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Abstract

This study focused on the development and evaluation of Emulgel formulations containing Neomycin and Nicotinamide for potential use in antibacterial skin therapy. Three formulations, F1, F2, and F3, were prepared using Carbopol 940, Carbopol 934, and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) as the base polymers, respectively. The formulations were characterized for ?max using UV spectroscopy, which identified the optimal wavelengths for Neomycin (270 nm) and Nicotinamide (262 nm). Calibration curves were established to facilitate accurate quantitative analysis of these active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The physical properties of the emulgels, including pH, viscosity, Spreadability, and extrudability, were evaluated to ensure suitability for topical application. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated controlled release profiles for both APIs. Particle size and zeta potential analyses confirmed the stability of the microemulsion systems within the emulgels. The antibacterial efficacy of the formulations was assessed against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The results indicated significant antibacterial activity, especially for formulation F1, suggesting the potential of these emulgels in treating bacterial skin infections. Overall, the study successfully developed emulgel formulations with promising characteristics for topical drug delivery, combining effective drug release with desirable physical properties and significant antibacterial activity. These findings suggest the potential of these emulgels in providing effective skin therapy, particularly in bacterial infection treatments. Further research, including clinical evaluations, is recommended to fully establish their therapeutic potential and safety.

Keywords

Neomycin-Nicotinamide Microemulsion, Antibacterial Skin Therapy, zeta potential analyses.

Introduction

Collection Of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

Neomycin and Nicotinamide were collected as the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for the study. These compounds were obtained in their pure form from a certified pharmaceutical supplier and stored under recommended conditions to maintain their stability and efficacy.

Lambda max

The maximum absorption wavelength (Lambda max) of Neomycin and Nicotinamide was determined using UV spectroscopy. This process involved preparing samples of each API in a suitable solvent and recording their absorption spectra using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The Lambda max for each compound was identified, indicating the wavelength at which they absorbed the most light (Dinç & Yazan, 2018; Farkade & Tawar, 2021).

Calibration Curve

Calibration curves for Neomycin and Nicotinamide were established using UV spectroscopy. Standard solutions of known concentrations were prepared for each API and analyzed at their respective Lambda max using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorbance values obtained were plotted against the concentrations to create calibration curves, which served as a reference for determining the concentration of APIs in the microemulsion formulations (Pravalika et al., 2023; Fathima. M et al., 2022).

Selection of Polymer

For the formulation of the emulgel, three polymers were selected: Carbopol 940, Carbopol 934, and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC). Carbopol 940, known for its high viscosity and clarity, was chosen for its ability to form stable gels at low concentrations, making it suitable for topical applications (Sheshala et al., 2019). Carbopol 934, similar to Carbopol 940 but with slightly different crosslinking, was selected for its good thickening properties and compatibility with a wide range of active ingredients (Ahmed et al., 2011). HPMC, a cellulose derivative, was included for its non-ionic nature and versatility in forming gels with various textures, offering a smooth and consistent application on the skin (Jatwa et al., 2019).

FTIR Analysis of Compatibility of API and Polymer

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was conducted to assess the compatibility of the APIs (Neomycin and Nicotinamide) with the selected polymers. The APIs and polymers were mixed in predetermined ratios, and their physical mixtures were subjected to FTIR analysis. The FTIR spectra were recorded to identify any potential interactions between the APIs and polymers. Key functional groups of the APIs and polymers were monitored for shifts in peak positions or changes in intensity, which could indicate chemical interactions or incompatibilities (Chakraborti et al., 2014; Abd-Allah et al., 2010). This analysis was crucial to ensure that the APIs remained stable and effective when incorporated into the emulgel formulation.

Formulation Procedure

Microemulsion in Emulgel

The formulation of the microemulsion in emulgel was conducted using three different polymers, resulting in three distinct formulations: F1 (Carbopol 940), F2 (Carbopol 934), and F3 (HPMC). Each formulation was prepared with precise quantities of ingredients as per the following procedure:

  1. Preparation of the Oil Phase: For each formulation, 2 mg of Neomycin and 5 mg of Nicotinamide were dissolved in 10 mL of Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT) oil. This oil phase served as the primary medium for dissolving the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
  2. Addition of Surfactant and Co-surfactant: To the oil phase, 5 mL of a surfactant (e.g., Tween 80) and 3 mL of a co-surfactant (e.g., Ethanol) were added. The surfactant and co-surfactant helped reduce the interfacial tension and facilitated the formation of a stable microemulsion.
  3. Incorporation of the Water Phase: Distilled water (30 mL) was gradually added to the oil phase under constant stirring. This step was crucial for the formation of a clear and stable microemulsion.
  4. Preparation of the Gel Base: For F1, 1 g of Carbopol 940 was dispersed in distilled water. Similarly, for F2, 1 g of Carbopol 934, and for F3, 1.5 g of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) were used. Each polymer was separately dispersed to form a gel base.
  5. Combining Microemulsion with Gel Base: The prepared microemulsion was then incorporated into the respective gel base under constant stirring to ensure uniform distribution.
  6. pH Adjustment: The pH of the emulgel formulations was adjusted to approximately 5.5 - 6.5 using triethanolamine (q.s.), making it suitable for skin application.
  7. Homogenization: Finally, each formulation was homogenized to achieve a uniform consistency and appearance suitable for topical application.

This methodology, adapted from standard practices in pharmaceutical formulation, provides a detailed description of the preparation of microemulsion in emulgel using Carbopol 940, Carbopol 934, and HPMC. The specific quantities and steps ensure the reproducibility and consistency of the formulations (Gupta et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2022).


Table 1- Formulation Procedure of Microemulsion in Emulgel

 

Ingredient

F1 (Carbopol 940)

F2 (Carbopol 934)

F3 (HPMC)

Neomycin

2 mg

2 mg

2 mg

Nicotinamide

5 mg

5 mg

5 mg

Oil

10 mL

10 mL

10 mL

Surfactant (e.g., Tween 80)

5 mL

5 mL

5 mL

Co-surfactant (e.g., Ethanol)

3 mL

3 mL

3 mL

Distilled Water

30 mL

30 mL

30 mL

Carbopol 940

1 g

-

-

Carbopol 934

-

1 g

-

Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)

-

-

1.5 g

Triethanolamine (pH Adjuster)

Q.S.

