A Review on the Hepatoprotective Activity of Bombax ceiba Root Extracts and Exudates

Abstract

Traditional medicines are becoming crucial and decisive role in the prevention and cure of diseases and disorders. Traditional medicines have various pharmacological activities which important for human health. Bombax Ceiba widely used from past decades for the treatment of diseases and disorders. Bombax ceiba is usually referred to as kapok tree and moca, which belongs to Bombacaceae. The root bark contains the 3 naphthalene derivatives. Bombax ceiba L. shows many pharmacological properties. The stem bark of the plant is used for a wound. Thorn of a plant used in different formulation to treat acne problem. Androecium is used for food purposes. The leaf shows Antidiarrheal property. Root used for the treatment of Piles. Bark contains lupeol, saponins, tannins, gums and 4, 5, 7- trihydroxyflavone-3-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl (1-4)-?-L-rhamnopyranoside, n hexacosanol. Root bark contains lactone and ether. The seed contains palmitic acid and flower contains polysaccharide. Leaves contain Shamimin. This review paper provides an overview on Pharmacological, Phytomedicinal properties of the plant. Plants have played a signi cant role in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of human ailments. Among the many medicinal herbs used in Unani medicine, Bombax ceiba Linn. has been employed for centuries. This herbaceous plant is renowned for its impressive height, reaching approximately 150 feet. It can be found in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, Africa, and, Asia with occurrences in India at altitudes of up to 1500 meters. The indigenous communities and forest dwellers extensively utilize various components of this plant, including the root, ower, gum, leaf, prickles, stem bark, fruit, seed, and heartwood, to address diverse diseases. Ethnobotanical research reveals that Bombax ceiba Linn. is effectively employed in the treatment of ailments such as diarrhea, boils, wounds, leprosy, acne, and various other skin conditions. Furthermore, it has been used as an anthelmintic since ancient times.

