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Department of Pharmaceutics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Daramdin, West Sikkim.
Sikkim have a rich diversity of medicinal plants which is located in Eastern Himalayan regions of India, from ancient times Sikkimese’s peoples used medicinal plants in traditionally ways to treat basic health issues and amenities. This review highlights the potential of Sikkim's medicinal plants as anti-TB agents. Out of 550 medicine Plants found in Sikkim ,19 plants have shown promising anti-mycobacterial activity, considering them by their local Name, parts used and treatment procedure in given table. Further research on these plants could lead to the discovery of novel anti-TB drugs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Sikkim’s Eastern Himalayan Medicinal plants with anti-TB potential.
The airborne diseases are also known as Tuberculosis (TB), Which is caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB), That usually effects the lungs and cause intense coughing, Fever and Chest pains 1. In all over the World, the world Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that total TB infected Patients are 10.4 million but WHO has only received of 6 million cases. Tuberculosis can be prevented, and by 2030, the WHO's End TB Strategy aims to significantly decrease TB incident and death2.
At the ancient times Ayurveda mostly used medicine plants for the treatment of diseases in traditional ways. According to WHO data, approximately 25% of the medicine which are protected by human are derived from plants and 80 % people still used to treat diseases depend on traditional system of medicine3.
As per the world health organization (WHO), 90% of peoples those who live in underdevelopment nations get their main medicine care in traditional ways from plants and their products. India has been listed as one of the worlds twelve essential diversity hubs, According to WHO data, In India there are 21000 plants and 2500 species are found which have medicinal properties4. Sikkim is one of the Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspots, even though they only make up 0.2% of the geographical area of the country's 5.
Sikkim is a second smallest states of India which is located in the Eastern Himalayas with area (7096 square kilometres), divided into six districts. The Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali are the three ethnic groups that form up Sikkim. They fully believed on medicinal plants for therapeutical propose from ancient period of time in traditional ways6.
As per some research’s more than 550 medicinal plants are used by locals for different illness in the Sikkim Himalayas regions, of which only small percentage are used for commercial purpose, in today’s world many peoples they did not gives the important in medicine plants. that, how much plants play vital role to healthcare, they are also the best and safest option for future medicinal researches. So, to known the therapeutical potential plant, many researchers and students are studies on the local or indigenous ethnomedicinal plants that were found in Sikkim, and the finding reports of many research and articles have been widely share so that people can improve their health and learn more about beneficial medication treatments7.
Table 1: Medicinal plants found in Sikkim Eastern Himalayan regions with reported Anti-Tuberculosis
|
Sr. No |
Botanical Name and Family |
Common name (Nepali) |
Part Used |
Traditionally used For |
Pharmacologically activity reported |
|
1 |
Allium cepa Family: Amaryllidaceae’s |
Onion, Pyaaj |
Leaves, stems, Flower |
Coughs, allergies, colds, laryngitis, TB |
antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti- cardiovascular8 |
|
2 |
Allium Sativum Family: Amaryllidaceae’s |
Lasun, Garlic |
Leaves, stem |
Coughs, could, TB |
Anti-Bacteria, Anti-virus, Anti-histamines9 |
|
3 |
Flemingia Strobili Fera Family: Fabaceae |
Bhatmase |
Leaves, Roots, Flowers, Bracts |
Treat tuberculosis, diarrhoea, dysentery, insomnia, hysteria, |
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and anticonvulsant10 |
|
4 |
Piper longum Family: Piperaceae |
Pipla |
Fruits |
Intensive phase of TB treatment |
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects11. |
|
5 |
Plant pudica L Family; Fabaceae |
Lajjawati |
Foliage and Roots |
Treatment of TB |
antioxidant and antimicrobial12 |
|
6 |
Flower tilliaceus Family: Malvaceae |
Kapas Phul |
Flower, leaves |
Boiled liquid removes from flower and is employed for Tb Treatment |
cytotoxic, antibacterial, analgesic13 |
|
7 |
Azadirachta indicajuss Family: Meliaceae |
Neem |
Leaves |
Foliage paste of Neem against TB, administered orally twice a 24 hours. |
antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant14.
|
|
8 |
Trigonella foenum-graecum L Family: Fabaceae |
Methi |
Foliage, Roots, Kernels |
Handle asthma, pneumonias and TB |
antibacterial, antimicrobial antioxidant15. |
|
9 |
Syzygium aromaticum Family: Myrtaceae |
Lwaang |
Leaves, roots, seeds |
Fever, toothache, colds |
Antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory16 |
|
10 |
Stephania glabra Family : Menispermaceae
|
Taubarkey
|
Root bulb
|
Powder used in diabetes tuberculosis, asthma, fever |
Antiviral, antimicrobial anticancer, anti-inflammatory17 |
|
11 |
N asturtium officinale Br. Family: Brassicaceae |
Simrayo |
leaves |
soup is made to treat tuberculosis |
Anticancer, antimicrobial, Antiviral18 |
|
12 |
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blumr Family; Lauraceae |
Dalchini |
Bark |
Bark soup used for treatment of Tuberculosis |
antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial19 |
|
13 |
Cinnamomum cassia Family: Lauraceae |
Tejpatta |
Bark: |
Health benefit, Digestive issues , and boost immune system |
anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant20 |
|
14 |
Spinacia Oleracea Family: Amaranthaceae |
Paalak |
leaves |
eye health, heaviness loss, body pain |
antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer21 |
|
15 |
Aloe vera (L) Family: Asphodelaceae |
Ghewkumari
|
leaves |
Wound healing, skin care |
Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant22. |
|
16 |
Nasturtium Indicum Family: Tropaeolaceae |
Pahelo Jhar |
Leaves, Flower |
Boiled liquid utilized in TB treatment |
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory23 |
|
17 |
Acorus Calamus Family : Acoraceae |
Bojoh |
Roots, leaves |
digestive issues, cognitive function, and other health benefits |
Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant24 |
|
18 |
Tabernaemontana Coronaria Family: dogbane |
Tagare Phul |
Flowers |
Boiled flower liquid used in Tb treatment |
Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Analgesic, Local anaesthetic activity25 |
|
19 |
Heliotropium indicum Family: Boraginaceae |
Hattisunde Jhar |
Flowers, roots |
Wound healing, skin care Insect bites, antimicrobial purposes |
Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant26 |
CONCLUSION
In this Earth millions of medicine plants have been a gifted to human beings from Mother Nature. Plants play a very vital role in this medicinal world, because in modern days mostly medicine is derived from the plant sources. Medicinal plants which are available in Sikkim Himalayan region are almost 550 plants out of these 19 plants has shown anti-tuberculosis activity according to many Review and Research papers. where people of Sikkim have huge belief in medicine plants for the treatment of many illnesses in traditional ways which are easily available in local village. Further future investigation can be carried out from those plants with modern therapies to care the Tuberculosis. Furthermore, more research on the rich ethnobotanical knowledge of the Sikkim Himalayas could provide useful data to formulate plant-based, sustainable solutions to the increasing health needs in modern societies.
REFERENCES
Diwas Manger, An Overview of Sikkim's Eastern Himalayan Regions Medicinal Plants, with a Focus on Anti-Tuberculosis, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 8, 2797-2801. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16949435
10.5281/zenodo.16949435