A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Andrographis Echioides (L.) Nees

Abstract

As aboriginal sources of medications, medicinal plants are used from the ancient times. Nature is usually a golden sign to point out the outstanding phenomena of co-existence. Natural products from plants, animals and minerals are the premise for treating human diseases. Medicative are presently in demand and their acceptance is increasing progressively. Undoubtedly, plants play a very important role by providing essential services in ecosystems. The Acanthaceae is one of the source of medical plants with 250 genus and 2500 species. One of the active member among the genus is Andrographis. Andrographis comprises about 26 species. Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees is an understudied medicinal plant. It is used for the treatment of various disorders. We explored the chemical composition of Androgrophis echioides (L.) Nees plant and the conducted the review is based on the physiochemical, pharmacological and phytochemical standards could be helpful for the identification, authentication, standardization and preparation of monograph for Andrographis echioides. The main aim of this review is to provide the in-depth knowledge of Andrographis echioides plant such as the phytochemical evaluation, pharmacognostical evaluation and the medicinal value of the plants given may helpful to the further researchers.

Keywords

Introduction

        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-9.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="1.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-9.png" width="150">
        </a>
2.1. Taxonomical Classification

        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-8.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="Macroscopic characteristics of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-8.png" width="150">
        </a>
Fig No.3: Macroscopic characteristics of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees

        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-7.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="Transverse sections of Andrographis echioides Leaf, Stem and Root.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-7.png" width="150">
        </a>
Stem                                           Leaf                                       Root

Figure No 4: Transverse sections of Andrographis echioides Leaf, Stem and Root

        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-6.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="3.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-6.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-5.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="4.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-5.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-4.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="5.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-4.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-3.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="6.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-3.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-2.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="7.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-2.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-1.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="8.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-1.png" width="150">
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-0.png" target="_blank">
            <img alt="Phytoconstituents of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees.png" height="150" src="https://www.ijpsjournal.com/uploads/createUrl/createUrl-20250602173855-0.png" width="150">
        </a>
Figure No 5: Phytoconstituents of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees

4.3. Stem

The preliminary phytochemical screening of Andrographis echioides stem Ethanolic extract shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenes, anthocyanins, leuco anthocyanin, coumarin, glycosides, terpenoids, emodin, proteins ^[17,31].

4.4. Aerial Parts

Preliminary phytochemical screening of Andrographis echioides aerial parts in various solvent extracts (Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) shows the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, amino acids, saponins ^[32].

5. Pharmacological Activity

5.1. Anti - Arthritic Activity

Bhuvaneswari et al., (2022) evaluated the anti-arthritic acitivity of ethanolic stem extract of Andrographis echioides in Inhibition of protein denaturation model & Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization model. In protein denaturation inhibition experiment both Andrographis (65% to 85%) and standard Diclofenac drug (84% to 97%) showed potential inhibition in a dose-dependent Manner (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100µg/ml). The ethanolic extract of stem of Andrographis echioides at different concenrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/ml) acts as good stabilization of HRBC. Bhuvaneswari et al., (2016) work showed the ability of ethanolic stem extract of Andrographis echioides shows the anti-arthritic activity ^[31].

5.2. Antiangiogenic Activity

Muralidharan et al., (2021) explored the anti-angiogenic effect of Andrographis echioides ethanolic whole plant extract using in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. A.echioides inhibited angiogenesis in ovo using CAM assay and possible mechanism mentioned could be blocking of Mir-21-5P/TIMP3 signaling pathway an important pathway of angiogenesis. Limitations of the study include this study being only the primary step, investigation into characterization and mechanism of anti-angiogenic of A.echioides has to be entailed in further research works ^[33].

