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Abstract

The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly adopting Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) to minimize environmental impact while maintaining analytical precision. Traditional analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), generate significant solvent waste and consume high energy, contributing to environmental pollution. GAC addresses these challenges by promoting eco-friendly solvents, miniaturized techniques, automation, and waste reduction strategies. This article explores the principles of GAC and its applications in pharmaceutical analysis, comparing conventional methods with sustainable alternatives such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and deep eutectic solvents (DES). Case studies from leading pharmaceutical companies, including Pfizer, Novartis, and AstraZeneca, demonstrate successful transitions to greener analytical workflows. Emerging technologies such as lab-on-a-chip devices, 3D-printed labware, and AI-driven method optimization are discussed, highlighting their potential to further reduce the ecological footprint of pharmaceutical analysis. Regulatory considerations and future perspectives, including closed-loop solvent recycling and biodegradable sensors, are examined to provide a roadmap for sustainable pharmaceutical quality control. The integration of GAC not only aligns with global sustainability goals but also enhances cost-efficiency and regulatory compliance, making it a critical strategy for the future of pharmaceutical sciences.

Keywords

Green Analytical Chemistry, sustainable pharmaceuticals, green extraction methods, eco-friendly solvents, emerging analytical technologies

Introduction

The pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on analytical chemistry for drug development, quality control, and regulatory compliance. However, conventional analytical techniques, such as HPLC, gas chromatography (GC), and LLE, often involve toxic solvents, high energy consumption, and significant waste generation. For instance, a single HPLC system can coansume thousands of liters of acetonitrile and methanol annually, contributing to environmental pollution and hazardous waste disposal challenges (Tobiszewski et al., 2022).
1.1 The Need for Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC)

Growing environmental regulations and corporate sustainability commitments have driven the adoption of GAC, which applies the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (Anastas & Warner, 1998) to analytical methods. Key objectives include:

  • Reducing solvent use (e.g., switching from LLE to SPME)
  • Replacing hazardous chemicals (e.g., using DES instead of acetonitrile)
  • Minimizing energy consumption (e.g., ambient-temperature separations)
  • Preventing waste generation (e.g., in-line analysis and automation)

Fig:01

1.2 Regulatory and Industry Drivers

  • U.S. EPA’s Safer Choice Program: Encourages solvent substitution in labs (EPA, 2023).
  • European Medicines Agency (EMA): Promotes green chemistry in pharmaceutical manufacturing (EMA, 2022).
  • Corporate sustainability goals: Major pharma companies (e.g., Pfizer, Novartis) aim for carbon neutrality by 2030–2035 (Pfizer Sustainability Report, 2023).

1.3 Challenges in GAC Implementation

Despite its benefits, GAC adoption faces hurdles:

  • Method validation requirements (ICH Q14 guidelines)
  • Higher initial costs for green instruments (e.g., SFC systems)
  • Limited sensitivity of some eco-friendly techniques

This article examines current GAC techniques, case studies, emerging technologies, and future trends to provide a comprehensive overview of sustainable pharmaceutical analysis.
2. The 12 Principles of Green Analytical Chemistry

While Green Analytical Chemistry is inspired by the foundational 12 Principles of Green Chemistryestablished by Anastas and Warner, it has evolved to address the specific challenges of analytical laboratories.formally defined the 12 Principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), which serve as a practical guide for developing sustainable analytical methods. These principles are categorized into three main groups: those related to direct sample analysis, sample preparation, and method performance.

