Exploring The Medicinal Potential of Luffa Acutangula: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Traditional Uses

Abstract

The perennial plant Luffa Acutangula [Cucurbitaceae],which appears primarily in India, South east Asia, China, Japan, Egypt, and other parts of Africa, is widely used in traditional Indian medicine to heal a variety of diseases. It is also common in waste. The hypoglycemia, anti-glycemia, anti-hypertrophic and blood pressure-lowering properties of these herbicide ingredients make it an advantage. Pharmacy characteristics such as scientific classification, colloquial names, and plant potential for biological effects are the main focus of this overview. This plant was treated for treatment of leprosy, caterpillar infection, diabetes, hemo, headache, ruhr. Flavonoids, anthratinones, proteins, fatty acids, saponin triterpenes, fleeting components, and other plant kingdom dyes are one of over 50 chemicals extracted from plants. Available in plant type abstractions and their separations, including anti-diabetics, liver protection, anti-hair, anti-cancer, immunoregulatory, antioxidant, antioxidant, antioxidant, antioxidant, ZNS depression, analgesic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Keywords

Introduction

Since ancient times, plant medical substances have been widely used to prevent and treat diseases. Some of these substances are harmful to plant predators, but can help heal human diseases [1]. Luffa Acutangula is often referred to as Ridge-Gourd and is a medicinal plant. It is common in subtropical regions of Asia. India is said to be one of the main areas of origin centres. This work has been widely added in Egypt, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and other African countries. This plant is propagated through seeds owned in February, March, June and July [1][2]. The purpose of this paper is to analyze traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and toxicological studies. Furthermore, the information came from several experimental studies. Further more, information from several experimental studies was critically evaluated to support the traditional and therapeutic use of Luffa Acutangula [2].

Description

1. Macroscopic: Luffa Acutangula [L] Roxb is one of the large climbers [2].
2. Roots: The roots are round, cylindrical, rough, and often swollen from removal of the abdominal roots. They vary on long ranges, striped, pale yellowish brown, porous, fractured, broken surfaces. It has a slightly stringy and bitter taste, but does not have a distinctive smell.
3. STEM: It elongated, 5 7 angles, internodes length 8°C, width 0.5 1 cm. It is a longitudinal, fracture, fracture laser with cuts and grooves, with a prominent knot packed with thin spiral twinning ten drills, most of which are triad dishes. It has a slightly bitter and stringy taste and does not have a distinctive smell. 8-10 cm wide, sinful, dental, with prominent veins at the bottom and dark top[2]. The petioles are cylindrical, length 4-10 cm, diameter 1-2 mm, lengthwise direction, tattered, light green brown. It has a slightly bitter and stringy taste and does not have a distinctive smell[3].
4. Flower: Female flowers, individually, yellow, same armpits, subovarian and ribs, proliferative stigma, male inflorescence, armpits, 10-20 flowers, length 20-22 cm, yellow, kalyx , Colora 5. , 5 stamens and 5 stamens of cullchi leaves and petals[3][2].
5. Fruit: Pepo, cylindrical or clever, 15 cm long, 3-5 cm diameter, tapered with blunt lace to the lower distal end. The surface shows ten notable ribs running at small angles in the vertical direction. It has a mild smell and a boring taste [3].
6. Seed: Chocolate brown to black, oval to elongate, dorsal, 0.7-1.2 cm, width 0.4-0.6 cm, with small waves at the edges.

Plant Description

Botanical Aliases: Cucumis acutangulus, Cucumis lineatus, Cucumis longus var. indicus, Cucumis megacarpus, Cucumis operculatus, Cucurbita acutangula, Luffa acutangula var. amara, Luffa acutangula var. forskalii, Luffa amara, Luffa drastic, Luffa fluminensis, Luffa foetida, Luffa forskalii, Luffa gosa, Momordica tubiflora[3].

Taxonomic Classification for Luffa Acutangula

1. Kingdom: Plantae
2. Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
3. Infrakingdom: Streptophyta
4. Superdivision: Embryophyta
5. Division: Tracheophyta
6. Subdivision: Spermatophytina
7. Class: Magnoliopsida
8. Superorder: Rosanae
9. Order: Cucurbitales
10. Family: Cucurbitaceae
11. Genus: Luffa
12. Species: Luffa acutangula

Geographic Range

Sales in India and Pakistan. This was the order: China, Hong Kong, Bangladesh. Africa: [Benin, Chad, Ghana, Madagascar, Mortius, Mozambic, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda]; North America: [USA, Mexico]; Salvador, El Salvador, Martitik, Rico, Trinity, Tobago]; South America: [Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela]; India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philipines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen[4].

