Mapping the Future: Personalized Medicine and Its Impact on Modern Healthcare in Integrative Medicine

Abstract

Precision medicine, another name for personalized medicine, is a cutting-edge approach to healthcare that customizes medical therapy for each patient according to their particular genetic, environmental, and lifestyle characteristics. This strategy seeks to improve overall patient outcomes, lessen side effects, and increase therapeutic efficacy. The most efficient therapeutic approach for every patient can be ensured by personalized medicine, which optimizes drug selection, doses, and treatment plans by examining genetic profiles, biomarkers, and other personal data. The treatment of cancer is among the most well-known uses of personalized medicine. By identifying certain mutations and genetic abnormalities in cancer cells, personalized medicine helps oncologists develop tailored medicines that target cancer cells directly while causing the least amount of harm to healthy tissue. This has transformed the treatment of cancer, making immunotherapy and targeted therapy less harmful and more successful than traditional chemotherapy. Personalized treatment approaches have proven to be quite beneficial for patients with cancers like colorectal, lung, and breast cancer. By taking into account genetic characteristics that affect the disease's course and response to medicines, personalized medicine in dermatology, and specifically in the management of psoriasis, enables more effective treatments. A more efficient and individualized method of treating this chronic inflammatory skin condition is offered by biological medicines, such as TNF inhibitors and interleukin inhibitors, which are administered based on the patient's unique genetic and immunological profile. Thanks to developments in genetics, bioinformatics, and data analytics, personalized medicine is becoming more and more popular in contemporary healthcare institutions. Better treatment outcomes can result from healthcare providers using these tools to make data-driven decisions. Furthermore, by providing early interventions based on genetic predispositions to diseases, personalized medicine is strengthening the emphasis on prevention, which is essential for lowering healthcare costs and increasing public health. To sum up, personalized medicine is a revolutionary approach to healthcare that offers substantial benefits in the management of difficult conditions like psoriasis and cancer. Its use into contemporary healthcare has potential for enhancing the accuracy, efficacy, and efficiency of medicinal interventions.

Keywords

Introduction

Personalized medicine represents a paradigm shift in medicine by diverging from standardized approaches to tailored therapies. It identifies in health and response to treatment the significance of environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Through the delivery of precise and targeted treatments, personalized medicine aims to revolutionize healthcare delivery with novel technologies like genetics and data analysis.[1] In essence, personalized medicine is based on complete scrutiny of the genetic code of an individual done through genomic sequencing. This facilitates physicians to establish the presence of some genetic mutations and variants with impacts on the metabolism of medicines, disease vulnerability, and how they react towards treatments. With this insight, physicians are able to craft therapy for individuals to meet each individual's personalized genetic constitution,[2] thus maximizing treatment benefit and minimizing drug side effects.[15] Twenty-first-century personalized remedy could be characterized with the aid of providing the perfect treatment at the right dosage and exactly timed for every person affected person. The achievement of the application of customized remedy relies heavily on the transport of effective diagnostic tools permitting the selection of the best remedy product to decorate patient effects. these products are tightly regulated via both producers and the meals and Drug management.[3][14] personalized medicine holds potential in a number of areas of healthcare. through the detection of genetic markers associated with specific diseases, it enhances diagnostic precision, for that reason permitting earlier remedy and stepped forward consequences. It additionally streamlines therapy options tailored to unique people, thereby maximizing healing effectiveness and enhancing patient pleasure.[4] moreover, by using identifying genetic predispositions and danger factors and thus permitting centered preventative techniques, individualized medicinal drug enhances preventive remedy. in addition to lowering disorder occurrence, this proactive approach complements universal nicely-being and longevity. Genomic sequencing is an essential element of individualized remedy because it permits an intensive exam of every individual's genetic blueprint. Physicians can tailor treatments primarily based on each affected person's genetic profile by way of figuring out mutations and alterations associated with ailment hazard, drug metabolism, and treatment reaction. In numerous regions of medicine, this personalized technique holds first-rate promise:[5]

1. Accuracy of Diagnosis

By identifying genetic markers and molecular patterns linked to specific diseases, personalized medicine enables earlier and more accurate diagnosis, guiding more targeted and efficient treatments. [6.]