Keywords

Introduction

Throughout history, nature has been an invaluable source of therapeutic agents, leading to the discovery of groundbreaking drugs derived from natural origins [1]. India, often referred to as the "Botanical Garden of the world," is renowned for its abundant variety of therapeutic plants. These plants have played a crucial role in advancing material medica, contributing signi cantly to human well being and promoting a healthy, disease-free life [2]. The preservation of our health is of utmost importance, and India holds a signi cant position in this regard. With its rich traditions in medicine and culture, India has a profound legacy of utilizing medicinal plants that continues to be respected even in modern times. The old systems of medicine in India, like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, are vital in maintaining the well-being of individuals [3]. Plants have long been recognized for their remarkable biochemical capabilities and have been integral to the eld of phytomedicine for centuries [4]. Different parts of plants, including bark, leaves, owers, roots, fruits, and seeds, serve as potential sources of natural compounds with medicinal properties. In the tropical regions of India Silk Cotton Tree, scienti cally known as Bombax ceiba, holds signi cant importance as a medicinal plant. This tall deciduous tree exhibits a straight buttressed trunk and expansive branches. According to Ayurveda, Bombax ceiba is renowned for its proven medicinal properties and finds applications in numerous formulations. Virtually every part of this plant possesses medicinal value, with the roots and owers being particularly noteworthy for their e cacy in treating various ailments [5]. Belonging to the Bombacaceae family, Bombax ceiba Linnaeus is a notable species among approximately 26 species and nearly 140 pantropical classes. It is usually referred to as Semal, Simbal, Simul, Indian kapok, Katsavar, Indian bombax, or Red Silk cotton tree. In India, it can be found at altitudes of up to 1500 meters. This tree thrives in both dry and moist deciduous forests, as well as in the vicinity of rivers, particularly in peninsular India. Bombax ceiba prefers well drained soils, especially deep sandy loams, and is characterized as a fast-growing species that requires ample sunlight. It ourishes in regions with annual rainfall ranging from 50 to 460 centimeters, which is evenly distributed throughout the year [6]. Bombax ceiba is a deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 45 meters. Its trunk is straight and is supported by buttresses measuring 1-2 meters in height. The bark has a gray color with white mottling and is approximately 20-30 mm thick. The branches are arranged horizontally in a whorled pattern. The leaves are alternately arranged and have a digitately-compound structure with small lateral stipules. The central axis of the leaf, known as the rachis, is smooth and measures 12-25 cm in length. The lea ets, usually 5-7 in number, are elliptic or elliptic-obovate in shape, with dimensions of 10-20 x 2-6 cm. The leaf margins are smooth, and the entire leaf surface is free from hairs. The owers of Bombax ceiba are bisexual and have a dark crimson color. They are large, with a diameter of 6-7 cm, and can appear individually or in clusters of 2-5 owers.[7]  The calyx, which forms the outer part of the ower, has a bell shaped structure, and its lobes measure about 3-4 x 3 cm. The outer surface of the calyx is smooth, while the inner surface is covered in silky hairs. The petals, numbering 5, are eshy and elliptic-obovate, with measurements of 8.5 18 x 3.5-5 cm. The tree produces a substantial number of stamens, ranging from 65 to 80, which can reach lengths of 3-7.5 cm. The ovary is conical and covered in ne hairs, and it contains 5 compartments with numerous ovules. The style, the elongated part of the female reproductive structure, is longer than the stamens [8]. The fruit of Bombax ceiba is a capsule that measures 8-10 x 3 cm. It has a cylindrical shape and is covered in soft, tomentose hairs. As it matures, the capsule turns blackish and becomes glabrous. Inside the fruit, numerous seeds are present. These seeds are pyriform (pear-shaped), smooth, and have a dark brown color. They are surrounded by a distinctive white cotton-like material. systems of medicine like Ayurveda, various parts of semal, including seeds fruits, roots, leaves, bark, owers, and gum, have been identi ed for their medicinal properties. The Semal tree is a tall deciduous tree that can reach heights of up to 40 meters. It features horizontally spreading branches, and the young stems are adorned with hard prickles. The bark of the tree displays a grey-brown or silver-grey color and is adorned with sharp conical prickles. The leaves are large, spreading, and possess a smooth texture. They consist of lanceolate lea ets, typically numbering 3-7, with smooth margins.[9]

0. Pharmacological Activity:

• Antioxidant

Bombax ceiba, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Bombacaceae family [10]. The plant extracts of B. ceiba have been studied for their antioxidant, anti-in ammatory, and antibacterial properties. They have shown potential in managing diabetes and hyperglycemia. While certain parts of B. ceiba owers are consumed in Thai culture, limited research has been conducted to explore their biological and pharmacological effects. Chemical analysis of B. ceiba leaf and ower extracts has revealed many avonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Notably, the ower extracts exhibit signi cant concentrations of total phenolics and avonoids. In vitro studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of the ower extracts, which contain phytochemicals such as anthocyanin, rutin, quercetin, and apigenin [11]. In recent years, various chemical-based tests have been developed and modi ed to detect antioxidant activities. Primary antioxidants play a vital role in inhibiting oxidation by interrupting chain reactions and neutralizing free radicals. Secondary antioxidants act as metal chelating agents, helping to restore primary antioxidants and stabilize singlet oxygen. These tests have diverse applications in evaluating antioxidant properties [12].Flavonoid compounds, known as secondary natural antioxidants, have been found to exhibit stronger inhibitory effects on glucosidase and amylase compared to acarbose in vitro. The avonoids and phenolics present in B. ceiba ower extracts have the potential to suppress the activity of glucosidase and amylase, which could aid in the management of diabetes. Additionally, a 50/50 ethanolic extract of B. ceiba stem bark and owers has shown hypoglycemic effects, with mangiferin being attributed to the reduction of fasting blood glucose levels. Nitrite, a highly toxic compound found in high levels in leafy and root vegetables, can have adverse effects such as methemoglobinemia through the oxidation of hemoglobin. In a speci c study, B. ceiba extract exhibited excellent scavenging properties against nitric oxide radicals. Phenolic compounds, particularly avonoids, are known not only as scavengers of free radicals but also for their ability to stabilize nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and reactive oxygen species during lipid peroxidation.[13]

