Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Soap from Ocimum Sanctum and Aloe Vera

The Plant, which have one or more of its parts having substance that can be used for treatment of disease, are called medicinal plant. Medicinal component derived from plants are widely famous due to their safety, easy availability and low cost. Herbal medicines may include whole parts of plant or mostly prepared from leaves, root, bark, seed and flower of plant. They are administered oraly, inhaled or directly applied in the skin. medicinal herbs are more significant to the health. The medicinal value of these plant lies in bioactive skin. important bioactive phyto chemical constituents are alkaloids, essential oil, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoid, saponins, phenolic compound and many more. These civilizations and is natural compound formed the foundation of modern prescription drug as we know today

Herbal soap

Herbal soap preparation is a medicine it contain antibacterial, anti- ageing anti-oxidant, anti- septic properties which mainly uses of part of plant like seeds, rhizomes, nuts and pulps to treatment for an injury or disease or to achieve health. Herbal soap do not contain the artificial colours, flavours, fluorides etc., when compared to the content of commercial soap. Herbs are the natural products mostly found in the treatment of almost all diseases and skin problems owing to their high medicinal value, cost effective ness, availability and compatibility Herbal soap preparation is a medicine or drug. it contain antimicrobial or antioxidation property, agent Which are mainly use of part of plant such as like leave, stem, roots and fruits To treatment for a skin disease or to achieve To good health. A soap manufactory was uncovered in the ruins at Pompeii, and the Greek physician Mr. Galen wrote about soap in the second century. It's hard to believe that as recent as the last century, soap had to be labeled as to it's use. Also, during this time, soap fell out of popularity as some modest Victorians believed "soap baths" as disgraceful and sinful. Some of the famous brand name soaps that you buy today are actually not soap at all Nowhere on the packages does the word "soap" appear, rather the products are labeled"beauty bars" or "deodorant bars". They are synthetic detergents. They are synthetic detergents. These "beauty bars" also contain chemical components called "builders" that increase the efficiency of the soap. Most of the money you pay for commercial bath products covers the costs of advertising, packaging and promoting the products, not for what's in them. You can make your own bath products at home and package them elegantly for fraction of the cost of store-bought wares. Another advantage is knowing what's in your home-made products many store-bought products, including soaps, are not required to list their ingredient.

Soap

Soap is common cleansing agent well known to everyone. Many authors defined soap in different ways. Warr a, 19 regarded it as any cleaning agent, manufactured in granules, bars, flakes, or liquid form obtained from by reacting salt of sodium or potassium of various fatty acids that are of natural origin (salt of non-volatile fatty acids). Soap can also be said to be any water-soluble salt of fatty acids containing eight or more carbon atoms. Soaps are produced for varieties of purpose ranging from washing, bathing, medication etc. The cleansing action of the soap is due to the negative ions on the hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic group of the fatty acids. The affinity of the hydrocarbon chain to oil and grease, while carboxylic group to water is the main reason soap is being used mostly with water for cleaning purposes. In addition to basic raw materials, other substances are added to the composition in order to improve its application. For examples soap made for medicinal purposes other medicinal importance ingredients are added to it to produce medicated soaps. In addition to potassium and sodium salt, other metals such as calcium, magnesium and chromium are also used to produce metallic insoluble soap that are not used as cleaning agents, but are used for other purpose.

REVIEW OF LITRATURE

1. Nur Natalia Amira Abd Rashid, Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim and Aisyah Mohamed Rehan et al.2022The reported of evaluation of butterfly peaflowers for antioxidant activity and its potential as antioxidant soap, Clitoria ternatea, often known as butterfly pea, is a flowering vine plant in the Fabaceae family with oval and acute leaves. Due to free radicals, manysevere diseases were occurred such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurological illnesses. Aside from that, if the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism is depleted, free radicals can easily spread. Increasing the antioxidant defense layer.
2. Anjum Attaullah, Aruna Govindarajulu, Mohana Priya K, MubeenaK.F, Summera Rafiq and Shaik Jasmine Shahina et al 2021 The reported of formulation of herbal soap against acne causing bacteria, The use of herbs on skin disorders has been done for thousands of years. Herbal remedies, including those for many kind of disorder especially skin disorders, are currently gaining popularity among patients. In Asia, especially in south East Asian countries, herbal treatments that have been used from ages are now being studied scientifically. In India, records of Ayurvedic medicine, a method of medicine with natural roots date back toabout 3000 BC
3. Prieto Vidal, Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun, Thu Huong Pham, Abira Mumtaz, Charles Manful, Grace Callahan, Peter Stewart, Dwayne Keough and Raymond Horatio Thomas et al 2018 The reported of effects of cold saponification on the unsaponified fatty acid composition and sensory perception of commercial natural herbal soaps, Saponification is the process in which triglycerides are combined with a strong base to form fatty acid metal salts during the soap-making process. The distribution of unsaturated and saturated fatty acid determines the hardness, aroma, cleansing, lather, and moisturizing abilities of soaps. Plant extracts, such as rosemary, vegetable, and essential oils are frequently added to soaps to enhance quality and sensory appeal. Three natural soaps were formulated using cold saponification to produce a base or control bar (BB), hibiscus rosehip bar (H), and a forest grove bar (FG). Rosemary extract (R) or essential oil (A) blends were added as additives to each formulation prior to curing to evaluate the effects of natural plant additives on the lipid composition and sensory characteristics of these natural herbalsoaps.
4. Varsha M Chaudhari et al., 2016 The reported of studies on antimicrobial activity of antiseptic soaps and herbal soaps against selected human pathogens, In the present study antimicrobial activity of various antiseptic and herbal market soaps were determined against bacterial isolates present on the skin surface like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillussubtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar disc diffusion method. Various microbes are deposited on the surface of skin from the dust present in external environment which causes infection. Antimicrobial activities of various soaps on such micro flora pathogens were studied.