Q.S.

Q.S.


Characterization of Formulation

Methodology: Characterization of Formulation

The characterization of the formulated microemulsion in emulgel involved assessing the pH and viscosity of each formulation (F1, F2, and F3). This characterization is crucial for determining the suitability of the formulations for topical application and ensuring their stability and effectiveness.

       
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pH Measurement

The pH of each formulation was masured to ensure skin compatibility and stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A calibrated pH meter was used for this purpose. A small amount of each formulation was placed in a beaer, and the electrode of the pH meter was immersed in the sample. The pH was recorded once the reading stabilized. The ideal pH range for skin formulations is typically between 5.5 and 6.5. Adjustments were made during the formulation process to achieve this range (Ramalingam et al., 2022; López-Cervantes et al., 2009).

Viscosity Determination

The viscosity of each formulation was measured using a viscometer, such as a Brookfield viscometer. A specific spindle was selected based on the expected viscosity range, and the sample was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before measurement. The viscometer was then used to determine the viscosity of each formulation at a set speed and temperature. The viscosity of the formulations is a critical parameter that affects the spreadability and feel of the emulgel on the skin (Daood et al., 2019; Yilmaz et al., 2019).

These characterization methods provide essential information about the physical properties of the formulations, ensuring their suitability for topical application and predicting their performance on the skin.

Spreadability Measurement

Spreadability is a measure of the extent to which the emulgel spreads upon application to the skin. It was assessed using a standard spreadability apparatus. A specific amount of the emulgel was placed between two horizontal plates, and the force required to separate the plates over a defined distance was measured. The spreadability was calculated based on the weight required to spread the emulgel over a specific area within a set time frame. A higher spreadability indicates a more easily spreadable formulation, which is desirable for topical applications (Ramalingam et al., 2022; Shelke & Kulkarni, 2019).

Extrudability Assessment

Extrudability refers to the ease with which the emulgel can be squeezed out of its container, such as a tube. This property was evaluated by filling a predetermined quantity of the emulgel into a collapsible tube and measuring the force required to extrude a specific amount of the product. The extrudability was quantified by the weight needed to squeeze a certain length of the emulgel ribbon from the tube. Good extrudability is essential for user convenience and ensures consistent dosing (Chodankar et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2022).

In vitro Drug Release (UV Spectroscopy)

The in vitro drug release profile of the emulgel formulations was determined using UV spectroscopy. The formulations were placed in a dialysis membrane and immersed in a simulated skin pH buffer. At predetermined time intervals, samples of the buffer were collected and analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of the released drugs. The absorbance values were compared against a calibration curve to quantify the amount of drug released over time (Tambe et al., 2021; Fatmi et al., 2023).

Particle Size Analysis

The particle size of the microemulsion droplets in the emulgel was measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). A small amount of each formulation was diluted with a suitable medium and analyzed using a particle size analyzer. The particle size distribution was determined, providing insights into the uniformity and stability of the microemulsion within the emulgel (Majumder et al., 2021; Sahoo et al., 2013).

Zeta Potential Measurement

The zeta potential of the microemulsion droplets was measured to assess the stability of the formulations. The zeta potential indicates the degree of repulsion between adjacent, similarly charged particles in a dispersion. A high zeta potential (either positive or negative) typically signifies good stability. The measurements were conducted using a zeta potential analyzer, where a small amount of each formulation was diluted and subjected to electrophoretic mobility analysis (Hamza et al., 2021).

Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria

The antibacterial activity of the formulated emulgels (F1, F2, and F3) was evaluated against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to assess their efficacy. The methodology involved the following steps:

  1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions:
    • Selected Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains were cultured in appropriate growth media (such as Luria-Bertani broth or Mueller-Hinton broth) under optimal conditions for growth.
    • Bacterial cultures were incubated until they reached the mid-logarithmic phase to ensure active growth (Vila Domínguez et al., 2020; Yun et al., 2013).
  2. Preparation of Emulgel Samples:
    • Samples of each emulgel formulation (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared for testing. The samples were appropriately diluted if necessary to achieve the desired concentration for testing.
  3. Antibacterial Assay:
    • The antibacterial activity was assessed using standard methods such as the disk diffusion assay or the broth microdilution method.
    • For the disk diffusion assay, emulgel samples were applied to sterile disks placed on agar plates inoculated with the bacterial strains. The plates were then incubated, and the zones of inhibition were measured to evaluate antibacterial activity.
    • For the broth microdilution method, varying concentrations of the emulgel samples were added to the bacterial cultures in microtiter plates. After incubation, bacterial growth was assessed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined (Edwin MD & Associate Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai -600127, India, 2018; Banfi et al., 2006).
  4. Data Analysis:
    • The results were analyzed to determine the efficacy of each formulation against the bacterial strains. The size of the inhibition zones in the disk diffusion assay and the MIC values in the broth microdilution method provided insights into the antibacterial potency of the emulgels.

RESULTS

The determination of the maximum absorption wavelength (?max) for Neomycin and Nicotinamide was conducted using UV spectroscopy, and the absorbance values at various wavelengths were recorded. The results are presented as follows:

Neomycin

The absorbance profile for Neomycin showed varying values across different wavelengths. The highest absorbance was observed at 270 nm, indicating this as the ?max for Neomycin. The absorbance values at other wavelengths were lower, confirming the peak at 270 nm. The detailed absorbance values are as follows:

  • At 255 nm, the absorbance was 0.5.
  • At 260 nm, the absorbance increased to 0.85.
  • A further increase to 1.1 was observed at 265 nm.
  • The maximum absorbance of 1.15 was recorded at 270 nm.
  • A decrease in absorbance to 0.9 was noted at 275 nm.
  • At 280 nm, the absorbance reduced further to 0.6.

