Formulation And Evaluation of Anti-Acne Bael Facewash

Skin

The skin is made up of tissues that work together as a single structure to perform critical and specific functions, even though you would not think of it as an organ.  The body is generally protected by the integumentary system, which consists of the skin and the tissues that support it.  The several layers of cells and tissues that comprise the skin are held to the underlying structures by connective tissue.¹

The following are the three layers of skin: 

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis ²

FIG 1:  STRUCTURE OF SKIN

Function of skin: Skin plays numerous vital roles in the physiology of the body

1. Sensation
2.  Protection
3. Thermoregulation
4.  Immunity³

Types of skin:

1. Dry skin
2. Oily skin ⁴

Skin related problem:

Acne:

Types of acne:

• Blackheads
• Whiteheads
• Nodules
• Papules
•  Pustules

Blackheads:  also known as open comedones, are small, dark or black pimples on the skin.  Cause: Occur when dead skin cells and oil (sebum) clog a hair follicle.  When exposed to air, the clogged pore stays open and the surface oxidizes, turning black. 

Whiteheads (Closed Comedones): These are tiny, flesh-colored or white pimples.  Cause: Like blackheads, they are caused by oil and dead skin cells clogging a hair follicle. 

 Papules Look: Tiny, elevated, red, sensitive pimples without a pus-filled core.  Cause: Usually more severe than comedones but not yet pus-filled.

Pustules Looks like papules, except that the core is pus-filled and whitish or yellow.  Cause: Occurs when hair follicles swell with pus after becoming irritated and infected. 

Nodules Look: Huge, painful, solid lumps under the skin's surface.  Cause: Occurs when a hair follicle deep within the skin becomes plugged and irritated. 

Cysts Look: For lesser forms of acne, like blackheads and whiteheads, topical drugs and excellent skincare practices are necessary. For more severe forms, including nodules and cysts, more aggressive therapies, like oral medications or expert dermatological procedures, are needed ⁵                

FIG 2: TYPES OF SKIN

Herbal Cosmetics Related To Skin Care:

Herbal cosmetics: The safest skin care products are herbal ones that shield the skin from the elements. cosmetics are extremely safe and do not cause any harmful ⁶                                

Skin Care Preparation for Face

1) Cleansing creams and lotions

2) Compact powders

3) Rouges

4) Face packs and masks

5) Face wash

Facewash: 

A cleanser or other facial care product is used to remove makeup, dead skin cells, oil, grime, and other pollutants from the face’s epidermis.  This protects against skin problems like pimples and makes pore cleaning easier.  As part of a face care regimen, a cleanser can be used in addition to a toner and moisturizer.⁷

Benefit of Facewash:

• Exfoliating chemicals found in certain face washes aid in the removal of dead skin cells, resulting in a smoother complexion.
• By keeping the skin clean and renewed, regular use can improve its texture and tone.
• Other skincare products, such serums and moisturizers, are better absorbed by a clean face.
• Frequent washing aids in avoiding a number of skin problems, including inflammation, irritation, and dullness.
• Washing your face might make you feel refreshed right away.⁸

Features of Facewash:

• The exfoliation encourages skin renewal and regeneration and speeds up blood circulation. 
• The excessive production of sebum by sebaceous glands clogs the pores of the face and causes oily skin.
• Cleansers containing herbs and botanicals are necessary for oily skin since they will unclog pores and lessen oil accumulation.
• Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ingredients found in these exfoliating cleansers help to repair and nourish damaged skin.
• Instead of absorbing, its physical activity should be to open pores and flush the skin.  After use, a thin layer of emollient should still be present on the skin^.9

Advantages:

• It helps to in removal and replacement of dead skin cells to the new skin cells.
• It helps to keep skin fresh and healthy.
• It makes the skin to look radiant.
• It help in skin pores exfoliation which further helps in prevention of skin problems like acne white heads, blackheads and total weary appearance that is caused due to the combination of dead skin cells and excessive oil which clog pores.
• It helps in dead skin removal which later on develops as wrinkles on the face ¹⁰

Agents used in face wash:

• Antimicrobial: Medicinal compounds used in face washes Antimicrobial In its broadest sense, an antimicrobial is a material that inhibits the growth and reproduction of germs.¹¹
• Anti-inflammatory: A property of a drug or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. 
• Anti-acne: Acne is a skin problem that results in a breakout of zits or blemishes that resemble pimples.¹²