5.3. Anti - Bacterial Activity

Antibacterial activity of Andrographis echioides leaves extracts viz., acetone, aqueous, crude, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and petroleum ether were evaluated against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter amnigenus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca and Brevibacterium paucivorans, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi using standard disc diffusion assay. This studies clearly revealed that all the extracts possess Antibacterial properties against tested bacterial species expect petroleum ether extract. The petroleum ether extract no result found against the tested bacterial species. The some leaves extracts no result found against the tested bacterial species. The some leaves extracts ethanol, methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate possess broad spectrum Antibacterial activity compared to chloroform, petroleum ether & aqueous extracts ^{[35, 36, 37, 43]}. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs from leaves of Andrographis echioides was tested against five bacterial isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Agar well diffusion method. The highest antibactial activity was found against Escherichia coli (28mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (23mm) respectively ^[38]. Various stem extracts (acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, petroleum ether) of Andrographis echioides studied for antibacterial activity against both gram positive & gram negative bacteria species using disk diffusion assay. The study clearly reveals that stem extracts of Andrographis echioides acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate possess broad spectrum Antibacterial activity compared to chloroform, petroleum ether & aqueous extracts ^{[31, 35, 36]}. Fathima et al., (2019) explored silver nanoparticles of Andrographis echioides Methanolic fruit extract against Helicobacter pylori. From the results it is evident that Andrographis echioides fruit extract can be used as antibacterial agent ^[39]. The antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, Methanol). By the micro-dilution bio assay method revealed that Andrographis echioides aerial parts (root, stem and leaves) extract possess bioactive compounds, which inhibits the growth of microorganism. Among the six pathogens tested the gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia and Vibrio cholera was most susceptible to the extracts and the rest of the pathogens showed almost similar kind of MIC values ^[31]. Acetone, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, hexane, distilled water extract of Andrographis echioides whole plant was studied for antibacterial activity against test organism Escherichia coli (MTCC-1687), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160), Salmonella typhi (MTCC-98) using agar well diffusion method. Experimental findings reveal Andrographis echioides is the best herbal to control specially S.typhi, E.coli, S.aureus ^[22].

5.4. Anti - Cancer Activity (Anti - Proliferative)

The ethanolic extract of whole plant Andrographis echioides was used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity in human breast Adenocarcinoma Cancer Cell Line (MC7 7) using MTT assay and was compared with 5-FU. The extract possessed anti-proliferative potential was less compared to 5-FU ^[33]. Karthiga Muralidharan et al., (2020) explore the anticancer attribute of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Andrographis echioides (EEAE) in human colon carcinoma using MTT assay and DNA fragmentation test in 29 cell lines. This study revealed that ethanolic extract of whole plant of Andrographis echioides exhibited apoptotic activity that in turn induced cytotoxicity in HT-29 colon cancer lines ^[40].      The study of anti-cancer against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) using the stem ethanolic extract of Andrographis echioides done by Bhuvaneswari et al., (2016). The cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic stem extract of Andrographis echioides showed better inhibition in a dose-dependent manner against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line ^[31]. The silver nanoparticle prepared from the leaves of Andrographis echioides studied for cancer activity against Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) done by Elangovan et al., (2015). The results suggest that AgNPs may exert its anticancer activity on MCF-7 cell line by suppressing its growth ^[38].

5.5. Anti - Diabetic Activity

The Anti – Diabetic Activity of Ethanol extract of Andrographis echioides leaves was studied by inhibition of albumin denaturation technique. Ethanol extract of this plant possesses significant anti - hyperglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats ^[41]. Sindhu sivalingam et al., (2016) evaluated effect of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees methanol leaf extract on glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cell line. Results of the study suggest that the tested extract of A.echioides is effective in enhancing glucose uptake. Moreover, the glucose uptake activity could be increased by isolation and purification of single bioactive compounds from the leaves ^[42]. S Gurupriya et al., (2018) examined the lupeol isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of Andrographis echioides for alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition using an in vitro model. The lupeol exhibited siginificant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with an IC50 value 36.2 ± 0.42 and 41.4 ± 0.34 % respectively and well compared with standard acarbose drug. Therefore it is suggested that lupeol is a potential source for natural anti - diabetic and antioxidant compounds and could have potential use in the management of diabetes mellitus ^[29].