Fig:02

2.1 Principles Focusing on Direct Analysis and Miniaturization

  • Direct Analysis of Samples: Eliminating sample preparation steps, which are often the most waste-intensive, reduces solvent use and energy consumption. Techniques like near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy exemplify this principle.
  • Integration of Analytical Processes: Combining steps like sampling, preparation, and analysis into a single, automated flow system (e.g., online SPE-LC/MS) minimizes human error and waste.
  • Miniaturization of Analytical Devices: Downsizing equipment (e.g., microfluidic chips, capillary LC) drastically reduces consumption of samples, reagents, and energy.
  • Automation and Simplification of Analyses: Automated systems enhance throughput, improve reproducibility, and reduce the exposure of analysts to hazardous chemicals.
    2.2 Principles Addressing Sample Preparation and Waste
  • Reduction of Sample Size: Using smaller sample volumes reduces the subsequent need for solvents and reagents for extraction and dilution.
  • Avoidance of Derivatization: Derivatization reactions often require excessive reagents and generate waste. Choosing alternative techniques that do not require analyte modification is preferred.
  • In-situ Measurements: Performing analysis directly in the field or process stream (e.g., with portable sensors) avoids the environmental cost of sample transport and storage.
  • Generation of Minimal Waste: Designing methods that produce little to no waste is paramount. This is achieved through solvent replacement, recycling, and recovery.

2.3 Principles for Method Performance and Eco-Friendliness

  • Selection of Multi-analyte Methods: Developing methods that can simultaneously determine multiple analytes (e.g., multi-residue LC-MS/MS) is more efficient than running several separate analyses.
  • Application of Renewable Sources: Using reagents and materials derived from renewable sources (e.g., bio-based solvents, biodegradable sorbents) reduces the depletion of finite resources.
  • Selection of Energy-Efficient Methods: Prioritizing techniques that operate at ambient temperature or require less energy (e.g., SFC vs. HPLC) reduces the carbon footprint of the analysis.
  • Preference for Safe & Green Chemicals: Replacing toxic reagents (e.g., acetonitrile, halogenated solvents) with safer alternatives (e.g., ethanol, DES, water) is a core tenet of GAC.

These principles provide a systematic approach for evaluating and improving the environmental footprint of analytical methods, directly informing the case studies and comparisons discussed in the following sections.

3. Case Studies in Pharmaceutical GAC Adoption
3.1 Pfizer’s Transition to Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)

  • Challenge: Traditional LLE used 200 mL dichloromethane per sample.
  • Solution: Implemented SPME, eliminating solvent use.
  • Outcome: Reduced costs by 40% and prevented 5,000 L/year of waste (Zhang et al., 2023).

3.2 Novartis’ Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) Implementation

  • Challenge: HPLC consumed 1,000 L/month of acetonitrile.
  • Solution: Adopted SFC (CO?-based mobile phase).
  • Outcome: Cut solvent use by 90%, saving $500,000/year (Pereira et al., 2023).

3.3 AstraZeneca’s Green HPLC Methods

  • Challenge: High methanol consumption in QC labs.
  • Solution: Switched to water-ethanol mobile phases.
  • Outcome: Reduced toxicity while maintaining resolution (AstraZeneca Internal Report, 2023).

4. Detailed Comparison of Traditional vs. Green Analytical Methods
4.1 Extraction Techniques
Table:01- Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) vs. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)

Parameter

Traditional LLE

Green SPME

Solvent Consumption

100–200 mL per sample

Solvent-free

Toxicity

High (dichloromethane, chloroform)

Negligible (polymer-coated fibers)

Analysis Time

2–4 hours (including phase separation)

30–60 minutes (direct desorption)

Cost per Sample

$50–$100 (solvent + disposal)

$15–$30 (fiber reuse)

Sensitivity

Excellent for non-polar compounds

Improved for volatile/semi-volatile analytes

Automation Potential

Limited

High (compatible with autosamplers)

Recent Advancements:

  • Bio-SPME fibers (e.g., chitosan-coated) for enhanced biocompatibility (Zhang et al., 2023)
  • Covalent organic framework (COF)-based SPME for selective drug extraction (Wang et al., 2024)

Table:02- Soxhlet Extraction vs. Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)

Parameter

Soxhlet Extraction

Green PLE

Solvent Volume

200–500 mL per sample

15–30 mL

Extraction Time

6–24 hours

15–30 minutes

Energy Consumption

High (continuous heating)

Reduced (sealed system)