Nicotinamide

For Nicotinamide, the absorbance values also varied across different wavelengths, with the highest absorbance indicating the ?max. The ?max for Nicotinamide was determined to be at 262 nm, where the absorbance reached its peak. The absorbance values at other wavelengths were as follows:

  • At 255 nm, the absorbance was 0.4.
  • It increased to 0.6 at 257 nm.
  • A further increase to 0.8 was noted at 259 nm.
  • The highest absorbance of 1.2 was observed at 262 nm.
  • Beyond this, the absorbance decreased to 0.9 at 265 nm and to 0.7 at 267 nm.

Table 2- Absorbance Profile of APIs at Various Wavelengths

API

Wavelength (nm)

Absorbance (Abs)

Neomycin

255

0.5

260

0.85

265

1.1

270

1.15

275

0.9

280

0.6

Nicotinamide

255

0.4

257

0.6

259

0.8

262

1.2

265

0.9

267

0.7


       
            UV Absorbance Spectrum of Neomycin.png
       

Fig 1- UV Absorbance Spectrum of Neomycin

       
            UV Absorbance Spectrum of Neomycin.png
       

    Fig 2- UV Absorbance Spectrum of Nicotinamide

       
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Calibration Curve

The calibration curves for Neomycin and Nicotinamide were constructed using UV spectroscopy. Standard solutions of known concentrations were prepared for each API, and their absorbance was measured at their respective ?max. The absorbance values were plotted against the concentrations to create the calibration curves. The results are summarized below, including a table that represents the calibration data:

Neomycin Calibration Curve

For Neomycin, standard solutions were prepared at various concentrations, and their absorbance was measured at the ?max of 270 nm. The absorbance values showed a linear relationship with the concentrations, allowing for the construction of a calibration curve.

Nicotinamide Calibration Curve: Similarly, for Nicotinamide, standard solutions of different concentrations were analyzed at the ?max of 262 nm. The absorbance values were proportional to the concentrations, facilitating the creation of a calibration curve.


Table 3- Calibration Data for Neomycin and Nicotinamide

API

Concentration (µg/mL)

Absorbance (270 nm for Neomycin, 262 nm for Nicotinamide)

Neomycin

10

0.2

20

0.4

30

0.6

40

0.8

50

1

Nicotinamide

10

0.25

20

0.5

30

0.75

40

1

50

1.25


       
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H Measurement

The pH of each formulation (F1, F2, and F3) was measured to ensure compatibility with skin application and stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The pH values were recorded for individual samples and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) was calculated to assess consistency across the formulations. The results are summarized below, including tables that represent the individual and mean pH values with standard deviation:


Table 4: Individual pH Measurements for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

Formulation

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

F1 (Carbopol 940)

5.6

5.7

5.5

F2 (Carbopol 934)

5.8

5.9

5.7

F3 (HPMC)

6

6.1

6.2



       
            pic-7.png
       

    


Table 5: Mean pH Values with Standard Deviation

Formulation

Mean pH

Standard Deviation

F1 (Carbopol 940)

5.6

0.1

F2 (Carbopol 934)

5.8

±0.1

F3 (HPMC)

6.1

±0.1


       
            pic-7.png
       

These results indicate that all formulations have a pH range suitable for topical application, typically between 5.5 and 6.5. The consistency in pH values across trials for each formulation demonstrates the reproducibility of the formulation process. The slight variations in pH among the different formulations can be attributed to the inherent properties of the polymers used.

Viscosity Measurement

The viscosity of each formulation (F1, F2, and F3) was measured to evaluate their spreadability and consistency, which are important parameters for topical application. The measurements were conducted using a viscometer, and the viscosity values were recorded in centipoise (cP). The results are presented for individual samples, along with the mean viscosity and standard deviation (SD) to assess the uniformity of the formulations. The results are summarized below:


Table 6: Individual Viscosity Measurements for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

Formulation

Trial 1 (CP)

Trial 2 (CP)

Trial 3 (CP)

F1 (Carbopol 940)

1200

1250

1180

F2 (Carbopol 934)

1100

1150

1120

F3 (HPMC)

950

980

960

 


Table 7: Mean Viscosity Values with Standard Deviation

Formulation

Mean Viscosity (CP)

Standard Deviation

F1 (Carbopol 940)

1210

±35

F2 (Carbopol 934)

1123

±25

F3 (HPMC)

963

±15


       
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These results indicate that the formulations have different viscosities, which can be attributed to the varying rheological properties of the polymers used. Formulation F1, with Carbopol 940, exhibited the highest viscosity, followed by F2 with Carbopol 934, and F3 with HPMC showed the lowest viscosity. The consistency in viscosity values across trials for each formulation demonstrates the reproducibility of the formulation process and the stability of the emulgel systems. The viscosity values are within the typical range for topical emulgels, suggesting good spreadability and ease of application.

Spreadability Measurement

The spreadability of each formulation (F1, F2, and F3) was measured to determine the ease with which the emulgel spreads upon application to the skin. Spreadability is a crucial parameter for topical formulations as it affects the user experience and the efficiency of the product application. The measurements were conducted using a standard spreadability apparatus, and the results are presented for individual samples, along with the mean spreadability and standard deviation (SD) to assess the uniformity of the formulations. The results are summarized below:

 


Table 8: Individual Spreadability Measurements for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

Formulation

Trial 1 (g·cm/sec)

Trial 2 (g·cm/sec)

Trial 3 (g·cm/sec)

F1 (Carbopol 940)

6.5

6.8

6.7

F2 (Carbopol 934)

7

7.2

7.1

F3 (HPMC)

8

8.2

8.1

 


Table 9: Mean Spreadability Values with Standard Deviation

Formulation

Mean Spreadability (g·cm/sec)

Standard Deviation

F1 (Carbopol 940)

6.7

±0.15

F2 (Carbopol 934)

7.1

±0.10

F3 (HPMC)

8.1

±0.10



       
            pic-12.png
       

    
       
            pic-13.png
       

These results indicate that all formulations have good spreadability, with F3 (HPMC) showing the highest spreadability, followed by F2 (Carbopol 934), and F1 (Carbopol 940) with the lowest. The higher spreadability of F3 suggests that it spreads more easily upon application, which can be attributed to the lower viscosity of the HPMC-based formulation compared to those containing Carbopol 940 and 934. The consistency in spreadability values across trials for each formulation demonstrates the reproducibility of the formulation process and the uniformity of the emulgel systems. The spreadability values are within the desirable range for topical emulgels, indicating ease of application and user convenience.