• Anti-Infammatory

Chronic in ammation is associated with conditions like gastritis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, in ammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer. Excessive production of free reactive nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can contribute to in ammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Compounds that inhibit the overproduction of NO are often referred to as anti-in ammatory drugs. However, synthetic anti-in ammatory drugs available in the market can have signi cant toxic side effects and may lead to a recurrence of in ammation upon discontinuation [14]. Plants provide a diverse range of secondary metabolites with potential anti in ammatory activity, targeting various molecular pathways. Exploring the anti-in ammatory properties of natural products offers a promising approach to developing new drugs with reduced risks of side effects [15]. Bombax malabaricum, a plant species, has been found to exhibit signi cant antifungal activity against the fungus responsible for ringworm infections when extracted from its leaves.[16] Catechutannic acid is present in the bark gum of this plant, while mangiferin, an antioxidant and analgesic compound, has been isolated from its leaves. The roots of the plant contain several compounds, and the root bark is a source of lupeol, β-sitosterol, isohemigossypol-1-methyl ether, and 7-hydroxycadalene [17]

• Antibacterial

The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from Salmalia malabarica was found to be potent against multi drug resistant strains such as Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus (Gram positive), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aureginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria [18]. The N-hexane and methanol extracts of Bombax malabarica owers also exhibited signi cant antimicrobial activity. Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and Vibrio cholerae showed high susceptibility to the methanol extract of B. malabarica owers.[19] Furthermore, the extract demonstrated antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans but did not exhibit effectiveness against C. albicans [20]. In the case of Bombax ceiba extracts, certain fractions showed greater susceptibility against bacterial strains such as B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, as well as fungal strains A. niger and C. albicans. The bark extract in different solvents exhibited susceptibility against A. niger and C. albicans, with ethanol showing the highest activity followed by acetone and aqueous extracts. However, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts did not show any effect. E. coli showed the highest sensitivity among the tested microbes, with a larger zone of inhibition observed in the carbon tetrachloride fraction compared to the n-hexane and chloroform fractions [2]

• Hepatoprotective Activity

The aqueous extract of B. malabarica has shown protective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Speci cally, the xylem of the stem and root play a role in protecting the liver from histological changes associated with CCl4 induced damage, such as fatty degeneration, cell necrosis, ballooning necrosis, lymphocytes, and Kupffer cell aggregation. Mangiferin, isolated from B. malabarica, has also been found to alleviate liver damage caused by CCl4. Furthermore, mangiferin has been shown to reverse alterations in liver biochemical markers induced by antitubercular medicines (Isoniazid and Rifampicin) and paracetamol, although it does not have an impact on liver histology [22]. Excessive and chronic alcohol consumption can lead to severe liver injury. The therapeutic effects of aqueous methanol extract from Bombax ceiba (Bombacaceae) on liver steatosis were investigated in a study that lasted eight weeks and involved seven groups. One group served as the control, while the other six groups were subjected to various conditions. One group was fed a fatty diet, another received ethanol and a high-fat diet, and each group was administered the same dose of uvastatin (2 mg/kg/d). Another group received oral administration of BCE extract (200 mg/kg/d), and the nal group did not receive any treatment. The BCE extract contributed to weight loss and enhanced hepatic function in alcohol induced liver injury.[23]