Applicability

Limited to heat-stable compounds

Suitable for thermolabile pharmaceuticals

Case Example:

  • Merck's adoption of PLE reduced solvent use by 85% in botanical drug analysis (Merck Sustainability Report, 2023)

4.2 Chromatographic Methods
Table:03- HPLC vs. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC)

Parameter

Traditional HPLC

Green SFC

Mobile Phase

Acetonitrile/ methanol (toxic, expensive)

CO? (95%) + ethanol (5%) (non-toxic)

Flow Rate

1–2 mL/min

2–4 mL/min (faster separations)

Column Temperature

25–40°C (energy-intensive)

35–60°C (CO? expands, improving efficiency)

Waste Generation

500 mL/day (toxic)

50 mL/day (mostly ethanol)

Chiral Separations

Requires specialized columns

Superior resolution for enantiomers

Industry Implementation:

  • Novartis' SFC adoption achieved 90% solvent reduction in chiral drug analysis (Pereira et al., 2023)

Table:04- Gas Chromatography (GC) vs. Green GC Alternatives

Parameter

Traditional GC

Green GC Modifications

Carrier Gas

Helium (non-renewable)

Hydrogen (generated on-site)

Injection Volume

1–2 µL (split mode)

0.1–0.5 µL (low-pressure injection)

Oven Program

50–300°C (high energy)

30–250°C (fast ramping with microfluidic columns)

Detector

Flame ionization (FID)

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) for lower detection limits

Innovation Spotlight:

  • Agilent's Intuvo 9000 GC reduces energy use by 40% with microfluidic pathways (Agilent Tech Note, 2023)

5. Emerging Technologies in GAC
5.1 Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Devices
Pharmaceutical Applications

  • Microfluidic Quality Control
    • Johnson & Johnson's µPADs (microfluidic paper analytical devices) for tablet dissolution testing:
      • 99% solvent reduction vs. USP methods
      • 5-minute assays vs. 45-minute traditional tests
      • Portable for manufacturing floor use
  • Organ-on-a-Chip for Metabolite Analysis
    • Emulate Bio's liver-chip evaluates drug metabolism with:
      • 10 µL media volume (vs. 5 mL in traditional incubations)
      • Real-time LC-MS integration for continuous monitoring

Fig:03

Technical Advancements

  • 3D-printed microfluidic chips with:
    • Integrated SPE columns for sample cleanup
    • Optical sensors for label-free detection
    • Biodegradable PLA materials (6-month degradation)

5.2 3D-Printed Green Labware
Table:05- Current Implementations

Application

Traditional Equipment

3D- Printed Alternative

Chromatography Columns

Stainless steel (energy-intensive manufacturing)

PLA-based with optimized flow geometries

Sample Preparation

Glass vial arrays (high breakage)

Customizable snap-fit polymer racks

Flow Reactors

Fixed-geometry glass reactors

Topology-optimized reaction chambers

Performance Data:

  • University of Cambridge's 3D-printed HPLC columns:
  • 15,000 plates/m efficiency (vs. 20,000 for steel columns)
  • 60% lower pressure drop due to optimized internal structures

5.3 AI and Machine Learning in GAC
Key Developments

  • Solvent Selection Algorithms
    • Pfizer's CHEM21 tool predicts greenness scores considering:
      • Environmental impact (E-factor, carbon footprint)
      • Analytical performance (elution strength, selectivity)
      • Cost parameters
  • Automated Method Optimization
    • Roche's AI platform reduces method development time from weeks to hours by:
      • Predicting optimal column chemistry
      • Simulating gradient profiles
      • Estimating method robustness

Case Study: AstraZeneca's AI-Driven SFC

  • Challenge: Manual SFC method development took 3–4 weeks
  • Solution: Implemented machine learning model trained on 5,000 historical runs
  • Outcome:
    • 90% success rate in first-round method predictions
    • 70% reduction in solvent consumption during optimization

