Parijat College of Pharmacy
Antiperspirant Solution has gained significant attention in recent years due to their role in controlling hyperhidrosis and bad odor, enhancing personal hygiene and improving overall well-being. This paper provides a comprehensive study overview of the formulation and evaluation of antiperspirant solution, focusing on key aspect such as API, formulation strategies, and evolution parameter. The formulation of an effective antiperspirant solution involves the selection of appropriate active ingredients, such Aluminum Sulphate Octahydrate, including chemical with hydroxethyl cellulose, polysorbate 20 (tween 20), purified glycerol, propylene glycol, disodium EDTA and phenoxethanol utilized as the exipients. The solution was prepared by homogenous mixing API and exipients. Evaluation of antiperasprant solution encompasses a range of physical, chemical and sensory test to ensure efficacy. Parameter such as clarity test, stability test, volatilization test, spreadibility test and irritation test. In conclusion, the formulation and evaluation of antiperspirant solution represent a multidisciplinary endeavor that combines principles of chemistry, pharmacology, dermatology and sensory science. By continually advancing our understanding of formulation principles and evaluation methodologies, researchers and industry professionals can develop antiperspirant solutions that meet the evolving needs and preferences while promoting health and well-being.
Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a pathologic condition characterized by the secretion of sweat in excess to the normal physiologic needs of the body. Patient seeking medical help often fiend sweating, commonly affecting the axilla, palms of the hand or soles of the feet. Psychosocial difficulties, physical discomfort, and disruption are all problems experienced by people. Damp hand may be misinterpreted as a sign of anxiety, and damp axillae soaking through clothes are a cause of acute personal embarrassment. Peoples may feel discomfort related to sodden shoes and clothing and experience difficulties in performing simple tasks at work, such as handling paper or ink, gripping tools[1]. Sweating is the elaboration of a fluid secretion on the general body surface produced by sweat glands within the skin. These glands are developed only in mammals in which the evolved, along with sebaceous glands as fur conditioning organ and for defence at the skin surface against microbial invasion. While most mammals process at least rudimentary sweat gland, surprisingly, it is only in higher primates, horse and some bovidae that the organ plays a true major role in the critical physiological function of the skin. The function of the glands seems to be primarily limited to producing substances required for maintenance of a healthy skin or for lubrication contact surface[2]. Thermoregulatory sweating is clearly of selective advantages since it permits work to be done under condition otherwise adverse since it permits work to be done under conditions otherwise adverse to heat dissipation that is above the thermo culture zone. Mathematically and perhaps more automatically only about 1% of human body weight need be evaporated as sweat to prevent a 10o C rise in body temperature. It is clearly the sweat glands that have given humans the ability to excel in tumid climates. The ability to elaborate secretion carries with it potentially heavy expenses as it is biologically impossible to move water without coupling it to the movement of salts[3]. The principle salts in the body fluids and potassium and sodium chloride. Contrary to the common opinion, NaCl is not an abundant substance biological and in no marine animals it must be sought and conserved. Since salt is the principle osmotic ingredients of bloods and extracellular fluid, proper circulation circularly depends on an adequate salts contains in the body[4].
Classification of hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis is classified as a primary or secondary complaint. With regard to anatomic distribution. Hyperhidrosis can be classified into focal indigenous, symmetric, asymmetric, or generalised[5]. Primary HH is idiopathic focal, bilateral, and symmetrical exaggerated perspiration that typically affects the axillae, palms, soles, and craniofacial regions[6] and is not caused by any underline medical diseases or medication. Primary HH is diagnosed in 93% of all cases with HH. It can appear continuously or in phase and does not generally do at night. Primary HH can be convinced by thermal provocations, emotional triggers, or physical excretion[7]. Secondary HH is less common than primary HH and is most constantly related to an underpinning cause. Secondary HH is most commonly classified as generalised but can also present focally or regionally. Secondary HH occurs when the patient is awake or a sleep. Generalized secondary HH may be caused b physiologic condition such as excessive heat, fever, pregnancy, or menopause. Potential pathologic causes for secondary HH can include malignancy, infection (acute &chronic viral infection), and endocrine metabolic disorder (diabetes mellitus/hypoglycaemia, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, phenochromocytoma, hyperpituitarism and carcinoid syndrome)[8]. Cardiovascular disease (en- docarditis, congestive heart failure, or cardiovascular shock), respiratory disease (respiratory failure), neurologic disorders (stroke or Parkinson disease), or psychiatric disorders, among others, In addition, many drugs can cause secondary gener- alized HH, including antidepressants (tricyclic anti- depressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), antibiotics (ciproflox- acin), antivirals (acyclovir), hypoglycemic agents (insulin or glyburide), triptans, antipyretics, nonste- roidal antiinflammatory drugs, antiemetics, adren- ergic or cholinergic agents, alcohol, cocaine, heroin (including withdrawal), and many others[9].