• Anticancer Activity

The antiproliferative activity of diethyl ether (DE) and light petroleum (PE) extracts from Bombax ceiba owers was assessed against seven human cancer cell lines, including ACHN, COR-L23, A549, Caco-2, Huh-7D12, and C32 [24]. Both DE and PE extracts displayed strong inhibition of tumor cell viability, particularly against ACHN cells, in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values for PE and DE were determined as 45.5 μg/mL and 53.2 μg/mL, respectively [25]. Flavonoid-rich extracts obtained from B. ceiba owers were screened for their impact on fatty acid synthase (FAS) in various cancer cells [26].FAS is known to be overexpressed and hyperactive in certain cancers. The B. ceiba extract exhibited signi cant inhibition of FAS activity across different cancer cells. Among the tested cells, N87 gastric cancer cells exhibited the lowest FAS activity, while A549 lung cancer cells showed the highest. The avonoid-rich extract demonstrated inhibitory effects on FAS with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 247.98 μg/mL, using A549 cells [27]. The methanolic extract of B. ceiba demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity in the Vero cell line based on a mitochondrial activity assay [28]. The anticancer potential of the methanol extract from B. ceiba root was evaluated using a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, with vincristine sulfate as the standard cytotoxic agent. The LC50 (50% mortality) and LC90 values for the crude extract were determined as 3.90 μg/mL and 150.0 μg/mL, respectively [29]. Additionally, the methanolic extract of B. ceiba leaves exhibited antioxidant activity and showed signi cant enhancements in neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance from blood, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response.[30]

• Anti-Diabetic Activity

Shamimin, obtained from the leaves of Bombax ceiba at a dosage of 500 mg/kg, has been identi ed as a hypoglycemic agent in rats [31]. The hydromethanolic (2:3) extract of Salmalia malabarica sepals demonstrated a signi cant reduction in Fasting Blood Sugar and Glycated Hb (HbA1C) levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. This extract also restored the activity of speci c carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and countered the hyperactivity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver and skeletal muscle, which were impaired due to STZ induction. Moreover, the extract alleviated elevated oxidative stress levels and restored SGOT and SGPT levels [32]. The n-hexane fraction of this hydromethanolic extract also exhibited signi cant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Additionally, the n-hexane fraction increased serum insulin levels and hemoglobin concentration while decreasing glycated hemoglobin levels. This fraction was also found to be bene cial in preserving the islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats [33]. Certain compounds present in Bombax ceiba, such as quercetin and epicatechin, were identi ed as potent inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme, with inhibitory rates of 50.5% and 48.3%, respectively [34]. Furthermore, glucosylxanthone derived from the plant has been investigated as a potential target for new anti diabetic medication, particularly due to its inhibitory effect on DPPIV. In silico binding studies revealed that glucosylxanthone and its analogues exhibited comparable binding activity to FDA-approved medicines and other compounds under research.[35] Inhibiting DPPIV could lead to increased serum Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), resulting in a net hypoglycemic effect. Additionally, the aqueous (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) and ethanolic (at a dose of 200 mg/kg) extracts of Bombax malabarica bark demonstrated bene cial effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [36]. The anti-diabetic activity observed of the extract could be attributed to the antioxidant properties induced by compounds such as isoorientin, vitexin, isomangiferin, quercetin, hexoside, mangiferinisovitexin, and nigricanside [37]. In a study conducted on the therapeutic potential of a standardized extract derived from Bombax ceiba leaves (BCE) was investigated in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [38]. The administration of BCE resulted in a signi cant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels and improved oral glucose tolerance in T2DM rats.[39]

• Anti-Obesity Activity

Bombax ceiba Linn. has a rich traditional history of being used to address various ailments, including diarrhea, dysentery, digestive disorders, diabetes, and imbalances of the three doshas (tridoshas). It is recognized for its positive effects on digestion and its ability to modulate insulin, leptin, and integrin signaling by stimulating PTP-1B.[40] This stimulation results in increased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity, which can contribute to obesity. The powdered root of B. ceiba has demonstrated signi cant effects in modifying coronary risk factors, such as atherogenic lipids, brinogen, and oxidative stress, in individuals with ischemic heart disease. Its antioxidant activity is attributed to its high phenolics and tannins content [41]. In a study conducted on male Wistar albino rats, the anti-obesity e cacy of Bombax ceiba Linn. was investigated using a high-fat diet-induced obesity model[42]. After ten weeks of being fed a high-fat diet, the rats developed experimental obesity. From the 7th to the 10th week, the rats were orally administered a dose of 100 mg/kg of B. ceiba extract and 50 mg/kg of gembrozil. Signi cant result shows in this study. However, treatment with B. ceiba extract and gembrozil effectively reduced these obesity induced alterations.[43]