Parts Used Medicinally

Leaves, fruits, roots, seed and seeds oil.

General Aspects

A. Ethnobotanical Uses

Ethnovegetative studies in hilly areas of Maharashtra showed that powdered fruits of Luffa acutangula are used as sniff cigarettes to avoid yellowing[4]. Western Maharashtra strains are traditionally used for insect bites. Swelling hemo is treated with fruit powder. Soft and smooth seed cores are a good treatment for diarrhea, and roasted young fruit juices are used to relieve headaches[5].

B. Therapeutic Applications

Luffa acutangula fruit is used to treat tumors, Vata, Kapha, anemia, leukemia, and anemia. They are also advantageous as diuretics, according to Ayurvedic literature. It illustrates many related biological processes[6]. In addition to its therapeutic use, the fruits of luffa acutangula are used as food in almost every region of India. In Ayurveda, Ridge Gourd is associated with many health benefits, and current clinical research supports these claims. Ayurveda says that ridge gourds regulate the pitta dosha in the body, while also increasing the number of vatas and kapas. Despite its tasteless taste, Ridge offers many health benefits[6][5].

C. Bioactive Compounds

Many phytochemicals have been found in Luffa acutangula, serin, tryptophan), pipecholic acid, flavonoids and saponins (Mahbubar, 2013). Ruffangulin, a novel inactivated N-terminal ribosome, L. Found in acutangula seeds. Additionally, oleanic acid, sapogenin, and bitter substances known as cucurbitacin B were discovered in L. acutangula[7]. The oil attributes of L. acutangula have melting points from -3°C to -10°C, iodine values of 99.5, suponization values of 190.8, or acid values of 10.5.

D. Physical Characteristics

They investigated the mechanical properties of polypropylene packed with Luffa Acutangula in 2017. In this study, both treated and untreated luffa acutangula fibers were loaded at 1%, 3%, and 5% as polypropylene fillers[8]. This study shows that untreated polypropylene trains and impact strengths increased with increased fiber loading of composites, but increased tensile and impact resistance of alkali-covered polypropylene filled polypropylene[8].

E. Phyto Constituents

About 50 substances, including flavonoids, anthraquinones, proteins, fatty acids, saponin triterpene, volatile additives, and other phytoconstituents, have been isolated and identified as a consequence of the phytochemical investigations[10]. Proteins  Several ribosome inactivating proteins [RIPs] were identified and extracted from various Luffa acutangula sections.  Due to its diverse pharmacological properties, which include abortifacient, antifungal, anti-tumor, antiviral, and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory actions, RIP has drawn a lot of attention for use in medicine.  Two RIPs, luffaculin1 [11]and 2 [12], were extracted from seeds by Junkaietal. (2002) using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDSPAGE].  It was discovered that the molecular masses of luffaculins 1 and 2 exceeded 28 kD. Another RIP, Luffangulin [13], was extracted from seeds and had no effect on HIV-1 reverse transcription, but reduced cell-free translation [IC50 = 3.5 nm]. Flavonoids insulated labonoids totaling 10f  from various Ruffa types of Shilling and Heisters [1981]. Of these, two flavonoids were found in the leaves. Apigenin-7-glucoside [14]and luteolin-7-glucoside [15] [Schilling and Heiser, 1981]. The anthraquinon derivatives 1.8-dihydroxy-4-methylantracene 9, 10dione [16] were isolated using a method led by the Anthraquinon bioassay. Of the 14 factions, only five were tested for anticancer efficacy against NCIH460 or non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell growth was heavily inhibited by groups produced at two IC50 values at 10 mg/mL concentrations. Fatty acids show nutritional analysis of seeds and were shown to contain minerals, proteins and lipids. 39% of the total body weight was made up of protein, while 44% of the fat was made up of kernels. Total saturated [32.1%] and unsaturated [67.9%] fatty acids were found in seed oils. This was discovered as mystical [0.45%] [17], palmitin [20.9%] [18], and steeric [10, 8%] [19]. Identified), oil [24.1%] and linol [43.7%] acid (11). Iodine, saponification and acid levels in seed oil were determined to be 99.5, 190.8, and 10.5. Seed cores were also used to identify minerals such as Fe, Ca, Zn, Cu, P, and Mg [Camel and Blackman, 1982].The air portion of the triterpene saponin Ruffa Acutangra showed seven saponins, which are members of the olean-type triterpene.

