedicinal practice in kerala ,International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, November 2020 | Vol 8 | Suppl 2,pp:61-65
  26. Hassan T. El Gharrawy 1, Kadry M. Sadek 1*, Sahar F. Mahmoud 2, Attaa. M. Abd Elrehim3, Mustafa Shukry 4*, Heba I. Ghamry 5, Samah F. Ibrahim6, Liana Fericean 7, Mohamed Abdo 8,9 and Mohamed M. Zeweil, Natural Ghee Enhances the Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Reproductive Performance of Female Rabbits, journal Life 2023, vol-13, ISSUE-80, pp:1-16
  27. alam zeb and islam Uddin , the coadministration of unoxidized and oxidized desi ghee ameliorates the toxic effects of thermally oxidized ghee in rabbits, journal of nutrition and metabolism ,Volume 2017, Article ID 4078360, 7 pages
  28. R. Kaushik *, J. Jain and P. Rai, Therapeutic Potentials Of Cow Derived Products- A Review Kaushik et al, IJPSR, 2016; Vol. 7(4): 1383-1390.
  29. Piyush K Gandhi1 * and Sandeep V Binorkar2, Effect of Ghee (Clarified Butter) intake on Lipid profile: A systematic review on animal experiments, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 14(3),  2023, pp. 360-371
  30. Md. Saidur Rahman1, Md. Mehedi Hasan2, Md. Ehsanul Kabir3, Nahid Nawrin Sultana4, Md. Eliusur RahmanBhuiyan1 and Nazim Ahmad1*, Comparison the effects of animal fat (ghee) with that of vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical parameters in mice, Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2018, 4 (2), 222-226
  31. Rani.C*, Prem Anand Govande, Palat Kuttinarayanan Sathu.T and Ahire Girish Sureshrao, Effect of Addition of Ghee Residue on the Microbiological and Keeping Quality of Pet Food, Shanlax International Journal of Veterinary Science, Vol.1 No.4 Apr-Jun2014 ISSN : 2321-6387,pp:1-5
  32. Soniya Vyas1, Soumen Manna2, Jayant Kumar3, Hanjabam Barun Sharma4, Association of Ghee Consumption with Lowered CHD History: A Study in Urban North Indian Adults, Annals of Ayurvedic Medicine Vol-6  Issue-1-2 Jan-Jun, 2017,pp:10-22
  33. Yogita Surendra KarandiKar1, Akshahata Sanjay Bansude2, Eesha ajit Angadi, Comparison between the Effect of Cow Ghee and Butter on Memory and Lipid Profile of Wistar Rats, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016 Sep, Vol-10(9): FF11-FF15
  34. Anil Kumar, Shreya Tripathi, Nidhi Hans, Falguni Pattnaik, Satya Narayan Naik, Ghee : Its Properties, Importance and Health Benefits, LIPID UNIVERSE, January - December 2018, Volume-6,PP:6-14
  35. Harishma Asok.S1*, Arjun Chand.C.P2, Arun Pratap3, Kasthuri Nair.A4, role of goghrta (cow’s ghee) and medicated ghrta (medicated ghee) in metabolism and managing metabolic disorders, AYUSHDHARA (2023)  10:(2):54-59
  36. An Emerging Approach for Optimization of Cow Ghee as an Ointment Base in Combination With Selected Conventional Bases Monitoring Editor: Alexander Muacevic and John R Adler

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Shubham Kshirsagar
Corresponding author

Assistant Professor,Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy,Kurtadi,Tq.Kalmnuri,Dist.Hingoli.

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Nikhil Bondhare
Co-author

Assistant Professor,Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy,Kurtadi,Tq.Kalmnuri,Dist.Hingoli.

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Ankita Shinde
Co-author

B.Pharm Final Year Students of Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy, Kurtadi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India-431701.

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Jagruti Shinde
Co-author

B.Pharm Final Year Students of Saraswati Institute of Pharmacy, Kurtadi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India-431701.

Shinde Ankita, Shinde Jagruti, Bondhare Nikhil, Kshirsagar Shubham, A Review On To Expose The Effect Of Plant Ghee And Animal Ghee On Biochemical Parameters, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 4, 95-104. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10908491

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