Rungta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai.
Perfume has been in life of humans since ancient times. Today’s era has led to the formation of different fragrant as per the people’s perception. Various type of perfume are categorized based on the ratio of fragrant oil content to solvent. The methodology employed in this study is experimental an consist of two phases: perfume formulation, evaluation, and final product development. Perfume is basically a cosmetic product applied to human body for an amusing scent or the feeling of freshness. It evokes a surge of events in human immune system which results with allergic symptoms. Evaluation test were performed such as Hedonic test, Sensory test, Spot test, Skin irritation test.
The word Perfume is originated from the Latin word “Perfumare” which means “To Smoke through”. Perfume is composed of aromatic compounds, fragrant essential oils, solvents and fixatives, used to provide the animal, food objects, and the human body an engaging scent, mainly in the form of liquid, some of the fragrance ingredients used in the perfumes to give pleasant scent to human’s body cause allergic reaction called Fragrance Allergen.4 Perfume can be defined as substance that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrance odor. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. Until 19th century perfume were usually composed of natural aromatic oil.14 Since the perfumes are also produce in the form of synthetic organic substances, the substance having fragrance and present in plants are called Plant Perfumes. Essential oils can be derived from plants and spices, or they can be synthetic. The solvent, usually consisting of 98% ethanol, and 2% water, is the liquid that dissolves the perfume oil.1
Floral perfume: Floral perfume is a fragrance family centered around the scent of blooming flowers. It captures the softness, elegance and romance associated with petals and blossoms, often featuring notes such as rose, jasmine and lily of the valley. Floral perfume is a fragrance made primarily from the scents of flowers such as rose, jasmine, lily ,tuberose. It is one of the most popular and timeless perfume families because it smells fresh, soft, romantic and elegant.
Floral perfumes can be:
Perfume are categorized into four group, They are discussed below:
Figure- 1: Floral Notes
Classification: Perfume are classified into:
Figure-2: Classification of perfume(based on concentration)
Notes: Perfume has basically three sets of notes which are used for making the harmonies scent accord. They are top notes, middle notes and base notes.
Figure-3: Basic notes of perfume
Rose: Rose is a popularly known as “king of flower” due to its beauty. It is good for skin because it’s extracts and oils offer moisturizing ,soothing and anti-inflammatory benefits, which can reduce redness, hydrates dry skin and protect against environment damage due to their anti-oxidant properties.
Botanical name- Rosa
Famliy – Rosaceae
Genus - Rosa
Figure-1.1: Rose
Jasmine: It blooms at night and fall by morning. Common jasmine is a climbing shrub that can grow up to 8 meters tall. The leaves are made up of 7 to 9 smaller ‘leaflets’, which are long, pointed and oval-shaped. The fruits are small black berries.
Botanical name - Jasminum
Family – Oliaceae
Genus - jasminum
Figure-1.2: Jasmine
Night Jasmine: Night jasmine has two common name depending on the plant. Queen of plant, Ladies of the night, or Night-blooming jessamine if is refers to the plant Cestrum nocturnum.it is fast growing, evergreen shrub renowned for its intensely fragrant, small white-green flowers that open only at night. Release a very strong, romantic scent at night, often attracting moths.
Botanical name – Cestrum nocturnum
Genus – Cestrum
Family - Solanaceae
Figure-1.3: Night Jasmine
Tuberose: Tuberose are highly fragrant, bulbous perennial plants prized foe their intense, sweet-smelling white flowers that bloom on tall spikes in late summer. Plant bulbs 2-4 inches deep and 6-8 inches apart in spring (after frost) in zones 8-10. It is also used for decorative purpose such as bouquets, garlands.
Botanical name – Polianthes tuberosa
Family – Asparagaceae
Genus - Polianthes
Figure-1.4: Tuberose
Lavender: It is famous for calming and rich essential oil content (linalool, linalyl acetate). Lavender flower has diverse uses, including aroma therapy for relaxation and sleep, as a natural skin ingredients to treat conditions like; acne and burns due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-septic properties.