Botanical Traits

Folkloric Uses and Indigenous Pharmacology

The various components of Luffa Acutangula are widely used in many ethnic communities in India for their medical characteristics. In the Maharashtra region and in the trunk area of Madhya Pradesh, both leaf and powdered fruit are used to treat yellowund. Residents of Mahadevpur Spare Forest, formerly part of Andhra Pradesh and now in Telangana, often use fruit to treat diabetes. Additionally, trunks in western Maharashtra apply the system to mitigate the effects of insect bites. Powder fruit is also used topically to fix swelling hemo. Seeds act as an effective treatment for Rule, but fruit juice is applied to relieve headaches[21]. In Rajasthan, oral intake of seed powder is usually used to treat bladder stones in the urine. Local application of fragmented leaves in diseases such as splenicitis, hemo, tinea infection, and leprosy has been reported to be useful in treating granulocytic conjunctivitis in children during juices from the leaves of the eye. Furthermore, fruits exhibit urinary and diuretic properties, and seeds have integrative, emetic and anhilmine effects. Dried fruit powder is advantageous to prevent early graying of hair. Plant roots act as laxatives and are used in the case of drops. The immature fruits of the less bitter variety of Luffa Acutangula are consumed as vegetables and are often cooked or fried, or placed in soups and sauces[21]. Sometimes delicate regulars are used as lush vegetables along with young leaves and flower buds. In Southeast Asia, Ridge Gourd is a favorite vegetable due to its slightly bitter taste, which prefers a slightly sponge-like texture and sweet juicy. Young fruits of sweet varieties are also used raw, sometimes small fruits are inserted. Seeds sometimes produce bitter and toxic edible oils. The best sponge comes from Tire Fruit, but dried fruits can also be used. The fruit is soaked for several days before it peels off. After cleaning, bleach the sponge and then dry in the sun.

Pharmacological Activity of Luffa Acutangula

1. Anitulcer Effect

 The ability of Luffa acutangula extract to prevent gastric ulcers in rats with non-insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancy. We also investigated the functions of antioxidants and gastric mucosal proteins. This study investigated the gastroprotective effects of methanol and aqueous extracts from Luffa acutangula on rats with diabetics -II. Based on the results of this study, it was found that methanol extract from Luffa Acutangula is an excellent treatment option for diabetic ulcers[22].

2. Antiparasitic Effect

The antiparasitic properties of Luffa acutangula extracts were evaluated for the efficacy of the larval agent against the late third larval stage of Culex Quinquefasciatus. After a 24-h exposure period, larval mortality was observed. The extract showed an LC 50 value of 839.81 ppm [Moid and Prabha, 2014][23]. Additionally, a -in -vitro -assay was conducted using the Legetimethauma Rainworm to assess the potential for angelminism in the Luffa Acutangula Air Parts. Methanolux from the air components showed moderate anthermin activity, resulting in paralysis and subsequent death after more than 90 minutes at a concentration of 10 mg/ml [Jadhav and Chavan, 2013].