5.6. Anti - Fungal Activity

Aqueous, acetone, chloroform, crude, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, petroleum ether extracts of Andrographis echioides leaves and stems was evaluated for its anti - fungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans using disk diffusion method. The result showed the acetone, crude, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone & ethyl acetate extracts possess broad spectrum antifungal activity and chloroform, petroleum ether & aqueous extracts showed no zone of inhibition against all the tested fungal pathogens ^{[31, 34, 36, 37]}.

5.7. Anti - Inflammatory Activity

The methanolic extract of whole plant Andrographis echioides was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity using egg albumin denaturation assay. The study was assessed using Diclofenac sodium as the standard drug. The methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity comparing to the NSAID (Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Diclofenac sodium, it showed almost same activity ^[22]. De-yang Shen et al., (2012) examined chemical constituents from Andrographis echioides and their Anti-inflammatory Activity. The result of the study suggested that the Andrographis species are valuable sources for the discovery of natural Anti-inflammatory lead drugs ^[23]. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous, ethanolic, chloroform extracts of whole plant Andrographis echioides were evaluated by protein denaturation assay. Aspirin was a positive control. There was a dose-dependent increase in protease inhibition of protein denaturation in three extracts from the concentration ranging from 100 to 500 ug /ml. All the three extracts of Andrographis echioides showed better in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect compounds. The study concluded an innovative finding that aqueous, ethanolic, choloform of Andrographis echioides possessed potent in vitro anti-inflammatory effect attributed to its flavonoid, phenyl glycosides compounds ^[43]. The anti-inflammatory properties of ethanolic stem extract of Andrographis echioides was investigated using inhibition of albumin denaturation, Hypo-tonicity induced hemolysis, Anti-lipoxygenase activity. The study was assesses using Diclofenac sodium as the standard drug. The result shows maximum inhibition of albumin denaturation, hypo-tonicity induced hemolysis, anti-lipoxygenase activity with standard drug diclofenac sodium. The study revealed that the stem of Andrographis echioides have potential source for natural anti-inflammatory activity ^[31].

5.8. Antioxidant Activity

In this study is to analyse the in-vitro antioxidant property of aqueous, ethanolic & chloroformic extracts of Andrographis echioides. DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Andrographis echioides. There is a dose dependent increase in the percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radical by the extracts. All the three extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and chloroformic extracts) of Andrographis echioides showed significant increase in the antioxidant property with the concentration ranging from 100 - 500 µg. The study concluded that different extracts of Andrographis echioides showed effective antioxidant properties and it could protect the biological system against oxidative stress including ageing, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Venkatachalam Vigneshwaran et al., (2020) studied antioxidant potential of Methanolic extract of whole plant Andrographis echioides. The result of study have showed antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, H2O2, reducing power, metal chelating efficiency with little variation ^[45]. Antioxidant activity of Andrographis echioides leaves viz., ethanol, methanol & crude extract were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP(Ferric Reducing/ Antioxidant power) assay. Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay. The results shows ethanolic & Methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides have high DPPH scavenging activity, superoxide scavenging assay and also having Nitric oxide scavenging activity ^{[28, 29, 34, 37, 41, 46]}. S.K. Basu et al., explored the Methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides aerial parts for its antioxidant activity against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Results indicate that A.echioides possesses antioxidant effects against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats ^[47].

5.9. Anti - Thrombolytic Activity

In this study, green synthesized AgNPs of A.echioides have tested for its potential anti-thrombolytic properties for cardiovascular disease. The results revealed AgNPs of A.echioides acts as an anti-thrombolytic by preventing the clotting of blood ^[48].

5.10. Anthelmintic Activity

The ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts from the whole plant of Andrographis echioides were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Pheretima poshtuma. The results revealed that the test extracts of Andrographis echioides exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at concentration of 50 mg/ml. The use of A.echioides as an anthelmintic has been confirmed and further studies are suggested to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity ^[49].

5.11. Anti - Ulcer Activity

In this study to determine the antiulcer activity of the ethanol extract from the leaves of Andrographis echioides. Andrographis echioides showed a dose dependent curative ratio compared to ulcer control. The ethanol leaf extract of Andrographis echioides showed the presence of flavonoids and their glycosides, tannins and triterpenoids. These phytoconstituents present in the extract could be the possible agents involved in the prevention of gastric lesions induced by pylorus ligation [50]. Fathima et al., (2019) studied Urease inhibitory activities of silver nanoparticle of Andrographis echioides fruit extract against Helicobacter pylori. From the results it is evident that Andrographis echioides fruit extract can be used as an anti-ulcer agent ^[39].