Additives used in Facewash:

• Antioxidant:

antioxidants have the ability to stop or postpone certain forms of cell damage.  Vitamins A, C, E, and lycopene are a few examples.¹³

• Gelling agent:

Gelling agents are substances that will cause water or oil to phase into a thicker but not rigid gel.For instance, carbopol 940 and carbopol 934.¹⁴

• Preservative:

Preservatives are primarily used to make food safer by reducing the impact of biological elements.  Methyl and propyl paraben are two examples.¹⁵

• Humectants :

The antithesis of a desiccant, humectants are hygroscopic substances that are employed to keep things moist.  Hexylene glycol, butylene glycol, and propylene glycol are a few examples. ¹⁶

• Foaming agent:

Agent that forms foams .A foaming agent is a substance, such as a blowing agent or surfactant that promotes the creation of foam.Examples include titanium hydride, azodicarbonamide, and sodium lauryl sulphate.¹⁷

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

VARIOUS INGREDIENTS USED IN FORMULATION OF BAEL LEAVES:

1. Bael patra 

FIG 3: AEGLE MARMELOS

• Synonyms: Aegle Marmelos
• Biological sources: Native tree from India
• Family: Rutaceae

Chemical Constituents:

Alkaloids: Alkaloids such as Angeline, marmeline, skimmianine, and N-methylflindersine.

Flavonoids: Rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Description: Aegle marmelos is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree or shrub with a maximum height of 13 meters (43 ft.). Its branches droop a little, and its crown is rather open and uneven. The bark is gray or pale brown, peeling, and smooth or finely fissured. Its long, straight spines, which range in length from 1.2 to 2.5 centimeters (1⁄2 to 1 inch), either on their own or in pairs. Slimy sap frequently leaks from the bark's cut areas. The gum can also be described as a clear, sticky sap that drops from damaged branches and has a similar consistency to gum Arabic.

Uses:

1. Bael Patra is rich in laxatives properties.
2. It has anti-inflammatory effects.
3. It detoxifies body naturally.
4. Loaded with vitamins and essential minerals.
5. It is a natural source of anti-oxidant
6. Anti-inflammatory Cures skin infections Wound healing

Aloe vera:

FIG 4: ALOE VERA

• Synonyms: Aloe barbadensis Mill
• Biological sources: the dried juice or gel obtained from the leaves of various Aloe species, particularly Aloe barbadensis (also known as Aloe Vera).
• Family: Asphodelaceae

Chemical Constituents

Acemannan is a key bioactive component found in polysaccharides.
Vitamins: folic acid, B12, C, E, and A.ABC, lipase, and bradykinase are examples of enzymes.

Phenolic substances: anthraquinones and aloin..

Turmeric oil:

FIG 5: TURMERIC OIL

• Synonyms : Curcuma longa
• Biological sources: Turmeric's biological source is the dried rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae.
• Family : Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)

Chemical Constituents

• Curcuminoids: Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin .
• Curcumin: antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities.
• Turmerones: Ar-, α-, β-, and curlone are among the turmerones that are present in the essential oil fraction of turmeric. 

Eucalyptus oil:

FIG 6: EUCALYPTUS OIL

• Synonym: Eucalyptus camphor
• Biological Source :- Eucalyptus oil is the volatile oil obtained by the hydrodistillation of fresh leaves of eucalyptus globulus
• Family : Myrtaceae

Chemical Constituents   

Cineole (eucalyptol, 70-85%)

Citronellal Terpenes: - pinene, camphene, phellandrene

Polyphenolic acid:  caffeic acid, gallic acid Flavanoids:  Eucalyptin, Rutin

Glycerine: 

FIG 7: GLYCERIN

• Structure formula – C3H8O3

     GLYCERIN

• Molar mass - 92.094 g·mol−1
• Appearance -Colourless hygroscopic liquid
• Odour – Odour less
• Density - 1.261 g/cm3
• Melting point - 17.8 °C (64.0 °F; 290.9 K)
• Boiling point - 290 °C (554 °F; 563 K)
• Solubility in water – miscible

1. Carbapol:

FIG 8: CARBAPOL 934 P

• IUPAC Name: Poly (acrylic acid)
• Other names: PAA, PAAc, Acrysol, Acumer.
• Chemical formula: (C3H4O2)
•  Molar mass: variable

Lemon juice:

• Biological source: The biological source of Lemon is Citrus Limon.
• Family: Rutaceae

FIG 9: LEMON JUICE

Chemical constituents;

Water (H2O),Citric Acid (C6H8O7) ,vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Flavonoids.