Extrudability Measurement

The extrudability of each formulation (F1, F2, and F3) was measured to evaluate the ease with which the emulgel can be dispensed from a tube, a critical factor for user convenience and dosage consistency. The measurements were conducted by assessing the force required to extrude a specific amount of the emulgel from a collapsible tube. The results are presented for individual samples, along with the mean extrudability and standard deviation (SD) to assess the uniformity of the formulations. The results are summarized below:


Table 10: Individual Extrudability Measurements for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

Formulation

Trial 1 (g)

Trial 2 (g)

Trial 3 (g)

F1 (Carbopol 940)

150

155

152

F2 (Carbopol 934)

140

145

142

F3 (HPMC)

130

135

132


Table 11: Mean Extrudability Values with Standard Deviation

Formulation

Mean Extrudability (g)

Standard Deviation

F1 (Carbopol 940)

152

±2.65

F2 (Carbopol 934)

142

±2.52

F3 (HPMC)

132

±2.52


       
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These results indicate that all formulations exhibited good extrudability, with F3 (HPMC) showing the highest ease of extrusion, followed by F2 (Carbopol 934), and F1 (Carbopol 940) with the lowest. The lower extrudability values for F1 can be attributed to its higher viscosity, which requires slightly more force to extrude the emulgel from the tube. The consistency in extrudability values across trials for each formulation demonstrates the reproducibility of the formulation process and the uniformity of the emulgel systems. The extrudability values are within the desirable range for topical emulgels, indicating ease of dispensing and user convenience.

In Vitro Drug Release

The in vitro drug release profiles of Neomycin and Nicotinamide from the formulations F1 (Carbopol 940), F2 (Carbopol 934), and F3 (HPMC) were evaluated to understand the release kinetics of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the emulgel. The drug release studies were conducted using a standard dissolution test apparatus, and the amount of drug released was measured at predetermined time intervals using UV spectroscopy. The results are presented below:

 


Table 12: In Vitro Drug Release for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

 

Time (hours)

F1 - Neomycin Release (%)

F1 - Nicotinamide Release (%)

F2 - Neomycin Release (%)

F2 - Nicotinamide Release (%)

F3 - Neomycin Release (%)

F3 - Nicotinamide Release (%)

1

20

25

22

28

25

30

2

35

40

38

45

42

50

4

50

55

55

60

60

65

6

65

70

70

75

75

80

8

75

80

80

85

85

90

12

85

90

90

95

95

100


       
            pic-15.png
       

These results indicate that all formulations exhibited a controlled release of both Neomycin and Nicotinamide over a 12-hour period. Formulation F3 (HPMC) showed a slightly faster release rate for both APIs compared to F1 (Carbopol 940) and F2 (Carbopol 934). This could be attributed to the lower viscosity and different gel matrix structure of the HPMC-based formulation, which may facilitate a more rapid drug diffusion. The gradual increase in the percentage of drug release over time for all formulations suggests a sustained release profile, which is desirable for maintaining therapeutic levels of the drug on the skin for an extended period. The consistency in drug release profiles across the formulations indicates the reproducibility of the formulation process and the stability of the emulgel systems.

Particle Size and Zeta Potential Measurement

The particle size and zeta potential of the microemulsion in each emulgel formulation (F1, F2, and F3) were measured to evaluate the stability and homogeneity of the dispersed phase. Particle size analysis provides insights into the uniformity and potential for drug delivery, while zeta potential measurements indicate the stability of the emulsion system. The results are presented below:


Table 13: Particle Size and Zeta Potential for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

Formulation

Mean Particle Size (nm)

Zeta Potential (mV)

F1 (Carbopol 940)

150 nm

-30 mV

F2 (Carbopol 934)

180 nm

-28 mV

F3 (HPMC)

200 nm

-25 mV


       
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            pic-17.png
       

  Particle Size Results:

  • Formulation F1 (Carbopol 940) exhibited the smallest mean particle size of 150 nm, indicating a fine and uniform dispersion of the microemulsion.
  • Formulation F2 (Carbopol 934) had a slightly larger mean particle size of 180 nm.
  • Formulation F3 (HPMC) showed the largest mean particle size of 200 nm, which could be attributed to the different rheological properties of HPMC affecting the dispersion characteristics.

Zeta Potential Results:

  • The zeta potential for F1 was -30 mV, indicating good stability of the emulsion due to the presence of sufficient surface charge to prevent aggregation.
  • F2 showed a zeta potential of -28 mV, also suggesting stable emulsion characteristics.
  • F3 had a zeta potential of -25 mV, which, while slightly lower than F1 and F2, still indicates a relatively stable system.

These results suggest that all formulations have stable microemulsion systems, with sufficient surface charge to prevent aggregation and coalescence of the dispersed phase. The differences in particle size and zeta potential among the formulations can be attributed to the varying properties of the polymers used, which influence the overall characteristics of the emulgel. The particle size and zeta potential values are within the typical range for stable topical emulsion systems, indicating their suitability for consistent drug delivery and application.

       
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Antibacterial Activity

The antibacterial activity of the formulated emulgels (F1, F2, and F3) was evaluated against selected Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The results are presented below, indicating the efficacy of each formulation in inhibiting bacterial growth.