Botanical name – Lavandula angustifolia
Genus – Lavandula
Family – Lamiaceae
Figure-1.5: Lavender
Lily: These are white flowers represent purity and fertility. In some cases, they also symbolize rebirth. It is used indoor air purification aesthetic value for home décor and bouquets, promoting relaxation and sleep.
Botanical name – Lilium
Genus – Lilium
Family – Liliaceae
Figure-1.6: Lily
Almond oil(sweet oil): Carrier oil rich in faty acid;nourishin and lightly aromatic used in skincare and perfumes. Seeds of Prunus dulcis,give oil as in which is golden yellow,odorless,chemically 40-5-% fixed oils.205 proteins,mucilage,emulsion,2.5-4% ammygdalins. These oils are also referred to as nourishing and moisturizing oils, also working as a vehicle for this formulation.
Botanical name – Purnus dulcis
Genus – Prunus
Family - Rosaceae
Figure-1.7 :Almond oil
Jojoba oil: Liquid wax extracted from seeds: very stable and commonly used as carrier oil in perfumes due to long self life. Liquid wax extracted from seeds; very stable and commonly used as carrier oil in perfumes due to long self life. Jojoba oil is a unique liquid wax from the seeds of the Simmondsia desert shrub.
Botanical name – Simmondsia chinensis
Family – Simmondsiaceae
Genus - Simmondsia
Figure-1.8: Jojoba oil
Sandalwood oil: Aromatic heartwood oil with warm,woody fragrance: premium fixative in perfume formulations. Anxiety and promotes a calming effects. Sandalwod oil is a prized essential oil,extracted from the heartwood of Santalum trees (especially S.album), known for its disinctive sweet,woody aroma and pale yellow color, used for millennia in perfume, cosmetic, aromatherapy (for stress releif, meditation).
Botanical name – Santalum Album Linn
Genus -Santalum
Family - Santalaceae
Figure-1.9: Sandalwood oil
Method:
Step 1: Firstly the petals of all flowers are selected for formulation of perfume.
Step 2: Allow them to dry for few days.
Step 3: Preparation of extract by solvent extraction process.
Step 4: Powder dry petals was added in solvent in a flask and stopped.
Step 5: In order to completely extract all oil in the petals, the content was allowed to stand for 38-40 hours. After which the extract was decanted into the beaker.
Step 6: Ethanol was added to dissolved the extract.
Step 7: The mixture was added transferred to separating funnel and allowed to come in equilibrium, which separate into two layers.
Step 8: The lower ethanol layer extract and upper hhexane layer were carefully separated.
Step 9: Collected into two separate into beaker and placed in a water bath at 60 degree. This was done to remove excess ethanol leaving only the natural essential oil.
CONCLUSION:
This review indicates the importance of flowers as sources of aromatic compound for the preparation of local perfumes, and their role to improve the livehood of growers. This is an attempt to explore the possibility of perfume manufacturing using flowers. The flowers essential oil was successfully extracted from dry prtals of flowers using solvent extraction. Although solvent extraction method gives higher result. The essential oil was used successfully in perfume formulation by using fixating and different solvent as ingredients. Almond oil has its therapeutic value and is used as a vehicle here. Essential oils are always used in dilute form due to ths chances of high toxicity and allergic reactions. The fliral perfume blends harmonious noted of rose, jasmine, lavender, and lily to create a captivating, uplifting fragrance. With its balanced composition and natural ingredients,this scent is perfect foe everyday wear, evoking feelings of serenity and joy.
REFERENCES
Khushbu Sahu, Charu Tamrakar, Shweta Ram*, Suchita Wamankar, Dr. Gyanesh Kumar Sahu, A Review On: Natural Floral Extracts in Perfume Development, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2026, Vol 4, Issue 4, 514-520. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19410174
10.5281/zenodo.19410174