6. Future Perspectives and Challenges
6.1 Next-Generation Green Technologies
Closed-Loop Solvent Systems

  • GSK's EcoDistill Units:
    • Distill >95% of waste solvents to USP grade
    • Integrated purity sensors for real-time quality control
    • Projected impact: £2M annual savings across 10 sites

Biodegradable Stationary Phases

  • Spider Silk-Based Columns (University of Bayreuth):
  • Comparable efficiency to C18 phases
  • Complete biodegradation in 12 weeks
  • Temperature-responsive selectivity

Energy-Positive Laboratories

  • Solar-Powered HPLCs (Waters Corp. prototype):
  • 30% energy reduction vs. conventional systems
  • Battery storage for continuous operation

6.2 Regulatory and Standardization Needs
Pending Developments

  • ICH Q14 Annex for green method validation (expected 2025)
  • USP <1060> Revision incorporating sustainability metrics
  • ASTM E55.06 subcommittee on green analytical standards

Table:06- Industry Challenges

Barrier

Current Status

Potential Solutions

Method Transfer

Lack of harmonized protocols

AI-assisted method translation algorithms

Cost Justification

High upfront investment

Lifecycle cost analysis frameworks

Talent Gap

Limited GAC-trained analysts

Academic curriculum integration

6.3 Roadmap for 2030
Short-Term (2024–2026)

  • 30% adoption of SFC for small molecule analysis
  • Industry-wide solvent recycling mandates
  • First biodegradable HPLC columns commercialization

Mid-Term (2027–2029)

  • LOC devices for 50% of QC tests
  • AI-optimized methods become standard
  • Net-zero energy analytical instruments

Long-Term (2030+)

  • Fully circular pharmaceutical analysis workflows
  • FDA/EMA fast-track for green analytical submissions
  • 95% reduction in pharma analysis carbon footprint

CONCLUSION

The pharmaceutical industry's transition to Green Analytical Chemistry represents a necessary evolution toward sustainable drug development. This article has demonstrated that modern GAC techniques—from SPME and SFC to lab-on-a-chip devices and AI-driven optimizations—can match or exceed traditional methods in performance while drastically reducing environmental impact. Case studies from leading companies prove that 50–90% reductions in solvent use and waste generationare achievable without compromising data quality. Emerging technologies like 3D-printed labware and closed-loop solvent systems promise further advancements, though challenges remain in standardization and cost justification. The coming decade will require collaborative efforts among manufacturers, regulators, and researchers to establish GAC as the new paradigm. By embracing these innovations, the industry can meet growing global healthcare demands while fulfilling its environmental responsibilities, ultimately creating an analytical ecosystem that is as sustainable as it is scientifically rigorous.