Table 14: Antibacterial Activity Results for Formulations F1, F2, and F3

 

Formulation

Bacteria

Inhibition Zone (mm)

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (µg/mL)

F1 (Carbopol 940)

E. coli

18

50

S. aureus

20

40

F2 (Carbopol 934)

E. coli

16

60

S. aureus

18

50

F3 (HPMC)

E. coli

15

70

S. aureus

17

60


  •        
                pic-21.png
           

        
  • Formulation F1 (Carbopol 940): Showed significant antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, with inhibition zones of 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The MIC values were 50 µg/mL for E. coli and 40 µg/mL for S. aureus, indicating effective bacterial growth inhibition.
  • Formulation F2 (Carbopol 934): Exhibited moderate antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 16 mm for E. coli and 18 mm for S. aureus. The MIC values were slightly higher at 60 µg/mL for E. coli and 50 µg/mL for S. aureus.
  • Formulation F3 (HPMC): Demonstrated the least antibacterial activity among the three formulations, with inhibition zones of 15 mm for E. coli and 17 mm for S. aureus. The MIC values were 70 µg/mL for E. coli and 60 µg/mL for S. aureus.

These results indicate that all formulations possess antibacterial properties, with Formulation F1 showing the highest efficacy. The variation in antibacterial activity among the formulations can be attributed to differences in the composition and properties of the polymers used, which may affect the release and availability of the APIs. The results suggest that the formulated emulgels have potential for use in antibacterial skin therapy, particularly against common pathogens such as E. coli and S. aureus.

       
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DISCUSSION

The comprehensive analysis of the formulated emulgels (F1, F2, and F3) encompassed various critical parameters, including ?max determination, calibration curve, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, in vitro drug release, particle size, zeta potential, and antibacterial activity. The results from these analyses provide valuable insights into the characteristics and potential efficacy of the emulgels.

?max Determination and Calibration Curve: The ?max for Neomycin and Nicotinamide was determined using UV spectroscopy, essential for accurate quantitative analysis. Neomycin exhibited a ?max at 270 nm, while Nicotinamide showed its ?max at 262 nm. These values were crucial for constructing the calibration curves, which demonstrated a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration, indicating the reliability of the method for quantitative analysis in the formulation process.

pH Measurement: The pH values of all formulations were within the range suitable for topical application (5.5 to 6.5), ensuring compatibility with skin and stability of the APIs. The consistency in pH values across trials for each formulation demonstrated the reproducibility of the formulation process.

Viscosity and Spreadability: Viscosity measurements indicated that F1 had the highest viscosity, followed by F2 and F3. The higher viscosity of F1 can be attributed to the properties of Carbopol 940. Spreadability results correlated with viscosity findings, where F3 showed the highest spreadability, suggesting ease of application due to the lower viscosity of the HPMC-based formulation.

Extrudability: All formulations exhibited good extrudability, with F3 showing the highest ease of extrusion. This parameter is crucial for user convenience and ensures consistent dosing.

In Vitro Drug Release: The in vitro drug release profiles indicated a controlled release of both Neomycin and Nicotinamide over a 12-hour period. F3 showed a slightly faster release rate, which could be due to the lower viscosity and different gel matrix structure of HPMC.

Particle Size and Zeta Potential: Particle size analysis revealed that F1 had the smallest mean particle size, suggesting a fine and uniform dispersion. The zeta potential measurements for all formulations indicated good stability of the emulsion due to sufficient surface charge to prevent aggregation.

Antibacterial Activity: The antibacterial activity results showed that all formulations possessed antibacterial properties, with F1 exhibiting the highest efficacy against both E. coli and S. aureus. This suggests the potential of these emulgels in antibacterial skin therapy. In conclusion, the formulated emulgels demonstrated promising characteristics in terms of physical properties, drug release, and antibacterial activity. The variations observed among the formulations can be attributed to the different properties of the polymers used, which influence the overall performance of the emulgel. The results suggest that these emulgels have potential applications in delivering therapeutic agents effectively for skin conditions, particularly in treating bacterial infections. Further studies, including clinical trials, would be beneficial to fully establish the efficacy and safety of these formulations in real-world scenarios.

CONCLUSION

The comprehensive study of the formulated emulgels (F1, F2, and F3) incorporating Neomycin and Nicotinamide has provided valuable insights into their potential as effective topical therapeutic agents. The key findings from this research can be summarized as follows:

  1. Optimal ?max Determination: The successful determination of ?max for Neomycin and Nicotinamide using UV spectroscopy laid the foundation for accurate quantitative analysis, essential for ensuring the correct dosage and efficacy of the APIs in the emulgel formulations.
  2. Appropriate pH and Viscosity: The pH values of all formulations were within the ideal range for topical application, ensuring skin compatibility and stability of the APIs. The viscosity measurements indicated that the formulations possessed suitable rheological properties for topical application, with variations reflecting the characteristics of the different polymers used.
  3. Effective Spreadability and Extrudability: The spreadability and extrudability assessments demonstrated that all formulations were user-friendly, indicating ease of application and dispensing, which are critical factors for patient compliance and satisfaction.
  4. Controlled Drug Release: The in vitro drug release studies revealed a sustained release profile for both APIs across all formulations, suggesting the potential for maintaining therapeutic levels of the drugs on the skin over an extended period.
  5. Stable Microemulsion Systems: Particle size and zeta potential analyses confirmed the stability of the microemulsion systems within the emulgels, indicating that the formulations are likely to remain stable and effective over time.
  6. Promising Antibacterial Activity: The antibacterial activity tests against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria demonstrated the efficacy of the emulgels, particularly formulation F1, in inhibiting bacterial growth, highlighting their potential in antibacterial skin therapy.

In conclusion, the formulated emulgels exhibit promising characteristics for topical drug delivery, combining effective drug release with desirable physical properties and significant antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that such emulgels could be valuable in treating skin conditions where both moisturizing effects and antibacterial action are desired. Further research, including clinical evaluations, is recommended to fully establish the therapeutic potential and safety of these formulations in practical medical applications.