3. Hepatoprotective Activity

Many studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of Luffa acutangula in the treatment of liver disease. Ethanol extracts of fruits showed significant hepatoprotective effects compared to pet ether extracts in the case of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver necrosis[24]. This extract reduced SGPT, SGOT, serum alcarphosphatase [ALP], cerunvirbin, serum cholesterol, triglycerides [TG], serum high density lipo7conpine (HDLS), total serum protein, and serum albumin, among others. Histopathological examinations showed early necrosis of gasoline ether extracts, but no necrosis was observed in ethanol extracts, and the hepatoprotective properties of the latter were observed. Liver secretory activity of liver-alcohol [70%] carectrats against hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachlor and rifampicin in Wistar rats[24]. Dosages of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Model . The liver secretory activity of various sects of alcoholic fruit extracts was assessed by Mishra and Mukherjee [2017] in relation to liver toxicity induced by paracetamol. Oral administration and biochemical parameters of the toluol, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extract [100 mg/kg]were evaluated. The ethyl acetate fraction led to a direct increase in bilirubin levels, whereas older branching, ALP mirror, and ALP mirror were normalized compared to other groups. Histopathological analysis of liver cells showed a lack of necrosis and reduced vacuum formation [Mishra and Mukerjee, 2017]. To evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of leaf ethanol extracts against carbon tetrachloride. Increases in serum marker levels [SGPT, SGOT, and ALP] induced by carbon tetrachloride were normalized after oral administration of the blade extract, and tissue-specific antioxidant activity of the extract was observed[25].

4. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti Analgesic Activity

In 2011, Gill NS and colleagues looked into the possibility of Luffa Acutangula seeds with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties. In this study, carrageenan-induced rat pod edema was used to assess tail strips and soaking to measure anti-inflammatory effects, hydrogen peroxide, and analgesic effects. This result provided important evidence that rufa acutangula seeds have significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities [25].

5. Anti-Cancer Effect

Ruffa-Akitangara’s potential for ethanol and aqueous extracts induced cytotoxicity of human glioblast cells [U343] and lung cancer cells [A549]. The results showed a significant concentration-dependent reduction in cell vital capacity. Both MTT and SRB assays showed that ethanol and aqueous extracts from Luffa acutangula exhibited significant cytotoxic effects. Surprisingly, the aqueous extract showed superior cytotoxicity in lethal tests of salt removal compared to ethanol extracts [Dashora and Chauhan, 2015][26]. In vitro studies were conducted using Luffa acutangula-blatt extracts on human lung cancer cell lines [NCI-H460]. The MTT assay showed that the Blatt extract had a strong antiproliferative effect on cell lines tested at an IC50 value of 20 g/ml[26]. Compared to the control group, the group treated with the extract showed an increase in DCF fluorescence. This indicates an increase in mirrors and a significant increase in mitochondrial depolarization of reactive oxygen species [ROS]. Furthermore, microscopy using the double-color method of acridine randiethidium bromide showed changes in the core morphology and induction of apoptosis in cells treated with blade extracts. Aqueous extracts from Luffa Acutangula were administered to assess their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of the Ehrlich abdominal cancer cell line [EAC]. For 13 days, mice received daily oral administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW. Treatment with both extracts resulted in a significant increase in lifespan [p <0.0001] in mice carrying EAC tumors and a significant reduction in tumor volume, number of viable cells, and tumor weight. Furthermore, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and leukocyte mirrors returned to normal in treated mice. The anticancer effects of methanol and aqueous extracts [200 and 400 mg/kg, oral] from the acute gula fruit of rufa have also been examined in mice with solid tumors used in Daltonian lymphoma ascites. [DLA] cells were induced. Both extracts were significantly inhibited in solid tumor growth in these mice[26].

6. Antibacterial Effect

 The antibacterial efficacy of Luffa acutangula against several harmful microorganisms in 2012 was evaluated. After soaking the fruit powder from Luffa Acutangula in methanol, a comparative analysis was performed and extracted one after another using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol[27]. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the fountain injection method. Several chemical classes were identified using Dine-Layer Chromatography and phytochemical screening. Methanol extracts include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and B. It was clearly effective against subtilis and S. aureus, but it was insufficient to stop the growth of E. Aerogenes, S. post-study. Dysentriae, and S. Thypi. In this study, ethyl acetate extracts containing phenols, condensed tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids are ethyl acetate extracts, bone ano, E. coli, B. It has been shown to have the strongest antibacterial effect on lateral inflammation and uveal aureus[27][28].

7. Antimicrobial Effect

Several extracts of the fruits of Luffa Acutangula  have been investigated for their antibacterial properties. Chloroform extracts showed more antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria than extensive drug bites. Furthermore, this study found that chloroform extracts surpass aqueous extracts in terms of antibacterial activity[28]. The antifungal properties of both extracts were only weak .