Rose Water:

Description: Rose water is a flavoured water made by steeping rose petals in water.

FIG 10: ROSE WATER

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The herbal face wash was prepared by collecting and using various plant material. These are bael patra, Aloe Vera, Turmeric oil, Eucalyptus oil, Glycerine, vitamin e, lemon juice, Rose water. All were collected from agriculture fields.

Formulation of bael facewash:

Table 1: The Formulation Of Herbal Bael Facewash Are As Follows:

FIG 11: INGREDIENTS USED IN FACEWA

Table 2: List Of Material Used In Facewash Formulation

Preparation of bael patra extract:

FIG 12: Preparation Of Bael Extract

Process:

1. PREPARATION OF CARBOPOL GEL

FIG 13: CARBOPOL GEL

2. FORMULATION OF THE BASE GEL

FIG 14: FORMULATION OF BASE GEL

3. ADDITION OF SURFACTANT

4. INCORPORATION OF BEL PATRA EXTRACT

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8. https://storify.com/aseem_sood/benefitsofherbalfacewash
9. https://www.nivea.co.uk
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
11.  Book of cosmetic science by Dr.satya prakash Singh thakur publication .Page no 50
12. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html
13. https://www.ingredientstodiefor.com/category/Thickeners_Polymers_RheologyModifiers/c36
14. http://www.eufic.org/article/en/foodsafetyquality/foodadditives/artid/preservativesfoodlongerse
15. What is a humectant (http://www.wisegeek.org/whatisanhumectant.htm), wisegeek.org
16. Compendium of Chemical Terminology
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18. Poonam Ankush Jadhav (2017) “Formulation and evaluation of anti-acne facewash gel’ World Journal of Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences Vol.6, pp- 1515.

5. ADJUSTMENT OF FINAL VOLUME

6. FINAL MIXING

FINAL MIXING

Fig 15:  Bael Face Wash Gel

Table 3: Identification Test For Beal

Test	Observation	Inference	Image
Alkaloids;   By adding 1 mL of Dragendorff”s reagent to 2 mL of extract, an orange red precipitate was formed, indicating the presence of alkaloids.	Orange-red precipitate	Alkaloids is present
By adding 2 ml of Hager’s reagent to two ml of extract	Formation of yellow colour ppt	Alkaloids is present
By adding 2 ml of Wagner’s reagent to 2 ml of extract by dissolving 2mg of iodine with 4 mg of potassium iodide	Orange red Ppt	Alkaloids is present
Flavanoids ;   Alkaline reagent test ; Two to three drops of sodium hydroxide were added to 2 mL of extract.	Colourless colour appeared	Flavonoids is present
Phenolic ; a)Ferric chloride test. Two millilitres of 5% neutral ferric chloride solution were added to 1 mL of extract, the dark blue colouring indicating the presence of phenolic Compounds and tannins.	Dark blue colour appeared	Phenolics and tannins is present

Evaluation of bael facewash:

1. Physical Test :

It contains the consistency, color, and odor that were achieved. Herbal face wash gel's hue was dark green, its odor was distinctive, and its semisolid consistency was noted when it was visually investigated. The face wash's formulation was examine visually for color.
Smelling the composition allowed for the evaluation of its odor, and Consistency was manually selected.

2. pH of Face Wash Gel :

A 1% aqueous solution of the formulation was heated to a constant temperature and its pH was measured using a calibrated digital pH meter. No adverse effects were seen since the pH of the improved formulation was 7 which is near the pH of the skin. It was concluded that the pH of the formulation was suitable for topical use.

FIG16: PH TEST

3. Spreadability of Face Wash Gel:

Spreadability was assessed by hand. Spreading our gel was simple. According to the spreadability tests, the gel can be swiftly spread with a small degree of shear. 3.35 gm/cm/sec was the formulation's spreadability.

4. Washability of Face Wash Gel

Water washing ease and extent were tested after the product was applied to the skin.  With the semisolid face cleanser gel, washing was easy

5. Foamabilty of Face Wash Gel:

In a beaker, water was mixed with a tiny amount of gel. Ten shakes of the beaker were made after the initial volume was recorded in order to record the final volume. The foam was showing up either normally or in considerable amounts.

Fig 17: Foamability Test