Table 1: Secondary causes of hyperhidrosis
Material and Method
List of Chemicals
Table 2: List of chemical
List of Glassware
Table 3: List of glassware
Drug and excipients profile[10][11]
FORMULA DEVELOPMENT
According to the hidden trial method the formula has been categorized in three group Antiperspirant solution I (APS-I), Antiperspirant solution II (APS-II) and Antiperspirant solution III (APS-III).
Table 4: Development Of Formula
Preformulation studies
Organolaptic properties
The formulation was taken in a required container and examined with naked eyes.
The formulation was taken in a container and the color of the preparation was observed with the naked eyes.
The formulation was taken in a suitable container and the fragrance was observed with the nose.
The formulation was taken in a required container and rubbed the sample on hand to check the texture.
Solubility-
Solubility is a chemical property that measures how many grams of a substance will dissolve in a given volume of solution. It is the ability of a substance, known as the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. The solubility test is performed by using various solvents 10ml water, chloroform and methanol and 0.01g drug has been dissolved by continuous staring.
Flow property
6Bulk and Tapped density
Bulk density measurement carried out by using flat- round measuring cylinder with a volume of 100 ml. The measuring cylinder was half filled with the 10gm of the powder and the reading was observed to the nearest milliliter.
Bulk density = w/v0
After 50 and 100 taps the corresponding reading was observed to the nearest milliliters. The tapped volume was recorded when the difference between the two volumes was smaller than 1 ml.
Tapped density: After 50 tapping = w/v1
After 100 tapping = w/v2
Angle of Repose
It was determined by fixed funnel method onto a bottom graph paper. The funnel was fixed on a height, and moved according to the height of the conical heap in order to keep a constant distance between the top of the heap and the funnel. The angle of repose was determined by measuring the height of the cone of powder with the help of the formula.
Tan ? = height/base
Hausner’s Ratio
Flow property was defined according to the Hausner ratio.
Hausner ratio = (Tapped density)/ (Bulk density)
Flow of powder was measured using a standard funnel. In a dry funnel, whose bottom opening has been blocked, the sample was introduced without compacting. After removing the blockage from the bottom opening of the funnel, the time taken for the entire sample to flow out thought the funnel was measured.
Hausner ratio = (tapped density/ bulk density)
Compressibility Index
Compressibility index was determined according to Carr’s index
Carr’s Index = (Tapped density) – (Bulk density)
(Tapped density)
Method of antiperspirant solution
EVALUATION PARAMETER
Organolaptic properties
The formulation was taken in a required container and examined with naked eyes.
The formulation was taken in a container and the color of the preparation was observed with the naked eyes.
The formulation was taken in a suitable container and the fragrance was observed with the nose.
The formulation was taken in a container and the appearance of the preparation was observed with the naked eyes
Stability test
Irritation test
Spreadability test
Volatilization test
Volatilization is a process that converts a chemical substance from a liquid or solid state to a gaseous or vapor state.
In this process we have used 5ml each from formulation and poured into petridish and it into room temperature, hot air oven at 50oC and at cold temperature 2-3oC.
RESULT
The active ingredient tested in this paper exhibit the considerable properties as mentioned below.
Organoleptic Properties:
As per the method given in 6.1 the following result obtain the color was seen white, the odor of the API is odorless, the state of the API was solid amorphous in nature.
Table 5: Organoleptic properties of API
Solubility
As per the method given 6.2 the following result obtain
Table 6: Solubility test
Flow Property
Angle of Repose
Hausner’s Ratio
Compressibility Index
As per the method given 6.3.4 the following result obtains that Carr’s compressibility index of the API was 36%.
Organoleptic Properties:
As per the method given in 8.1 the following result obtain the color of the folrmulation was seen milkish white, the odor of the formulation is lavender flower, the state of the formulation was liquid in nature and appearance of the formulation was opaque nature.