8. CNS Effect

The effect of determined ethanol extracts of Luffa Acutangula var Amara Fruits on behavioral changes, exploratory activity, and barbiturate duration in mice. The extract showed a Zns declining effect. This was dosage dependent. Exploration activity was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by ethanol extracts[29]. Furthermore, we improved the hypnosis caused by pentobalbit sodium in both single doses and in long-term mice. We investigated the antitactile effects of rufa-akitangara-ethanol extracts in haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats using block technology, pathogen motor activity, and exploratory behavior in perforated plate devices. Rats administered with ethanol extracts at 90, 120, 150, and 180 min of the haloperidol challenge had a significant increase in head soaking and line transitions [P <0.01 and P <0.05] compared to the negative control group was shown[29]. In addition to the antioxidant properties of the extract, the authors regulate neurotransmitters of importance to prevent catalodin by modulating neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and glutamute. , set the hypothesis that it has a protective effect against Parkinson’s disease symptoms[29].

9. Cardio And Nephroprotective Effect

Renal protection and cardiovascular use of a series of metrics such as blood biomarks and antioxidants of the target group to protect the protective effect of the aqueous alcohol extract of Rufa-actangra against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. It used it in Protection with hydroalcoholic extracts reduced the increase in blood concentrations of renal creatinine phosphosinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alaninaminotransferase, and reduced hearts in mice treated with doxorubicin. In addition to restoring glutathione, catalase, and superoxide discatases lost in heart and kidney tissues, treatment with oily extracts reduced the amount of increased malondiadehyde[30]. Doxorubicin-induced changes in the tissue structure of kidney and heart tissue were also reduced by the hydroalcoholic extract. The protective effect of hydroalcoholic extracts against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice was associated with the antioxidant ability of plant extracts.

10. Anti Tumour Activity

Dashora N and Chauhan LS [2015] tested Luffa acutangula and in vivo anti-oxidant properties in mice with Daltonian lymphoma [DLA] cells. According to an in vitro model, this study showed that ethanol and aqueous extracts have antioxidant potential. Furthermore, this study showed that ethanol extracts from Luffa acutangula at doses of 400 mg/kg and aqueous extracts exhibited potent anticancer activity at both 200 µm/kg and 400 m/kg. [31]

11. Immunoregulatory Activity

Effects on Immune Modulation In vivo fungi experiments used experiments involving neutrophil adhesion and carbon clearance to assess the immunomodulatory properties of ethanol extracts from Luffa Acutangula var. Amara. The proportion of in vitro antioxidant activity and neutrophil adhesion was significantly increased by ethanol extracts [32].

12. Teratogenic Effect

Abortions from antimin animals consumed by Ruffa Achutangras have been documented by many farms in northeastern Brazil. The woman used tea derived from this plant to induce abortion. Consumption of Rufa-Acutangula during pregnancy prevented rat puppies from developing normally [32].

13. Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant activity, overall phenol and flavonoid content of Luffa- acutangula Fruits. The results of this study fully demonstrate that the fruits of the Luffa acutangula plant are abundant natural antioxidant sources for application in food, cosmetics and medical products. The possibilities of Luffa Acutangula Pulp and Peel Powder were evaluated in this study using a variety of anti-oxygen techniques and solvent fractions[33]. The antioxygen activity of comb pulp powder and extracts was found to be greater than that of Kammkurbisschelle powder and extracts documented how methanol extracts from Luffa Acutangula Fruits protected human erythrocytes from oxidative damage by T-BHP. The antioxidant properties of hexane, methanol and aqueous extracts were investigated using free radical DPPH technology.

Toxicity

Luffa Acutangula Ethanol  extracts in Wistar-albino rats was published in 2012. This study examined the acute and long-term toxicity of the entire Luffa acutangula plant. The results of this study showed that ethanol extract from Luffa Acutangula was non-toxic when administered orally up to 2000 mg/kg of rats. It was found that there were no signs of toxicity or beginning.[36]

CONCLUSION

After reviewing the literature, it was found that Luffa acutangula [L]ROXB has been used to treat a series of diseases and has been proven to be antitumor, antibacterial, antibacterial, ameliorative, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, and antidiabetic. Ta. Last year, traditional remedies have been increasingly considered and evaluated for people’s effectiveness and general security. Several pharmacological and phytochemical tests were conducted in different sections. It is possible to promote more research to investigate the therapeutic effects of all phytochemicals and their mode of action.

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