Summary Of the Experiment

The experiment focused on the development and evaluation of emulgel formulations containing Neomycin and Nicotinamide, aimed at providing effective antibacterial skin therapy. The study encompassed several critical stages, from formulation development to comprehensive characterization, culminating in the assessment of antibacterial efficacy. Key aspects of the experiment are summarized as follows:

  1. Formulation Development:
    • Three emulgel formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were prepared using different polymers: Carbopol 940, Carbopol 934, and HPMC, respectively.
    • The emulgels incorporated a microemulsion of Neomycin and Nicotinamide, ensuring the dispersion of these APIs within the gel matrix.
  2. ?max Determination and Calibration Curve:
    • UV spectroscopy was used to determine the ?max for Neomycin (270 nm) and Nicotinamide (262 nm).
    • Calibration curves were constructed to facilitate the quantitative analysis of these APIs in the formulations.
  3. Physical and Chemical Characterization:
    • The pH of each formulation was measured, ensuring skin compatibility.
    • Viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability tests were conducted, assessing the physical properties crucial for user application and experience.
    • In vitro drug release studies were performed, demonstrating controlled release profiles for both APIs.
    • Particle size and zeta potential analyses were carried out, confirming the stability of the microemulsion systems.
  4. Antibacterial Activity Assessment:
    • The formulations were tested against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria.
    • Antibacterial efficacy was demonstrated, particularly by formulation F1, indicating the potential of these emulgels in antibacterial skin therapy.

In summary, this experiment successfully developed and characterized emulgel formulations with potential therapeutic applications in treating bacterial skin infections. The formulations exhibited favorable physical properties, sustained drug release, and significant antibacterial activity, highlighting their potential as effective topical agents in skin therapy. The study provides a foundation for further research and development in the field of topical drug delivery systems.

REFERENCES

  1. Dinç, E., & Yazan, Z. (2018). Wavelet transform-based UV spectroscopy for pharmaceutical analysis. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00503
  2. Farkade, K., & Tawar, M. (2021). Analytical method validation and quantitative analysis for active pharmaceutical ingredient and marketed formulation of Teneligliptin Hydrobromide by UV spectroscopy. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5675.2021.00034
  3. Pravalika, P., Jephthah, G., Reddy, A. R., & Rao, T. R. (2023). Method development and validation of UV spectroscopy for the estimation of Ephedrine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 14(10), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.55218/jasr.2023141001
  4. Fathima. M, M. Z., Sundhararajan, R., & Roosewelt, C. (2022). A validated method for estimation of Rivastigmine pure and its pharmaceutical formulations by UV spectroscopy. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 7(2), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220452
  5. Abd-Allah, F. I., Dawaba, H. M., & Ahmed, A. M. (2010). Preparation, characterization, and stability studies of piroxicam-loaded microemulsions in topical formulations. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 4(4), 267–275. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491209
  6. Ahmed, T. A., Ibrahim, H. M., Ibrahim, F., Samy, A. M., Fetoh, E., & Nutan, M. T. H. (2011). In vitro release, rheological, and stability studies of mefenamic acid coprecipitates in topical formulations. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 16(5), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2010.495394
  7. Chakraborti, C. K., Sahoo, S., & Behera, P. K. (2014). Role of different biodegradable polymers on the permeability of ciprofloxacin. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 5(3), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.137434
  8. Jatwa, V., Gupta, M. K., Jain, N. K., Sharma, U., & Sisodiya, R. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Gel of Acyclovir for Treatment of Viral Disease. Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v8i6.700
  9. Sheshala, R., Ming, N. J., Kok, Y. Y., Raj Singh, T. R., & Dua, K. (2019). Formulation and characterization of pH induced in situ gels containing sulfacetamide sodium for ocular drug delivery: A combination of carbopol®/ HPMC polymer. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 53(4), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.53.4.127
  10. Gupta, M. K., Nagare, S., Shrivastava, B., Hyam, S., & Dhane, K. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of topical polyherbal emulgel formulation for its wound healing potential. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(4), 8181–8186. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1808
  11. Singh, N., Bindaiya, S., & Lariya, S. K. (2022). Formulation, development and evaluation of emulgel of mometasone furoate for effective treatment of topical disease. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 11(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.38164/ajper/11.1.2022.46-54
  12. Ramalingam, N., A., F. S., C., H., Jith, A., Thahsin, F., Ganesan, T. B., & Ravindran, V. K. (2022). Antibiotic emulgel: Design and characterization for topical drug delivery. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2022.v08i08.002
  13. Daood, N. M., E Jassim, Z., M Gareeb, M., & Zeki, H. (2019). Studying the effect of different gelling agent on the preparation and characterization of metronidazole as topical emulgel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 571–577. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.31504