5.12. Diuretic Activity

The diuretic activity of petroleum ether, chloroform extract of Andrographis echioides was studied and the activity was compared with furosemide as standard. The chloroform extract exhibited significant diuretic activity as evidenced by increased total urine volume and the urine concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^-. The results thus support the use of as diuretic agent ^[51].

5.13. Hepatoprotective Activity

The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of Andrographis echioides was investigated in Wistar albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced that A.echioides possesses hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats ^[47].

5.14. Larvicidal Activity

The larvicidal potential of Andrographis echioides ethanolic leaf extract was tested against larvae of Aedes aegypti. The ethanolic leaf extract shows lethal effect towards larvae of A.aegypti with LC50 values of 108.3 mg/l. from the results, it is evident that Andrographis echioides ethanolic leaf extract possess larvicidal activity ^[52].

CONCLUSION

Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees is an important herb widely distributed in south India. This review provides valuable information about the various phytoconstituents and biological activities of Andrographis echioides. It is reported that Andrographis echioides contain different classes of chemical constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, fatty acids, steroids, terpenoids, polyphenols, glycosides together with a several medicinal benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-microbial & anticancer. An assessment of Andrographis echioides revealed that it has a significant number of phytochemical components. It also has a wide variety of pharmacological properties. The plant can thus be utilized to treat a variety of illness and in a number of pharmaceutical formulation and drug development investigations. We assume that the Andrographis agents for a variety of disorders in the near future to cure human diseases as well as some animal diseases. To fulfill this dream, the researchers might focus on multiplication of this plant to meet commercial demand besides the pharmacology study.