2. Customized Approach

Personalized medicine helps choose medicines based on each patient's likelihood of success while lowering the risk of adverse effects or treatment failure. Better results and a higher standard of living for patients are the results of this..[7]

3. Preventive Exercises

By assessing a person's genetic predispositions and risk factors, personalized treatment helps to deliver prevention strategies that are specifically tailored to them. lifestyle changes, screening methods, and preventative measures meant to lower the risk of illness and enhance wellness  [.8.] Personalized medicinal drug is stimulating innovation in clinical studies through novel medicines and interventions focused on specific genetic variations or molecular mechanisms. This approach ought to boost up the arrival of recent treatments to the marketplace and accelerate medical breakthroughs. [9.] Despite the fact that customized medicine has come an extended manner these days, there are still issues of records privateers, get entry to genetic testing, and integration of personalized medication into fashionable scientific exercise. personalized medicinal drug is, but poised to revolutionize healthcare transport and decorate patient results worldwide, provided that generation maintains to develop and patient and clinician cognizance increases.[10] New clinical exercise known as customized remedy employs a man or woman's genetic records to make selections concerning sickness prevention, prognosis, and therapy. statistics approximately an affected person's genetic makeup permits physicians to pick out the maximum appropriate drug or remedy and put in force it at the perfect dosage or routine. Facts from efforts along with the Human Genome Project10 fuels studies into tailored therapeutics.[11] Customized medication is practiced partially via numerous stakeholders in the healthcare sector, which include physicians, sanatorium directors, coverage companies, and in the end sufferers [12].

4. What is custom medicine?

Precision medicine, also known as personalized medicine, is a type of medical prevention and treatment that takes into account individual differences in genes, lifestyle, and environment for each patient. Personalized medicine attempts to align medical treatments with each patient's specific characteristics, going beyond the traditional one-size-fits-all principle.[13]                                                                                                                                                                        

5. Studies of individualized medicine

medicines like warfarin, which seem to simplest be powerful and not using a side outcomes whilst a affected person possesses a specific genetic make-up, have garnered big attention in identifying factors including genetic variations that impact the effectiveness of numerous medicinal drugs and remedies. This interest in designing precise medicinal drugs to fight ailments has similarly advanced into customized sickness monitoring (i.e., pre-symptomatic surveillance structures) and customized disease prevention strategies, as nicely. I’m able to in brief talk a few fairly latest examples of this sort of interest. era pies tailored to Mutations[14] As with warfarin , researchers at the moment are seeking to discern out what genetic profiles patients have after which layout healing procedures that are in particular aimed toward the one’s profiles. this is better than creating a drug and then the use of observational research on patients who had been given the drug to locate elements that make it less effective or purpose aspect outcomes.[15]20]

7. Key concepts in customized medicine

1. Genetics and Genetic Profile,
One can identify mutations or alterations that may impact a patient's likelihood of developing an illness, how quickly it progresses, or how well they respond to treatment by looking at their genetic code.[16] The study of pharmacogenomics examines how a person's genes affect how they react to drugs, helping to select therapies that are most likely to work and have the fewest negative effects

2. Biomarkers  

Observable indicators of a biological state or condition are called biomarkers. In personalized medicine, biomarkers are used to predict disease progression, detect abnormalities, and monitor treatment outcomes. [17]

3. Risk Assessment:

By classifying patients into numerous risk groups based on genetic and other information, more precise care and prevention strategies become possible. To increase overall treatment success rates, identify patient groups who are most likely to benefit from particular treatments. This integration of data and analytics, along with the use of artificial intelligence, is crucial. By utilizing large datasets and state-of-the-art analytical tools, like artificial intelligence and machine learning, it is possible to identify patterns and forecast the course of illness and therapy.
Combining data from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) produces therapeutic patient profiles that inform personalized treatment strategies.[18]

4. Customized Medicine

By identifying specific alterations through genomic profiling of tumor’s, we can develop targeted treatments that are both more effective and less dangerous. Cancer is a serious and dangerous illness. We can detect cancer earlier and treat it more effectively by using methods and instruments based on genetic risk factors.
effectively medicine  Assessing hereditary and lifestyle factors facilitates the customization of therapy and prevention strategies, as well as the estimation of heart disease risk. Personalized factors and notions refer to tailoring treatments for heart conditions based on individual patient profiles, including genetic and biomarker data.

5. Genetic Conditions:

Comprehensive genetic testing and individualized treatment plans can identify and treat rare genetic conditions. It is applicable to novel treatments for rare diseases when one is aware of their genetic underpinnings. We develop vaccines tailored to specific populations using genetic and epidemiological. Genetic information guides the treatment of infectious disorders, especially bacterial infections. This aids in determining which drugs are the most effective. By tailoring medications for specific patients, personalized medicine can increase treatment effectiveness and reduce unwanted effects.