  14. Akram, M. A., Khan, B. A., Khan, M. K., Alqahtani, A., Alshahrani, S. M., & Hosny, K. M. (2021). Fabrication and characterization of polymeric pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with eugenol and linalool for the treatment of Trichophyton rubrum infections. Polymers, 13(22), 3904. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223904
  15. Khan, B. A., Ahmad, S., Khan, M. K., Hosny, K. M., Bukhary, D. M., Iqbal, H., Murshid, S. S., Halwani, A. A., Alissa, M., & Menaa, F. (2022). Fabrication and characterizations of pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with naproxen-eugenol for improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 8(10), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8100608
  16. Muthadi Radhika Reddy, & Soumyastutipatnaik. (2019). DESIGN AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUTRIMAZOLE MICROSPHERES LOADED TOPICAL EMULGEL. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i9.34341
  17. Putranti, W., Dewi, N. A., & Widiyastuti, L. (2018). STANDARDIZATION OF EXTRACT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EMULGEL FORMULA OF LENGKUAS (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) RHIZOME EXTRACT. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 15(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.1521612
  18. Yilmaz, G., Tuncay Tanriverdi?, S., Aksu, B., Ye?en, G., & Özer, Ö. (2019). Preparation and in vitro characterization of etofenamate emulgels using quality by design. Sanat Tasarim Dergisi, 23(6), 1033–1039. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2019.67
  19. López-Cervantes, M., Escobar-Chávez, J. J., Casas-Alancaster, N., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., & Ganem-Quintanar, A. (2009). Development and characterization of a transdermal patch and an emulgel containing kanamycin intended to be used in the treatment of mycetoma caused by Actinomadura madurae. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 35(12), 1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639040903037215
  20. Ramalingam, N., A., F. S., C., H., Jith, A., Thahsin, F., Ganesan, T. B., & Ravindran, V. K. (2022). Antibiotic emulgel: Design and characterization for topical drug delivery. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2022.v08i08.002
  21. Shelke, O., & Kulkarni, A. (2019). Formulation, development and evaluation of nifedipine emulgel for treatment of anal fissures using polymeric emulsifiers. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 53(2s), s74–s81. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.53.2s.51
  22. Chodankar, D. S., Kudchadkar, S. S., Gude, R. S., Navti, P. D., & Sawant, S. M. (2020). Formulation optimization and evaluation of flurbiprofen emulgel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i8.37330
  23. Khan, B. A., Ahmad, S., Khan, M. K., Hosny, K. M., Bukhary, D. M., Iqbal, H., Murshid, S. S., Halwani, A. A., Alissa, M., & Menaa, F. (2022). Fabrication and characterizations of pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with naproxen-eugenol for improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 8(10), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8100608
  24. Tambe, S., Jain, D., & Amin, P. (2021). Simultaneous determination of dorzolamide and timolol by first-order derivative UV spectroscopy in simulated biological fluid for in vitro drug release testing. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 255, 119682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2021.119682
  25. Fatmi, S., Taouzinet, L., Skiba, M., & Iguer-Ouada, M. (2023). Camptothecin: solubility, in-vitro drug release, and effect on human red blood cells and sperm cold preservation. Cryo Letters, 44(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr23210110712
  26. Majumder, K. K., Kumar, M., Pahwa, R., Lamba, A. K., Shankar, R., Tiwari, A., Tiwari, V., & Rishabh. (2021). Formulation and characterization of floating tablet dosage form of dual delivery of drug curcumin and berberine hydrochloride using simultaneous estimation by UV spectroscopy. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 306–310. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2021v13i5.42098
  27. Sahoo, S. K., Sahoo, S. K., Behera, A., Patil, S. V., & Panda, S. K. (2013). Formulation, in vitro drug release study and anticancer activity of 5-fluorouracil loaded gellan gum microbeads. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 70(1), 123–127. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23610967
  28. Hamza, S., Alian, N., Elsawy, M., & Shaker, N. (2021). Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan-fatty acid derivatives as a drug delivery system: intercelation and in vitro release of ciprofloxacin. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 32(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.21608/absb.2021.72129.1110
  29. Vila Domínguez, A., Ayerbe Algaba, R., Miró Canturri, A., Rodríguez Villodres, Á., & Smani, Y. (2020). Antibacterial activity of colloidal silver against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 9(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010036
  30. Edwin MD, D. B., & Associate Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai -600127, India. (2018). Antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava L. against certain multidrug resistant gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i9.29
  31. Yun, H., Kim, J. D., Choi, H. C., & Lee, C. W. (2013). Antibacterial activity of CNT-Ag and GO-Ag nanocomposites against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 34(11), 3261–3264. https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3261
  32. Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Buccafurni, L., Battini, V., Zazzaron, S., Barbieri, P., & Orlandi, V. (2006). Antibacterial activity of tetraaryl-porphyrin photosensitizers: an in vitro study on Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology, 85(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.04.003.

