A Review Article On Cyclodextrin As A Type Of Nanosponges

Abstract

This paper looks at cyclodextrin-based nanosponges, which are tiny, sponge-like structures made from solid polymers that are linked together. Cyclodextrins, which come from starch, are ring-shaped molecules made of glucose. They have a unique design with a water-loving outside and a water-repelling inside, allowing them to trap and stabilize hydrophobic substances, making those substances easier to dissolve and use. Because of their adaptable nature and large surface area, these nanosponges have mainly been used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields for the past 20 years, and they are safe for human use. This paper reviews the progress made with these nanosponges and also looks at their potential for other important uses, like cleaning up contaminated water and soil and in chemical processes.

Keywords

Introduction

Cyclodextrin based nanosponges for drug delivery

Types of Cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins are categorized by the number of glucose units they contain. The most common types are:

1. Alpha-Cyclodextrin (?-CD):

• Made up of six glucose units.
• Has a small cavity, making it ideal for capturing smaller molecules.

2. Beta-Cyclodextrin (?-CD):

• Consists of seven glucose units.
• The most commonly used type, with a medium-sized cavity that can hold a variety of hydrophobic compounds.

3. Gamma-Cyclodextrin (?-CD):

• Contains eight glucose units.
• Has a larger cavity, allowing it to encapsulate bigger molecules and other guest compounds

Application of cyclodextrin:

1. Pharmaceuticals:

• Drug Delivery:

Enhance the solubility and absorption of poorly soluble drugs, improving their therapeutic effects.

• Controlled Release:

Enable gradual release of active ingredients, reducing side effects and prolonging effectiveness.

2. Food Industry:

• Flavor and Aroma Stabilization:

Encapsulate flavors and aromas to keep them fresh and release them gradually in food products.

• Nutrient Protection:

Shield vitamins and delicate nutrients from degradation during processing and storage.

3. Cosmetics and Personal Care:

• Active Ingredient Delivery:

Encapsulate active ingredients to enhance their stability and effectiveness in creams and lotions.

• Fragrance Encapsulation:

Stabilize fragrances, prolonging their scent in cosmetic products.

4. Environmental Applications:

• Pollutant Removal:

Capture and isolate environmental pollutants, aiding in air and water purification.

• Soil Remediation:

Help extract or immobilize contaminants in soil.

5. Analytical Chemistry:

• Separation Techniques:

Used in chromatography to separate compounds, including enantiomers.

• Sensors:

Incorporated into sensors for detecting specific substances.

6. Biomedical Research:

• Gene Delivery:

Assist in delivering genetic material and therapeutic agents to cells.

• Imaging Agents:

Improve the delivery and effectiveness of agents used in medical imaging.

7. Agriculture:

• Pesticide Formulations:

Enhance the solubility and stability of pesticides, increasing their effectiveness while minimizing environmental impact

CONCLUSIONS:

There are various methods for encapsulation, which involve covering a small particle of an active ingredient with an outer layer. Encapsulation can also happen at the molecular level. One way to do this is by using a group of carbohydrates called cyclodextrins (CDs). These molecules can trap other substances, either fully or partially, inside their hollow structure. This ability to form inclusion complexes could lead to new solutions for many future formulations.

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