REFERENCES

1. Chaudhary G, Goyal S, Poonia P, Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus: a phytopharmacological review, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2010;vol. 2,no.2:pp. 91–98.
2. Mathivanan D, Suseem S R. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Andrographis echiodies. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015; 7(7):1167-1171.
3. Joy P, Thomas J,Mathew S, Skaria B P. Medicinal plants, Tropical Horticulture.1998;vol. 2:pp. 449–632.
4. Ankita Kataky, Handique. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 2010;6:113-118.
5. Andrographis. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=182365#null.
6. Boopathi, C.A. Andrographis spp. A source of bitter compounds for medicinal use. Anc Sci Life.2000;19(3-4):164-8.
7. Andrographis Wall. Ex Nees. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
8. Abhishek Niranjan,Tewari SK,Alok Lehri.Biological activities of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and its active principles – A review. Indian J Nat Prod Resour.2010;1(2):125-35.
9. Kirtikar K.R., Basu B.D. Indian Medicinal Plants.Periodical Experts Book Agency; New Delhi, India. 1975; Vol. 3:Pp. 1884–1886.
10. Chopra R.N., Nayer S.L., Chopra I.C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; New Delhi, India:1980. P.18.
11. Nadkarni AK, Nadkarni KM., Indian Materia Medica, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1976;Vol.1.
12. Qadrie ZL, Beena Jacob, Anandan R, Rajkapoor B, Rahamathulla M. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Indoneesiella echioides evaluated by the filter paper disc method. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2009; 22: 123-5.
13. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. In Indian medicinal plants,3. New Delhi: Periodical Experts. 1975.
14. Pandi Kumar P, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Medicinal plants used by Malasar tribes of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, Indian J Tredit Knowl, 2007; 6: 579-582.
15. John T Kartesz. Andrographis echioides (L.)  Nees false water willow natural  resources  conservation service united state department of Agriculture 1964.
16. Nandkarni. Indian materia medical popular book depot:Bombay, 1976; 101-102.
17. Pande J, Padalia H, Donga S,Chanda S.Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies of Andrographis echioides Nees. And Tridax procumbens L. leaf and stem. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2018; 7(6): 303-315.
18. Mathivanan D, Suseem S R. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Andrographis echiodies. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(7):1167-1171.
19. Indira PP. Studies on antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica along with preliminary phytochemical screening. Inter. J. life sciences and Pharm Research.2015;5(3):L34-L38.
20. Okoli RI, Turay AA, Mensah JK, Aigbe AO. Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of four herbs from Edo state, Nigeria. Rep Opin. 2009;1:67–73.
21. Rashmi M, Oommen Sara Monsy, Shincymol V V.Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis Of Whole Plant Powder Of Indoneesiella Echioides (L.) Sreem. Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(7):5-8.
22. Debasish Singha Roy, Subhasish Maity, Writtik Maity, Somnath De, Dulal Chandra Das. Evaluation of Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial Properties and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Andrographis echioidies (L) Nees.European Journal of Medicinal Plants.2020;31(1).DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2020/v31i130199.
23. De-Yang Shen, Shin-Hun Juang, Ping-Chung Kuo, Guan-Jhong Huang, Yu-Yi Chan, Amooru G.Damu, Tian-Shung Wu. Chemical Constituents from Andrographis echioides and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013; 14:496-514.doi:10.3390/ijms14010496.
24. Nirubama K, Shabanabegum M, Rubalakshmi G, Prabhakaran S. Structural Investigation and Insilico Characterisation Of Proteins Of Andrographis Echioides- An Indigenous Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research.2016;Vol. 7, Issue, 10, pp. 13910-13914.
25. Elaiyaraja A, Chandramohan G. Comparative phytochemical profile of Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Nees leaves using GC-MS.Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(6): 158-171.
26. S.Gurupriya, Dr.L.Cathrine, Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical analysis of Andrographis echioides Leaves. Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res.2021;11(1): 148-155.http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.1.P148-155.
27. Preetha.P.S, Anjana Kartha. A.J, Elemental analysis of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees. Leaves, a potential pharmaceutical plant using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)., Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2021; 9(3):43-47.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.974.
28. A.Murugan, Dr.K.Elangovan, A.J.A. Ranjith Singh. Evaluation of Andrographis  echioides for its Phytochemical and in Vitro Antioxidant Properties. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2017:7(05).
29. Gurupriya S, Cathrine L, Ramesh J.In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Lupeol isolated from the methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 768-775.
30. Jeevanantham K, Zahir Hussain A, Anburaj G. Phytochemical studies and elemental analysis of Andrographis echioides (Acanthaceae) leaves by using LC-MS Techniques. Infokara Research.2020;Volume 9, Issue 9.