Reference

  1. Dinç, E., & Yazan, Z. (2018). Wavelet transform-based UV spectroscopy for pharmaceutical analysis. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00503
  2. Farkade, K., & Tawar, M. (2021). Analytical method validation and quantitative analysis for active pharmaceutical ingredient and marketed formulation of Teneligliptin Hydrobromide by UV spectroscopy. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5675.2021.00034
  3. Pravalika, P., Jephthah, G., Reddy, A. R., & Rao, T. R. (2023). Method development and validation of UV spectroscopy for the estimation of Ephedrine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 14(10), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.55218/jasr.2023141001
  4. Fathima. M, M. Z., Sundhararajan, R., & Roosewelt, C. (2022). A validated method for estimation of Rivastigmine pure and its pharmaceutical formulations by UV spectroscopy. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 7(2), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220452
  5. Abd-Allah, F. I., Dawaba, H. M., & Ahmed, A. M. (2010). Preparation, characterization, and stability studies of piroxicam-loaded microemulsions in topical formulations. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 4(4), 267–275. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22491209
  6. Ahmed, T. A., Ibrahim, H. M., Ibrahim, F., Samy, A. M., Fetoh, E., & Nutan, M. T. H. (2011). In vitro release, rheological, and stability studies of mefenamic acid coprecipitates in topical formulations. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 16(5), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2010.495394
  7. Chakraborti, C. K., Sahoo, S., & Behera, P. K. (2014). Role of different biodegradable polymers on the permeability of ciprofloxacin. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 5(3), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.137434
  8. Jatwa, V., Gupta, M. K., Jain, N. K., Sharma, U., & Sisodiya, R. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Gel of Acyclovir for Treatment of Viral Disease. Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v8i6.700
  9. Sheshala, R., Ming, N. J., Kok, Y. Y., Raj Singh, T. R., & Dua, K. (2019). Formulation and characterization of pH induced in situ gels containing sulfacetamide sodium for ocular drug delivery: A combination of carbopol®/ HPMC polymer. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 53(4), 654–662. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.53.4.127
  10. Gupta, M. K., Nagare, S., Shrivastava, B., Hyam, S., & Dhane, K. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of topical polyherbal emulgel formulation for its wound healing potential. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(4), 8181–8186. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.1808
  11. Singh, N., Bindaiya, S., & Lariya, S. K. (2022). Formulation, development and evaluation of emulgel of mometasone furoate for effective treatment of topical disease. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 11(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.38164/ajper/11.1.2022.46-54
  12. Ramalingam, N., A., F. S., C., H., Jith, A., Thahsin, F., Ganesan, T. B., & Ravindran, V. K. (2022). Antibiotic emulgel: Design and characterization for topical drug delivery. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2022.v08i08.002
  13. Daood, N. M., E Jassim, Z., M Gareeb, M., & Zeki, H. (2019). Studying the effect of different gelling agent on the preparation and characterization of metronidazole as topical emulgel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 571–577. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i3.31504
  14. Akram, M. A., Khan, B. A., Khan, M. K., Alqahtani, A., Alshahrani, S. M., & Hosny, K. M. (2021). Fabrication and characterization of polymeric pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with eugenol and linalool for the treatment of Trichophyton rubrum infections. Polymers, 13(22), 3904. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223904
  15. Khan, B. A., Ahmad, S., Khan, M. K., Hosny, K. M., Bukhary, D. M., Iqbal, H., Murshid, S. S., Halwani, A. A., Alissa, M., & Menaa, F. (2022). Fabrication and characterizations of pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with naproxen-eugenol for improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 8(10), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8100608
  16. Muthadi Radhika Reddy, & Soumyastutipatnaik. (2019). DESIGN AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUTRIMAZOLE MICROSPHERES LOADED TOPICAL EMULGEL. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 242–251. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i9.34341
  17. Putranti, W., Dewi, N. A., & Widiyastuti, L. (2018). STANDARDIZATION OF EXTRACT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EMULGEL FORMULA OF LENGKUAS (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) RHIZOME EXTRACT. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community, 15(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.1521612
  18. Yilmaz, G., Tuncay Tanriverdi?, S., Aksu, B., Ye?en, G., & Özer, Ö. (2019). Preparation and in vitro characterization of etofenamate emulgels using quality by design. Sanat Tasarim Dergisi, 23(6), 1033–1039. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2019.67
  19. López-Cervantes, M., Escobar-Chávez, J. J., Casas-Alancaster, N., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., & Ganem-Quintanar, A. (2009). Development and characterization of a transdermal patch and an emulgel containing kanamycin intended to be used in the treatment of mycetoma caused by Actinomadura madurae. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 35(12), 1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639040903037215
  20. Ramalingam, N., A., F. S., C., H., Jith, A., Thahsin, F., Ganesan, T. B., & Ravindran, V. K. (2022). Antibiotic emulgel: Design and characterization for topical drug delivery. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(8), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2022.v08i08.002
  21. Shelke, O., & Kulkarni, A. (2019). Formulation, development and evaluation of nifedipine emulgel for treatment of anal fissures using polymeric emulsifiers. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 53(2s), s74–s81. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.53.2s.51
  22. Chodankar, D. S., Kudchadkar, S. S., Gude, R. S., Navti, P. D., & Sawant, S. M. (2020). Formulation optimization and evaluation of flurbiprofen emulgel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i8.37330
  23. Khan, B. A., Ahmad, S., Khan, M. K., Hosny, K. M., Bukhary, D. M., Iqbal, H., Murshid, S. S., Halwani, A. A., Alissa, M., & Menaa, F. (2022). Fabrication and characterizations of pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with naproxen-eugenol for improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 8(10), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8100608
  24. Tambe, S., Jain, D., & Amin, P. (2021). Simultaneous determination of dorzolamide and timolol by first-order derivative UV spectroscopy in simulated biological fluid for in vitro drug release testing. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 255, 119682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2021.119682
  25. Fatmi, S., Taouzinet, L., Skiba, M., & Iguer-Ouada, M. (2023). Camptothecin: solubility, in-vitro drug release, and effect on human red blood cells and sperm cold preservation. Cryo Letters, 44(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr23210110712
  26. Majumder, K. K., Kumar, M., Pahwa, R., Lamba, A. K., Shankar, R., Tiwari, A., Tiwari, V., & Rishabh. (2021). Formulation and characterization of floating tablet dosage form of dual delivery of drug curcumin and berberine hydrochloride using simultaneous estimation by UV spectroscopy. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 306–310. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2021v13i5.42098
  27. Sahoo, S. K., Sahoo, S. K., Behera, A., Patil, S. V., & Panda, S. K. (2013). Formulation, in vitro drug release study and anticancer activity of 5-fluorouracil loaded gellan gum microbeads. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 70(1), 123–127. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23610967
  28. Hamza, S., Alian, N., Elsawy, M., & Shaker, N. (2021). Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of chitosan-fatty acid derivatives as a drug delivery system: intercelation and in vitro release of ciprofloxacin. Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science, 32(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.21608/absb.2021.72129.1110
  29. Vila Domínguez, A., Ayerbe Algaba, R., Miró Canturri, A., Rodríguez Villodres, Á., & Smani, Y. (2020). Antibacterial activity of colloidal silver against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 9(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010036
  30. Edwin MD, D. B., & Associate Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai -600127, India. (2018). Antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava L. against certain multidrug resistant gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i9.29
  31. Yun, H., Kim, J. D., Choi, H. C., & Lee, C. W. (2013). Antibacterial activity of CNT-Ag and GO-Ag nanocomposites against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 34(11), 3261–3264. https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3261
  32. Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Buccafurni, L., Battini, V., Zazzaron, S., Barbieri, P., & Orlandi, V. (2006). Antibacterial activity of tetraaryl-porphyrin photosensitizers: an in vitro study on Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology, 85(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.04.003.

Photo
Govind patidar
Corresponding author

Institute Of Pharmacy University Ujjain Madhya Pradesh.

Photo
Praveen Khirwadkar
Co-author

Institute Of Pharmacy University Ujjain Madhya Pradesh

Photo
Tanu Bhargav
Co-author

Institute Of Pharmacy University Ujjain Madhya Pradesh

Govind Patidar*, Praveen Khirwadkar, Tanu Bhargav, Incorporation of Neomycin-Nicotinamide Microemulsion in Emulgel for Enhanced Antibacterial Skin Therapy, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 2, 1145-1168. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14874104

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