0. Ethnomedicinal  activity  of  bombax  ceiba l.

Fruit: Good for leprosy used as a cooling agent, digestible, shows the diuretic property, antioxidant, tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, shows good action in the genital, urinary organ. It is also used for bladder, kidney, chronic inflammation, and blood purifier.[44]

Flower: The flowers show bitter action and also shows acrid cooling, dry, astringent to the bowels, anti-inflammatory action. It removes bile and phlegm of the body and purifies the blood; it is beneficial to the spleen and shows a good response in leucorrhoea. It is also used topically to skin affections as cooling and astringent. It having phenolic compound.[45]

Seed: Seeds show good action in chickenpox, smallpox, catarrhal affections, chronic cystitis, and genitourinary diseases.[46]

Bark: Stem bark is used in the healing of the wound and as a paste in water to skin eruptions, boils, acne, pimples. The stem bark is also used as a demulcent, styptic, and used to removes phlegmatic. Aqueous extract with curd shows great action in treatment given for dysentery with blood.[47]

Leaves: It is used in the treatment of diarrhea used in treatment for inflammation, larvicidal activity.[48]

Root: Root bark is used for the treatment of piles. The root shows diuretic and astringent property. It is useful in biliousness, inflammations, and excessive heat of the body.[49]

Gum: The gum is an acrid, astringent, demulcent, tonic, aphrodisiac, and removes black bile. In powder form alone or with other herbs, it is used internally to treat hemoptysis, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles and menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, and spermatorrhoea, and blood disorders. Topically it is applied as a styptic, astringent, demulcent in stomatitis, dermatological ailment, and burn wound.[50]

Other uses of the Plant Bombax ceiba L.

• Mangiferin isolated from the plant Bombax malabarium shows antifungal properties.
• Stem bark of plant Bombax ceiba L. contains some natural dyes (Vadwala and Kola).
• Antibacterial activity of aqueous bark extract of Bombax ceiba L.[51-52]
• Phenolic compound from the flower of Bombax malabaricum shows antioxidant and antiviral properties.
• Bombax ceiba L leaf extract shows larvicidal activity against the filarial vector culexquinquefasciatus
• The seed of Bombax ceiba L shows good nutritional property.[53-54]

 CONCLUSION

The above literature survey revealed that Bombax cebia L contains so much medicinal properties. It is used in many herbal formulations and traditional medicinal systems. It contains many phytoconstituent, which shows great medicinal properties. Bombax ceiba L shows antioxidant, larvicidal, diuretic, tonic, anti-leprosy, expectorant properties. It is also used in treatment in blood purifier, inflammation of the bladder, kidney calculi affection; it shows antimicrobial, analgesic, oxytocic, urolithiasis property. Bombax ceiba, commonly known as B. ceiba, has a diverse and extensive traditional history of medicinal use. This traditional knowledge has been validated by scienti c investigations, further supporting the plant's therapeutic potential. Moreover, considering its ecological and economic signi cance, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of conserving B. ceiba from an ecological standpoint. Throughout history, B. ceiba has been utilized in the treatment of a wide range of ailments. It has been employed for conditions such as dysentery, menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding), various skin problems, hemorrhoids, snakebites, scorpion stings, boils, leucorrhoea (vaginal discharge), internal bleeding, calculus affections (stones in the body), chronic in ammation, ulcers in the bladder and kidneys, gonorrhea, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), in uenza, enteritis (intestinal in ammation), pulmonary tuberculosis, cystitis (bladder inflammation), and bleeding piles.

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