Types of Herbal Soap

Depending on the form, usage and application, the skin cleansing products can brodaly categorized

In following five types

1. Toliet Soap

2. Body Soap

3. Face Wash

4. Cleansing Milk

5.Cleansing Cream

For getting maximum benefit from your skin regiment, it is important that you know your skin type, there are different types Way to trat skin is to know your skin is to know your skin type and what kind of nutrients the skin needs act accordingly

Rationale of the study

Need of Work

Being chemical-free from natural ingtredients and have several objectives including Treating skin conditions Herbal soaps can help treat skin conditions like acne eczema and psoriasis The natural components in herbal soaps have antibacterial antifungal and anti- inflammatory properties Nourishing the skin Herbal soaps contain ingredients like shea butter, coconut oil olive oil and aloe vera to nourish and hydrate the skin Being gentle on the skin Herbal soaps are often milder on the skin than synthetic soaps making them suitable for sensitive kin Reaction of harsh chemicals artificial perfumes and synthetic colors which can reduce the risk of allergic reactions and skin irritation. Being environmentally friendly Herbal soaps are typically biodegradable and environmentally friendly. Providing aromatherapy benefits Essential oils can be combined with herbal soaps to provide arumatherapy benefits like stress alleviation mood enhancement and relaxation.

Plan of Work: -

Selection of pure drug

1. Preparation of material and Methods
2. Selection of effective method of preparation
3. Experimental design
4. Formulation and preparation of Herbal soap.
5. Result & discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Reference

Plant to be used:

Lemon

Synonym: Citrus lemon, lemon tree

Description

Colour: Vibrant yellow

Odour: Fresh, Citrusy, Zesty, and Tangy

Chemical constituents:

Limonene: The dominant monoterpene in lemon essential oil, contributing to its charecteristic aroma and possessing various biological activities.

Citic acid: The major organic acid responsible for the sour taste and other health benefits.

Flavonoids: These compounds contribute to the antioxidant and other beneficial properties of lemons.

Medicinal uses:

Fighting Acne and Blackheads: lemon’s antibacterial qualities can help combat acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation, while its exfoliation properties can help unlog pores.

Redusing inflammation and sebum production: lemon’s anti-inflammatory and astringent properties can help reduce redness and inflammation an d potentially lower sebum production

Natural exfoliation: the citric acid in lemon juice can gently exfoliate dead skin cells, revealing brighter and smookther skin.

Brightening and even skin tone: lemon juice rich in vitamin c, which can healp lighten dark spots and hyperpigmentation, leading to a more radiant complexion.

Reducing Oiliness: lemon’s astringent properties can help tighten pores and regulate oil production, potentially making it beneficial for oily skin

Aloe vera

Fig no. 1.2 Aloe Vera

Synonym: - Aloe indica royle.

Discription Colour: - Green.

Odour: - Earthy and garlicky.

Chemical Constituents: -

Vitamins, Minerals, Saccharides, Amino acid, Lignin, Sapoonis, Salliyclic acid

Uses

1. Promated to acne
2. Lichen planus
3. Skin irrtations
4. Wound healing

Neem Oil

Fig no 1.3 Neem oil

Synonym: -Airduct Indica

Description

Colour: -Yellow or Brown

Odour: -Garlic and sulfur

Taste: -Bitter.

Chemical Constituents: -Azadirachtin, Limonods, Steriods, and Other compound

Uses

1. Disease control
2. Food Preservation
3. Food Preseravtion, cosmetics, and Shampoos

Occimum Sanctum

Fig no 1.4 occimum santum

Synonym: - Holy Basil,Sacred Basil.