6. Cost-effectiveness:

Tailored strategies can help to more effectively use healthcare resources by eliminating pointless treatments and focusing on medical focusing likely to be helpful. These strategies are both preventive and beneficial. Customized medication helps identify individuals at high risk for certain diseases, enabling early intervention and preventive measures. Patients are better able to make educated healthcare decisions when they are told about their genetic composition and potential health risks.

There are challenges and risks involved. Customized Healthcare

• Data Security and Privacy: Protecting the privacy of genetic and health data is a significant concern.
• Ethical concern. We are addressing ethical issues pertaining to genetic testing, such as potential discrimination based on genetic information.
• Equipping information so that everyone may take advantage of personalized treatment, particularly those who reside in poor areas...
• Regulatory Areas and Reimbursement Issues: navigating the legal system and protecting customized treatments

8. Uses of personalized medicine in different disease

1. Cancer

The evolution of recent most cancers patient treatments has been transformed by translational studies. The shift from an organ-primarily based method guiding therapy choice towards entire molecular assessment, therefore towards a tailor-made approach, is one of the most great developments of modern oncology. Many technology, inclusive of subsequent-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing, have significantly improved the ability to stumble on predictive and prognostic molecular changes. for this reason, in a limited and a metastatic placing as nicely, gene mutations, amplifications, and fusions observed have rewritten the records of illnesses. customized remedy wherein the precise molecular modifications of the most cancers take front degree has grow to be viable way to this improvement. This situation is showed with the aid of an boom within the quantity of basket experiments selecting a particular molecular target. nevertheless, we have to deliver flaws amazing interest. The complexity of most cancers cells intensified with concurrent molecular alterations makes driving force identity hard. furthermore, tumor heterogeneity may be the reason of the lack of response with focused remedy. This in thoughts, molecular tumors boards or multidisciplinary committees has become increasingly not unusual as approaches of enhancing preference. This examine intends to assess the development of cancer treatment toward a precision method objectively, stressing a number of the recent achievements and sudden failures..[19]

2. Asthma

 Generally defined as a chronic infection of the lung with episodic airway blockage, coughing or wheezing, and an accompanying inflammatory technique, bronchial asthma has nevertheless, the quantity of these experiencing asthmatic symptoms indicates incredible fluctuation. Clinically, allergies is being separated into eosinophilia, neutrophil, atopic, non-atopic, early onset, past due onset; in instances with recognized triggers, aspirin- or workout-brought on. [21] nowadays, the contamination is understood as a complicated situation with different degree of severity, natural history, and reaction to remedy. [22]  Treating allergies primarily based on phenotypes that classify visible tendencies primarily based on no direct association with the infection mechanisms is much less best given the heterogeneity in reaction to treatment. the use of Endo typing, the technique of keeping apart subpopulations of a disorder primarily based on organic pathways or reaction to remedy promoted Endo typing allergies into seven classes: aspirin-sensitive, allergic bronco pulmonary mycosis (ABPM), adult allergic, asthma-predictive indices-positive preschool wheeze, intense overdue-onset, hyperosinophilic, and cross-united states skiers bronchial asthma. Wenzel recently published the 5 intense asthma endotypes: early onset allergic, chronic eosinophilia, ABPM, overweight-female, and neutrophil severe allergies. [24] Endo identifying the contamination is one of the first levels closer to tailor-made medicine in bronchial asthma. the idea of customized or individualized medicinal drug is "bring the right drug to the right patient on the right dosage," subsequently optimizing therapeutic efficacy and lowering facet outcomes. [25] [ With the arrival of the "-omics" age, docs are close to to being able to "tailor" remedy regimens based on character unique organic statistics which includes genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles as well as the conventional medical information together with own family history, signs, and laboratory results. [26]  As lately discussed with the aid of Weiss, just 5 have been repeated in at least a further trial for asthma; most effective one has confirmed practical benefits while roughly eleven genes have collection editions connected with therapy reaction. _[27] despite the fact that the correct molecular pathways at the back of allergies etiology and remedy response are yet unknown, treating based totally on bronchial asthma endotypes at the least lets in the medical doctors to deal with relying on someone's biology. concentrated on medications to endotypes in medical studies reveals a few outcome these days. [28] mainly in treating young onset allergic allergies, anti-IgE (omalizumab) has proven success in changing clinical outcomes; therefore, interleukin (IL)-four and 13 signaling pathways maximum absolutely play a main underlying role [29] most crucially in patients with elevated IL-13 interest as visible with the aid of high ranges of the IL-thirteen interest biomarker periostin, a clinical trial of an anti-IL-13 [38]monoclonal antibody (lebrikizumab) for the therapy of intense allergies revealed improved lung characteristic. [30] [ Anti-IL-five (mepolizumab) remedy has confirmed promise in reducing medical aggravations in persistent eosinophilic intense bronchial asthma. To get rid of airway clean muscular tissues, the united states meals and Drug management (FDA) these days certified the brand new treatment opportunity of bronchial thermoplasty. [31] Clinically, bronchial theraplasty helps patients with full-size airway reworking—that is, intense refractory and severe persistent asthma—through [32] accordingly, with the aid of treating bronchial asthma relying on endotypes, although we're nevertheless far from the application of "personalized medicine," will help to lower the possibility of offering the incorrect remedy to the incorrect affected person. it's going to additionally assist to decrease the variety of tough-to-dealt with asthmatics, which could have huge consequences on the rate and subsequently burden of this continual inflammatory disease. [33] [37]