Table 7: Organoleptic properties of formulation
Stability Test
As per the method given in 8.2 the following result obtain the preparation was found safely stable at room temperature after the inspection of 1 month.
Day 1
Table 8: Stability test day 0
Day 30
Table 9: Stability test day 30
Irritancy Test
As per the method given in 8.3 the following result obtain
Table 10: Irritancy test
Spreadability Test
As per the method given in 8.4 the following result obtain
Table 11: Spreadability test
Volatilization Test
As per the method given in 8.5 the following result obtain
1. at normal room temperature
Table 12: Volatilization test at normal room temperature
2. at 50oC in hot air oven
Table 13: Volatilization test at 50oC
CONCLUSION
As per over overview we have done we conclude that HH in cure, unpleasant, physical and psychological effect streaming from the volume of sweat production. The majority of patient’s survey for treatment related mainly to the upper limb and mainly to the upper limb and many has suffered for several years before seeking help. Although many treatment used varies, depending in part on the area of the body affected and servecity of the problems. The ideal treatment of choice should be successfully, safe and inexpecive. Conservative treatment should be taired before progressing to the more permanent and usually irreversible effect of surgery. Botulinum toxin is a relatively new treatment and provides good results in achieving euthidoris over prolonged periods of time. It is particularly useful in the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis and will probably replace tissue excision of symapathetomy as a treatment for aggressive axillary hyperhidrosis, such as that seen in frey syndrome, are also easily and adequate treated by botulinum toxin. Sympathotomy and sympathectomy are the most invasive procedure for HH, but for these patients whose daily life was disrupted by HH, despite trails of other therapeutics option, sympathetic chain disruption may present an appealing opportunity for treatment. In order to limit the risk of CH and chest pain, parasthesias and scars, experimentation with altering the techniques and levels disrupted during sympathotomy/sympathectomy continues. Preliminary investigations of new technology (laser, microwave, and ultrasound) for less invasive eccrine glands disruption are promising.
As per our formulation has been developed in which the formulation contain Aluminium Sulphate Octadechydrate as API and various exipients like glycerine, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polysorbate 20, propylene glycol, disodium EDTAE and phenoxethanol are mixed with API and formulation was developed. The organoleptic property of the API before formulation was the color of the API was seen white, the odor of the API is odorless, the state of the API was solid amorphous in nature. In the solubility test of the API was dissolved in 10ml of distilled water, chloroform & menthol after dissolution we observe in water the API was soluble, in chloroform the API was slightly soluble & in menthol API was insoluble. The flow property of API was performed through which the bulk density of the preparation was 0.76 g/ml, tapped density of preparation after 50 times = 0.344g/ml and after 100 tapping = 0.4 g/ml, angle of repose of API is 38.65 which is fair (aid not needed), Hausner’s ratio of the API was 0.35 g/m3 & Carr’s compressibility index of the API was 36%.The organolaptic property of the prepared formulation was checked which are same for all APS-I, APS-II, APS-III, which are observed color of formulation milkish white, the odor of the formulation is lavender flower aroma, the state of formulation was liquid in nature and appearance of the formulation was opaque nature. The preparation was found safely stable at room temperature after the inspection of 1 month the result was obtained which are observed color of formulation milkish white, the odor of the formulation is lavender flower aroma, the state of formulation was liquid in nature and appearance of the formulation was opaque nature. The spreadibility of the APS-III is observed better because it take less time travel the 7cm. Volatilization test was performed to check volatile nature of solution there is no change in the solution when it kept at room temperature, and the 0.1ml change was observed in APS-II & APS-III, in F1 0.2ml change was observed when it kept in hot air oven at 50oC. All the three antiperspirant solution showed significant different activities. Based on the result all three formulations ASP-I, ASP-II, ASP-III, were stable. On the basis of comparative studies ASP-II formulation is most suitable and compatible. The antiperspirant is safe to use & it can be used as the provision of a barrier to protect skin.
REFERENCES
Ang Solanki, Nripen Prakash Khare, Khushbu Pinjane, Satyaendra Shrivastava, Formulation And Evaluation Of Antiperspirant/Hyperhidrosis Solution, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 5, 1194-1204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11260525
10.5281/zenodo.11260525