Description

Colour: - Light Green. Odour: -Pungent.

Taste: -. Spicy and Bitter.

Chemical Constituents: - Uses

1. Stess reliver
2. Antioxidant
3. Anti-Infflamatory
4. Anti-fungal

Turmeric

Fig no 1.5 Turmeric

Synonym: - Indian Saffron, Haldi.

Description

Colour: -. Deep Golden Yellow, Golden Orange.

Odour: - Earthy, Mustardlikearoma

Taste=Peppery spicy, Musky essence.

Chemical Constituents: -Voltaile Oil, Gallic acid, Rutin, Curcumin, Cinnamic acid

Uses

1. Anti-inflammantory
2. Antibacterial
3. Hyperpigmentation

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material detail - All the ingridients are used in this formulation have herbal grade. The ingridients are collected from different sources. Curry leave, Tulsi, Aloe Vera, Turmeric, are procured from the medicinal garden of RBT Clg of Pharmacy. Neem oil purchased from the general store.

METHODS

List of Materials

Table no. 1 List of materials

Formulation of herbal soap Ingredients

Table no. 2 Ingredients

Procedure of soap

1. 1. Take the 22-gm soap base in a beaker.
   2. Adjust and maintain the temperature for providing heat to the soap base via using water
   3. After heating a soap base will get converted into the liquid form.
   4. Then add material mentioned in formulation table.
   5. Boil the mixture using water bath.
   6. Achieve proper mixture without stirring
   7. This mixture is poured into soap mold.
   8. Cooled it on room temperature up to 2-3 hrs.
   9. Soap is formed.

Activity of ingredients

Table no. 3 Activity of Ingredient

Formulation of herbal soap

Fig. no. 6 Formulated Soap

The following Physio-chemical parameters were assessed for determining the quality of formulation against marketed herbal soap.

Physical parameters

The colour and odor of the prepared soap were observed. with naked eye keeping it on white background. The order of the soap was smelled.

Table no. 4 physical parameter

PH

The PH was determinded by using PH paper, the ph was found to be

Table no. 5 PH test

Foamability

50 ml of distilled water was taken and 2 gm of soap sample was dissolved completely by stirring. It was then transferred into a 250 ml measuring cylinder along with washings. The volume was made up to 200 ml by adding distilled water. 25 uniform strokes were given to the mixture and kept stand still for some time until the water volume comes to 200 ml. The foam height was measured from above the water volume.

Fig. no. 7 Foamability test

Table no. 6 Foamability Test

Foam Stability

Same quantity of soap sample and quantity of distilled water along with process was carried out as that of foam ability and the mixture was kept stand still for 30 min. After 30 min measurement of foam height was done from above the water volume.

Table no. 7 Foam Stability

Soap

order to verify the efficacy and quality of the final formulations, the following physicochemical characteristics were tested such as colour, aroma, pH, clarity, dirt dispersion, foam height, foam retention, skin irritation, and saponification value, etc. The soap formulation was tested using the standard approaches.

1. Colour: When visualizing the herbal soap. a white background was used so that the colour could be determined and so that the clarity of formulations.
2. Odour / Aroma: An evaluation of the odour of formulations we used two different methods. The first method included heating the sample on a hot plate. The second method involves inhaling a direct sample by five to six different people, including both males and females.
3. Shape: - Evaluation of organoleptic properties, such as shape and clarity, was carried out by sensory and visual examination.
4. pH: - In to determine the pH or hydrogen ion concentration, we must prepare of the sample. We used a pH 4 and pH 7 buffer solution to calibrate the pH matter. Take pH readings at room temperature, just as the reference solution. Record and note the pH level of the solution that was used to calibrate the matter and the electrode.
5. Foam forming ability: The Cylinder Shake Method was utilised to determine Foaming ability. First, in a 100 ml measuring cylinder, we put 50 ml of a 1% sample solution and shaken vigorously 10 times. After shaking for 1 minute, we measured the height of the foam that had formed and recorded the total volume of foam.
6. Foam stability: - The Cylinder Shake Method was utilised to determine the Foaming ability. First, in a 100 ml measuring cylinder, we put 50 ml of a 1% sample solution. The cylindrical container was covered up with the use of the hand and shaken vigorously 10 time. The volume of the foam after ten minutes was calculated.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

By using the powder of herbal soap, the preliminary phytochemical study was done. It shows the presence or the absence of the chemical constituent. The detailed results are shown in table 1.

Identification Test Table

Presence (+) Absence (-)

Physico-chemical evaluation of aqueous extraction of herbal soap

After the successful physicochemical analysis study was done it shows the ash value, loss of dry, pH determination, totally fatty matter and thermal stability.

Stability test

After the successful stability test was done and and it shows the colour, odour, pH detfermination, smoothness

Physical parameter