3. Arthritis

Customized medication is using molecular-scale technologies to understand infection mechanisms and beautify clinical effects. There are a few elements related to the path of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). these elements have no longer but been mixed right into a therapeutically relevant device to forecast the direction of disorder especially sufferers. Pharm genomics is riding the subject ahead really rapid. [35] Genetic versions seen in traditional disease enhancing ant rheumatic medications and biologic treatments had been shown to either mediate drug metabolism mediating drug reaction or toxicity. Deciding on a medication primarily based on patient developments (sociodemographic, clinical, genetic) will maximize sources and improve clinical results. moreover taken into account have to be the ethical, political, and felony ramifications of individualized remedy. [34]

4. Cardiovascular Disease

Personalized medication is a new healing concept based on all treatments and selections being customized to person sufferers in whatever are possible. Within the genomics technology, customized medicine combines the genetics records for in addition benefit in programs for prevention and remedy. Concerning efficacy, protection, and remedy duration, tailored remedy may want to permit the health practitioner to provide patients a higher remedy, so reducing related expenses. Instructional studies on custom designed medication has grown remarkably within the discipline of cardiology during the last numerous years. Nonetheless, very few American cardiologists have started the use of tailored medicine in clinical settings. [37] Focusing mainly on cardiovascular sicknesses (CVDs), we cope with the ideas, blessings, drawbacks, and problems of tailor-made remedy. From each policy and clinical factors of view, individualized medicinal drug provides several difficulties; those may be resolved with suitable knowledge and thinking, scientific practice, and proof-based protocols. Particularly in the fields of CVDs, countrywide and international healthcare reform relies upon on tailor-made remedy. sooner or later, personalized medication will change the entire landscape of health care systems in no longer too a long way destiny. [36]

CONCLUSION

Ultimately, personalized medicinal drug marks a radical trade in contemporary medication from the conventional one-size-suits-all technique to a extra individualized one considering a patient's particular genetic, environmental, and behavioral elements.  enormously focused treatments that promise more efficacy and less negative consequences were made viable via the aggregate of recent technology such genome sequencing, artificial intelligence, and huge statistics analytics.  Customized medicinal drug offers the capability to not simplest beautifies affected person consequences however additionally keep healthcare expenses by using minimum trial-and-mistakes remedies, thereby customizing treatments to the person. From cancer treatment to the control of rare genetic diseases and continual ailments, personalized medicinal drug is already having an effect felt in many unique scientific disciplines.  Nevertheless unresolved, although, are issues like accessibility, moral questions, and the necessity of huge public and medical network training.  Customized medication will probably end up more and more crucial in determining the course of healthcare as long as research is beneath development and era develops.  Ultimately, its potential to offer accuracy and a extra all-encompassing technique to remedy shines promise for a better, greater proactive destiny in remedy.

FUNDING; N.A.

