Formulation And Evaluation of Antitussive Tablet of Ginger

Traditionally, Z. officinale is used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Chinese, Arabian, Africans, Caribbean and many other medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases such as nausea, vomiting, asthma, cough, palpitation, inflammation, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, constipation, indigestion and pain. ²⁾

The English botanist William Roscoe (1753- 1831) gave the plant the name Zingiber officinale in an 1807 publication. At least 115 constituents in fresh and dried ginger varieties have been identified by a variety of analytical processes. Z. officinale is reported to possess essential oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and tannin as the major phytochemical groups. ³⁾

Anti-emetic,   renoprotective,           neuroprotective,         anthelmintic, gastroprotective, Cardiovascular etc activities. The most important drug delivery route is undoubtedly the oral route.⁴⁾

Tablet is the most popular among  all  dosage forms  existing today  because of its convenience  of  self administration, compactness and  easy  manufacturing.  Many  patients  find  it  difficult  to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules and do not take their medication as prescribed. The difficulty is experienced in particular by pediatric and geriatric patients, but it also applies to people who  are ill in  bed and to those  active working patients  who are busy or  traveling, especially those who have no access to water. The available literature suggests that chewable tablets provides a safe, well-tolerated alternative to Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long history of medicinal use for more than 2000 years  as  one  of  the  most  versatile  medicinal  plants  having  a  wide spectrum of biological activity and a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation, identification of active  constituents,  scientific  verification  of  its  pharmacological actions for treatment of several diseases and conditions.⁵⁾

Therapeutic Effects:

1.Antioxidant Effect:

In rats, ginger consumption  reduces lipid peroxidation and  restores the  activities  of superoxide dismutase  and  catalase, glutathione, and  glutathione  reductase, and glutathione peroxidase glutathione-S-transferase .

2. Anti-Nausea Effect  :

Throughout history, ginger  is  commonly utilized for relieving  nausea  and  vomiting.  It  is  also  an antiemetic; it is  attributed  as a carminative effect that  helps  break  up  and  expel  intestinal gas. Researchers compared the effective Throughout history, ginger is commonly utilized for relieving  nausea and vomiting.

3 . Anti-Inflammatory Effects :  

 In  ancient  herbs  used  to  support  the  body's immune  response,  ginger  has  the  capacity  to reduce  inflammation,  swelling,  and  discomfort. Ginger  and  its  derivatives  are  used  in  many countries  to  boost  the  immune system.  Several studies that  evaluate the  effectiveness  of  ginger in  patients  suffering  from  osteoarthritis  have controversial  results. 

4. Cardiovascular Effect  :

 Ginger's antiarrhythmic activity is  one  of its most significant effects.  The studies show the effect of ginger  on  blood  lipids  in  both  animals  and humans.    The  results  show  that  ginger significantly  decreases  plasma  cholesterol  in animals,  but  not  in  patients  who  are  suffering from  any  heart  disease  such  as  coronary  artery disease

5. Anti Cancer Effect :

 Ginger  act  as  a  chemo-preventive  spice, numerous researches  focused on the  ginger and its  various  bioactive  compound  have  cancer-preventive  and  potential  cancer  therapeutic Effect .⁶⁾

Figure No 1 : Ginger Rhizome

 Kingdom: Plantae

 Family: Zingiberaceae

 Class : Liliopsida

 Genus: Z. Offinale

 Species: Zingiber officinale

Ginger is flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely uses as a spice and folk medicine. It is herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudo stems about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. ⁷⁾

Objectives

5. To formulate an oral dosage form .
5. To prepare tablets with patients acceptance.
5. To formulate the tablets with rapid action and higher bioavailability.
5. Formulation of dosage form which have no adverse effect.
5. To understand quality, safety and efficacy of tablet in treatment.

Preparation Method -

 Wet granulation method  was used to prepared the tablets .  

• Tablet each containing 500 mg  were prepared as per composition given in Table 1.

• The formulation was done by the wet granulation method   

• Wet granulation method weigh all  drug and excipient accurately are mix well and  water was adding in sufficient amount 

• Mix it well  

• The prepared dump mass were passed through sieve no 14 to ensure the better mixing.

• Prepared granules are dried at hot air oven at 65 c.

• The dried powder was compressed using the tablet punching machine equipped with round punch.

• A minimum of 20 tablets was prepared for each batch. ⁸⁾  

Table No 1 . Amount Of API and Excipients

Evaluation :

Pre-compression Parameters: 

Angle of Repose:  Angle of repose was determined using funnel method. The blend was poured through funnel can be raised vertically until a maximum cone height (h) was obtained.

 Radius of the up was measured and angle of repose was calculated using the formula:  θ=tan-1(h/r)  Where ,

 θ is the angle of repose,

 h is height,

 r is radius. 

Bulk Density:

Apparent bulk density (pb) was determined by pouring the blend into a graduated cylinder. The bulk volume (ρb) and weight of powder (M) was determined.

The bulk density was calculated using the formula,                                               ρb = M/Vb

Friability:

Friability of Tablet Was Determined By using a Roche friabilator by taking two tablets from each batch and accurately weighed and placed in the friabilator then operated for 100 revolutions.

Percentage friability was calculated using following formula:

Friability =????????−????????× ???????? .100

Dissolution

In vitro Dissolution studies for all the fabricated tablets was carried out by using USP

Type II apparatus (USP XXIII Dissolution Test Apparatus) at 50 rmp in 900 ml of phosphate buffer pH maintained at 37±0.5°C. 5 ml aliquot filter paper and assayed spectrophotometrically at 239am using 1700 Spectrophotometer. ⁹⁾

Disintegration :

The disintegration time for all formulations was carried out using tablet disintegration test apparatus. Six tablets were placed individually in each tube of disintegration test apparatus .¹⁰⁾