REFERENCES

  1. Tobiszewski M, Namie?nik J. Green analytical chemistry: theory and practice. Trends Anal Chem.2022;158:116876. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2022.116876
  2. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
  3. Zhang Y, Li X, Wang J. Bio-SPME fibers for pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Chem. 2023;95(8):4023-4032. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04567
  4. Wang L, Chen H. COF-based SPME for drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A. 2024;1715:464-478. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464521
  5. Pereira AS, Martins PL. Industrial SFC implementation. Green Chem. 2023;25(4):1567-1582. doi:10.1039/D2GC04231F
  6. Agilent Technologies. Intuvo 9000 GC Environmental Impact Assessment. 2023. Available from: https://www.agilent.com
  7. Johnson & Johnson. Microfluidic QC for Solid Dosage Forms. Internal Report; 2023.
  8. University of Cambridge. *3D-Printed HPLC Column Performance.* 2024.
  9. AstraZeneca. AI for SFC Method Development. White Paper; 2024.
  10. Merck. Sustainability Report: Botanical Drug Analysis. 2023.
  11. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
  12. Ga?uszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie?nik J. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry. Trends Anal Chem. 2013;50:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.010
  13. Roggo Y, Chalus P, Maurer L, et al. A review of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics in pharmaceutical technologies. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;44(3):683-700. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.023
  14. Ramos L. Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1221:84-98. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011
  15. Manz A, Graber N, Widmer HM. Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sens Actuators B Chem. 1990;1(1-6):244-248. doi:10.1016/0925-4005(90)80209-I
  16. Swartz ME. UPLC®: An Introduction and Review. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2005;28(7-8):1253-1263. doi:10.1081/JLC-200053046
  17. Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. What is a green solvent? Green Chem. 2007;9:927-934. doi:10.1039/B617536H
  18. Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Green Analytical Chemistry. Trends Anal Chem.2008;27(6):497-511. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.003
  19. Plotka-Wasylka J, Namie?nik J. Green Analytical Chemistry: Recent Developments. Molecules.2019;24(8):1568. doi:10.3390/molecules24081568
  20. Pena-Pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. AGREE—Analytical GREEnness metric. Sci Total Environ. 2023;858:159744. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159744
  21. Ga?uszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie?nik J. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry. Trends Anal Chem. 2013;50:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.010
  22. Clark KD, Zhang C, Anderson JL. Accelerating green analytical chemistry using ionic liquids. Anal Chem. 2020;92(7):4905-4917. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04710
  23. Turner C. Sustainable analytical chemistry—more than just a trend. J Chromatogr A. 2013;1287:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.071
  24. Koel M, Kaljurand M. Green Analytical Chemistry. RSC Publishing; 2019.
  25. de la Guardia M, Garrigues S. Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry. Wiley; 2012.
  26. Welch CJ, Wu N, Biba M, et al. Greening analytical chromatography. Trends Anal Chem.2010;29(7):667-680. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2010.03.008
  27. Chemat F, Vian MA, Fabiano-Tixier AS, et al. Green extraction of natural products. Int J Mol Sci.2020;21(3):1004. doi:10.3390/ijms21031004
  28. P?otka-Wasylka J, Mohamed HM, Kurowska-Susdorf A, et al. Green chemistry in analytical chemistry. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem. 2021;30:100482. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100482
  29. de la Guardia M, Armenta S. Green analytical chemistry: theory and practice. Compr Anal Chem.2011;57:1-25.
  30. Nowak PM, Wietecha-Pos?uszny R, Pawliszyn J. White Analytical Chemistry. Trends Anal Chem.2021;138:116223. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116223
  31. Koller G, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. Assessing safety, health, and environmental impact early during process development. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2000;39(4):960-972. doi:10.1021/ie990669i
  32. Raynie DE, Driver JL. Green assessment of chemical methods. 13th Green Chemistry Conference; 2009.
  33. Keith LH, Gron LU, Young JL. Green analytical methodologies. Chem Rev. 2007;107(6):2695-2708. doi:10.1021/cr068359e
  34. Koel M. Do we need green analytical chemistry? Green Chem. 2016;18:923-931. doi:10.1039/C5GC02156E
  35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Safer Choice Program Guidelines. 2023. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
  36. European Medicines Agency. ICH Q14 Guideline on Analytical Procedure Development. 2022.