REFERENCES

1. Vogenberg FR, Barash CI, Pursel M. Personalized medicine: Part 2: Ethical, legal, and regulatory issues. P T. 2010;35:624–642.
2. Sadée W, Dai Z. Pharmacogenetics/genomics and personalized medicine. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:R207–R214.
3. Tezak Z, Kondratovich MV, Mansfield E. US FDA and personalized medicine: In vitro diagnostic regulatory perspective. Per Med. 2010;7:517–530.
4. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Precision Medicine. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar 6]. Available from: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/precisionmedicine/definition.
5. Precision Medicine in Oncology: New practice models and roles for oncology nurses. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2018;34(2):155-160.
6. Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Ther. 2019;41(9):1620-1631.
7. Personalized Medicine in Cardiology. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(10):1942-1953.
8. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Precision Medicine. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/precision-medicine.
9. National Human Genome Research Institute. Personalized Medicine. [cited 2025 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Personalized-Medicine.
10. Shah GL, Majhail N, Khera N, Giralt S. Value-based care in hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy: Challenges and opportunities. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2018;13(4):344–352. doi: 10.1007/s11899-018-0444-z.
11. National Institutes of Health. Precision Medicine Initiative. 2020 [cited 2025 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/precision-medicine-initiative-cohort-program.
12. Pandey A, Gupta SP. Personalized Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. 2020;40(4).
13. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, AKS University, Satna (MP)-India.
14. Pandey A, Gupta SP. Personalized medicine: A comprehensive review. Org J Chem. 2020;40(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/400403.
15. O'Dwyer ME, Druker BJ. Status of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000;12(6):594–7. doi: 10.1097/00001622-200011000-00013.
16. Personalized Medicine Coalition. Personalized Medicine at the FDA: 2017 Progress Report. Personalized Medicine Coalition. 2018. Available from: [Google Scholar].
17. Farkona S, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM. Cancer immunotherapy: the beginning of the end of cancer? BMC Med. 2016;14:73. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0623-5.
18. Gambardella V, Tarazona N, Cejalvo JM, Lombardi P, Huerta M, Roselló S, Fleitas T, Roda D, Cervantes A. Personalized Medicine: Recent Progress in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Apr 19;12(4):1009. doi: 10.3390/cancers12041009. PMID: 32325878; PMCID: PMC7226371.
19. Goetz LH, Schork NJ. Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress. Fertil Steril. 2018 Jun;109(6):952-963. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006. PMID: 29935653; PMCID: PMC6366451.
20. Poon AH, Hamid Q. Personalized medicine for asthma: Are we there yet? Ann Thorac Med. 2012 Apr;7(2):55-6. doi: 10.4103/1817-1737.94519. PMID: 22558007; PMCID: PMC3339203.
21. Lotvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, Bjermer L, Casale TB, Custovic A, et al. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(2):355–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037.
22. Anderson GP. Endotyping asthma: New insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet. 2008;372(9643):1107–19. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61452-X.
23. Wenzel S. Severe asthma: From characteristics to phenotypes to endotypes. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(5):650–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03929.x.
24. Piquette-Miller M, Grant DM. The art and science of personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(3):311–5. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100130.
25. Waldman SA, Terzic A. Widening the path to personalized medicine. Clin Transl Sci. 2011;4(6):392–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00345.x.
26. Weiss ST. New approaches to personalized medicine for asthma: Where are we? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(2):327–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.971.
27. Kuhl K, Hanania NA. Targeting IgE in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(1):1–5. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834deebb.
28. Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B, Gupta S, Monteiro W, Sousa A, et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):973–84. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808991.
29. Nair P, Pizzichini MM, Kjarsgaard M, Inman MD, Efthimiadis A, Pizzichini E, et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):985–93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805435.
30. Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Niven RM, Corris PA, Siersted HC, et al. Asthma control during the year after bronchial thermoplasty. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(13):1327–37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa064707.
31. Pavord ID, Cox G, Thomson NC, Rubin AS, Corris PA, Niven RM, et al. Safety and efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty in symptomatic, severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1185–91. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200704-571OC.
32. Castro M, Rubin AS, Laviolette M, Fiterman J, De Andrade LM, Shah PL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(2):116–24. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0354OC.
33. Burgos PI, Danila MI, Kelley JM, Hughes LB, Bridges SL. Understanding personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis: a clinician’s guide to the future. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 2009;1(2):97-105. doi:10.1177/1759720X09351778
34. Berkun, Y., Levartovsky, D., Rubinow, A., Orbach, H., Aamar, S., Grenader, T. et al. (2004) Methotrexate related adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are associated with the A1298C polymorphism of the MTHFR gene. Ann Rheum Dis 63: 1227-1231.
35. Lee MS, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Personalized medicine in cardiovascular diseases. Korean Circ J. 2012 Sep;42(9):583-91. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2012.42.9.583. Epub 2012 Sep 27. PMID: 23091501; PMCID: PMC3467440.
36. Piquette-Miller M, Grant DM. The art and science of personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:311–315. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100130
37. Mao Y, Xie J, Yang F, Luo Y, Du J, Xiang H. Advances and prospects of precision nanomedicine in personalized tumor theranostics. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024 Dec 5;12:1514399. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1514399. PMID: 39712574; PMCID: PMC11659764.
38. Advancements in Personalized Medicine: Tailoring Treatment for Individual Patients. National Journal of Medical Research. 2024. https://doi.org/10.55489/njmr.14022024994.