31. Bhuvaneswari S Suchitra M.R, Beevi Farhana Noor M, Madhumitha R, Gajalakshm P. Screening of Stem Extracts of Andrographis echioides for Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Microbial, and Anti-Cancer Activity against MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines.Biomed. & Pharmacol. J.2022;Vol.15(3):1483-1496.
32. Maheshwari M, Ramkumar R, Arun V P, Anandharaj B,Sathya M. Evaluation of phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Andrographis echioides (L) nees (Green chiretta).International Journal of Botany Studies.2021;Volume 6, Issue 4:Page No. 378-383.
33. Muralidharan K, Kumaravelu P, David DC. Evaluation of antiangiogenic and antiproliferative potential of ethanolic extracts of Andrographis echioides using in vitro and in ovo assays. J Can Res Ther 2021;17:484-90.
34. Elaiyaraja A, Chandramohan G,Mariajancyrani J, Jayabharathi G. Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Indoneesiella eechioide(L.) Nees Leaves. World Scientific News.2015;21: 51-63.
35. Dr.T.Francis Xavier, Sathish Kumar D. Antibacterial Screening Of Andrographis Echioides (L.) Nees against Selected Human Pathogenic Bacteria. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2018;Volume 7, Issue 4:1212-1219.
36. Sathishkumar D, Francis Xavier T, Balavivekananthan S, Sabitha R. Antimicrobial Screening of Andrographis Echioides (L.) Nees against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi. Annals of Pharma Research.2021;Volume 09 Issue 06:pp.504-519.
37. Jeevanantham K, Zahir Hussain A. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Leaves Extracts. Ijbpas. November, 2021;Special Issue,10(11):01-15.
38. Elangovan K,Elumalai D, Anupriya S, Shenbhagaraman R, Kaleena P K, Murugesan K .Phyto mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Andrographis echioides and its bio-efficacy on anticancer and antibacterial activities, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.015.
39. Fathima, Tahreem, Priya, Vishnu V, Gayathri R. Drug Invention Today. Urease inhibitory activities of silver nanoparticles of Andrographis echioides fruit extract against Helicobacter pylori.Jul2019;Vol. 12 Issue 7:p1375-1377.
40. Dr.Karthiga Muralidharan, Dr.Punnagai Kumaravelu, Dr.Darling Chellathai David.Cytotoxic effect of Ethanolic extracts of Andrographis echioides in human colon cancer cell Lines via Apoptosis. Research J. Pharm. And Tech.2020;13(2):871-876.
41. Chevuru Sai Shreya Reddy, Gayatri Devi Ramalingam, Selvaraj J Jothi Priya. In vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic analysis of Andrographis echioides and Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract.Bioinformation.2022;18(4):337-342.
42. Sindhu Sivalingam, Sivakumar Kandhasamy, Karthikeyan Vijayan, Arumugam Perumal. Phytochemical profiling and effect of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees leaf extract on glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cell lines – An in vitro study. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources.2016;Vol. 7(4):pp.282-286.
43. Javith, Sridevi G, Selavaraj J,Preetha S. In vitro Anti-inflammatory Properties of Various Extracts of Andrographis echioides. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.2021;33(62A): 517-523.
44. Reenu Joshy, Sridevi G, Selvaraj J,Preetha S. In vitro Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Andrographis Echioides. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.2021;33(61A):404-411.
45. Venkatachalam Vigneshwaran, Balasubramanian Muthusamy, Girija Shanmugam. Comparative Analysis Of Antioxidant Potential And Andrographolide Contents In Andrographis Paniculata (L.) Nees And Rographis Echioides (L.) Nees. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research.2020;7(2): 341-347.
46. Shreen Farhana A.J. Venkatalakshmi P. Phytochemical Analysis And In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Of Leaves Of Andrographis Echioides And Seeds Of Spermacoce Hispida. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2017;Volume 6, Issue 5:1487-1499.
47. Basu S K, Rupeshkumar M, Kavitha. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Andrographis echioides N. against Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat. Journal of Biological Sciences.2009;9(4):351-356.
48. Nirubama K, Shabana Begum M, Rubalakshmi G, Pachamuthu M P.A Green Way Genesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization and Thrombolytic Activity of Andrographis echioides—A King of Bitter. Journal of Bionanoscience.2018;Volume 12, Number 2:pp.184-190.
49. Padma Y, Sarojini Devi N, Manjunatha B,Philip G H, Venkata Raju R.Preliminary phytochemical screening and anthelmintic activity of Andrographis echioides Nees. Journal of Pharmacy Research.2012!5(9):4801-4803.
50. Ramasubramania Raja R,S Jeevanreddy K. Pharmacognostical phytochemical and anti-ulcer activity of Andrographis echioides (Acanthaceae).Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014;3(3): 39-49.
51. Raama Murthy J,Rajaraman M,Meera R. Phytochemical Constituents and Diuretic Activity of Leaf Extracts of Andrographis Echioides-L-Nees. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Chemical Sciences.2012;Vol.1(4):1659-1665.
52. Sankaran Rajkumar, Arulsamy Jebanesan, Rajarathinavelu Nagarajan. Synergistic effect of Andrographis Echioides and Cadaba trifoliata Leaf Extracts Against Aedes aegypti L. Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Biomedicine.2012;2(3),S1588–S1591.
53. Pande J, Padalia H, Donga S,Chanda S.Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies of Andrographis echioides Nees. and Tridax procumbens L. leaf and stem. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2018; 7(6): 303-315.
54. D.Mathivanan, S.R.Suseem. Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Andrographis echiodies. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(7):1167-1171.