Cosmetics, derived from the Greek word 'kosmtikos,' are utilized by both men and women for enhancing appearance and masking skin imperfections. They encompass a wide range of products including skincare creams, lipsticks, fragrances, hair dyes, and more. Cosmetics are intended to be applied superficially to the body to maintain its health and appearance without altering physiological functions.

       
           
       
    Figure No. 1: Cosmetic Products

Throughout history, cosmetics have been employed for cleansing and enhancing attractiveness. However, their safety evaluation gained significant attention in the latter half of the 20th century, particularly as research highlighted potential risks associated with exposure to various chemicals present in these products.  While cosmetic formulations have evolved from natural ingredients to petrochemical-based compositions due to industrialization, consumer demand has led to a resurgence in the use of natural ingredients. Despite this trend, heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and nickel, along with other elements like copper, iron, chromium, and cobalt, are still found in various cosmetics. These metals can accumulate in the body through dermal absorption, leading to toxic effects in different organs. The presence of these heavy metals in cosmetics poses health risks, including neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and other adverse effects on internal organs. Regulatory bodies have set limits for heavy metal content in cosmetics to mitigate these risks. However, it's crucial for consumers to remain informed and cautious about the products they use on their bodies.

CLASSIFICATION OF COSMETIC:

RISKS OF HEAVY METALS IN COSMETICS [6]

The risks associated with heavy metals in cosmetics depend on various factors such as the concentration of metals, synthesis methods, penetration ability, area of skin exposure, duration of exposure, and frequency of use. Additionally, individual factors like health, diet, age, and economic status also influence the risks. There's been a steady rise in cosmetic usage among both genders and across age groups, including children, which increases the risk of exposure to heavy metals. This heightened exposure disregards the accumulation effects of these metals in the body over time. Chronic daily exposure to heavy metals through dermal absorption follows the sequence of mercury > lead > cadmium for adults. This chronic exposure contributes to long-term health problems, including the potential for cancer development, which is influenced by factors such as overuse and penetration ability of the metals in cosmetics. In summary, the risks associated with heavy metals in cosmetics are multifaceted and influenced by various factors, including individual characteristics and usage patterns. Efforts to mitigate these risks require awareness, regulation, and informed consumer choices.

TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN COSMETICS [8]

Heavy metals are elements that are primarily found in the d and p-blocks of the periodic table showing a metallic character and an ability to form salts. Some sources specify that heavy metal should have a high density. Such metals include lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury and arsenic among others.

Heavy metals are widely distributed in both living and non-living matrices, posing a concern due to their potential to disrupt physiological functions by replacing beneficial metals. This phenomenon is observed across various organisms, including mammals, humans, insects, and plants. Accumulation of heavy metals in biological systems can occur through the daily or repeated use of cosmetics like face powders, lipsticks, and eye shadows, as these products commonly contain heavy metals.

REGULATIONS FOR COSMETICS [1-4]

In India, cosmetics are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and Rules of 1945, with labeling declarations enforced by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). BIS establishes standards for cosmetics listed under Schedule ‘S’ of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules of 1945.  Dyes, colors, and pigments used in skin creams and lipsticks must comply with IS 4707 (Part I), subject to the provisions of Schedule Q of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules. Other ingredients must adhere to the provisions of IS 4707 (Part 2). Rule 134 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules imposes restrictions on cosmetics containing dyes, colors, and pigments not specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards and Schedule Q.

As per Indian authorities Synthetic Organic Colors and Natural Organic Colors used in the Cosmetic shall not contain more than:

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel established by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA issued limits are:

The World Health Organization (WHO) set limits for heavy metals are:

THE PRESENCE OF TYPICAL HEAVY METALS IN COSMETICS AND THEIR EFFECTS: [11-23]

The excerpt provided contains detailed information about various heavy metals commonly found in cosmetic products, including lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel, mercury, iron, arsenic, zinc, and manganese. Each heavy metal has its own mechanism of action and potential health effects when absorbed by the body through dermal exposure. Lead, for example, is neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic, with detrimental effects on various organs when accumulated in tissues. Cadmium can concentrate in bones, kidneys, and teeth and may lead to skin rashes and epithelial problems.  Copper, essential for various physiological functions, can have harmful effects at high levels, including brain damage, liver cirrhosis, and anaemia. Cobalt, commonly used in cosmetics, can cause allergic contact dermatitis and other adverse health effects. Chromium, both trivalent and hexavalent, can induce skin ulcerations, dermatitis, and allergic reactions. Nickel, present in metal alloys, can activate cellular pathways leading to neoplastic transformation. Mercury, inorganic or organic compounds, can lead to kidney damage, nervous system disorders, and even cancer. Iron, while essential in small amounts, can be toxic in excessive levels, leading to cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Arsenic, a well-known environmental contaminant, can cause hyperpigmentation, keratosis, and various types of cancer. Zinc, although essential, can cause health problems such as skin irritations and gastrointestinal issues at high concentrations. Manganese, necessary for antioxidant enzyme systems, can be fatal in excess, causing developmental abnormalities and nervous system damage. The mechanisms of toxicity for these heavy metals often involve oxidative stress, DNA damage, disruption of cellular functions, and the induction of apoptosis. These metals can accumulate in the body over time, leading to chronic health effects. Dermal exposure is a significant pathway for heavy metal uptake, as cosmetics are often applied directly to the skin.  Understanding the potential health hazards of heavy metals in cosmetics is crucial for consumer safety, especially considering the widespread use of these products. Regulation and monitoring of heavy metal content in cosmetics are essential to mitigate risks to human health.

CONTENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT COSMETIC PRODUCTS [2]

           
       

MEASURED LEVELS OF HMS (MG/KG) IN THE COSMETIC PRODUCTS IN DIFFERENT BRAND [7]

CN. Country name, SC. Sample code, bdl. below detection limit

Analysis of 30 lotion brands (90 samples) revealed significant variations in heavy metal (HM) levels (p < 0>

Chromium (Cr) levels varied, with some brands below detection limits and max in L20 (0.69 ± 0.02 mg/kg), within the 50 mg/kg safe limit. Iron (Fe) levels ranged from 0.27 to 7.01 mg/kg, within acceptable ranges. Nickel (Ni) levels varied, with max in L17 and lowest in L27, but below detection in L18. Recommended Ni levels for skin contact products are <1>

In 18 sunblock samples, Cr, Fe, and Cd levels varied insignificantly (p < 0>