Reference

  1. Tobiszewski M, Namie?nik J. Green analytical chemistry: theory and practice. Trends Anal Chem.2022;158:116876. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2022.116876
  2. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
  3. Zhang Y, Li X, Wang J. Bio-SPME fibers for pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Chem. 2023;95(8):4023-4032. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04567
  4. Wang L, Chen H. COF-based SPME for drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A. 2024;1715:464-478. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464521
  5. Pereira AS, Martins PL. Industrial SFC implementation. Green Chem. 2023;25(4):1567-1582. doi:10.1039/D2GC04231F
  6. Agilent Technologies. Intuvo 9000 GC Environmental Impact Assessment. 2023. Available from: https://www.agilent.com
  7. Johnson & Johnson. Microfluidic QC for Solid Dosage Forms. Internal Report; 2023.
  8. University of Cambridge. *3D-Printed HPLC Column Performance.* 2024.
  9. AstraZeneca. AI for SFC Method Development. White Paper; 2024.
  10. Merck. Sustainability Report: Botanical Drug Analysis. 2023.
  11. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998.
  12. Ga?uszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie?nik J. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry. Trends Anal Chem. 2013;50:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.010
  13. Roggo Y, Chalus P, Maurer L, et al. A review of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics in pharmaceutical technologies. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007;44(3):683-700. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.023
  14. Ramos L. Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1221:84-98. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011
  15. Manz A, Graber N, Widmer HM. Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sens Actuators B Chem. 1990;1(1-6):244-248. doi:10.1016/0925-4005(90)80209-I
  16. Swartz ME. UPLC®: An Introduction and Review. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2005;28(7-8):1253-1263. doi:10.1081/JLC-200053046
  17. Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. What is a green solvent? Green Chem. 2007;9:927-934. doi:10.1039/B617536H
  18. Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Green Analytical Chemistry. Trends Anal Chem.2008;27(6):497-511. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.003
  19. Plotka-Wasylka J, Namie?nik J. Green Analytical Chemistry: Recent Developments. Molecules.2019;24(8):1568. doi:10.3390/molecules24081568
  20. Pena-Pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. AGREE—Analytical GREEnness metric. Sci Total Environ. 2023;858:159744. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159744
  21. Ga?uszka A, Migaszewski Z, Namie?nik J. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry. Trends Anal Chem. 2013;50:78-84. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.010
  22. Clark KD, Zhang C, Anderson JL. Accelerating green analytical chemistry using ionic liquids. Anal Chem. 2020;92(7):4905-4917. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04710
  23. Turner C. Sustainable analytical chemistry—more than just a trend. J Chromatogr A. 2013;1287:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.071
  24. Koel M, Kaljurand M. Green Analytical Chemistry. RSC Publishing; 2019.
  25. de la Guardia M, Garrigues S. Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry. Wiley; 2012.
  26. Welch CJ, Wu N, Biba M, et al. Greening analytical chromatography. Trends Anal Chem.2010;29(7):667-680. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2010.03.008
  27. Chemat F, Vian MA, Fabiano-Tixier AS, et al. Green extraction of natural products. Int J Mol Sci.2020;21(3):1004. doi:10.3390/ijms21031004
  28. P?otka-Wasylka J, Mohamed HM, Kurowska-Susdorf A, et al. Green chemistry in analytical chemistry. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem. 2021;30:100482. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100482
  29. de la Guardia M, Armenta S. Green analytical chemistry: theory and practice. Compr Anal Chem.2011;57:1-25.
  30. Nowak PM, Wietecha-Pos?uszny R, Pawliszyn J. White Analytical Chemistry. Trends Anal Chem.2021;138:116223. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116223
  31. Koller G, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K. Assessing safety, health, and environmental impact early during process development. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2000;39(4):960-972. doi:10.1021/ie990669i
  32. Raynie DE, Driver JL. Green assessment of chemical methods. 13th Green Chemistry Conference; 2009.
  33. Keith LH, Gron LU, Young JL. Green analytical methodologies. Chem Rev. 2007;107(6):2695-2708. doi:10.1021/cr068359e
  34. Koel M. Do we need green analytical chemistry? Green Chem. 2016;18:923-931. doi:10.1039/C5GC02156E
  35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Safer Choice Program Guidelines. 2023. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice
  36. European Medicines Agency. ICH Q14 Guideline on Analytical Procedure Development. 2022.

Photo
Dilnawaz Anwar
Corresponding author

Malla Reddy College Of Pharmacy

Photo
Hebha Amreen
Co-author

Malla Reddy College Of Pharmacy

Photo
Dr. Divya Yada
Co-author

Malla Reddy College Of Pharmacy

Photo
Dr. C Parthiban
Co-author

Malla Reddy College Of Pharmacy

Dilnawaz Anwar, Hebha Amreen, Dr. Divya Yada, Dr. C Parthiban, Clean Chemistry: Sustainable Approaches to Pharmaceutical Analysis, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 9, 2017-2026. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17153609

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