Nardostachys jatamansi DC From Ayurvedic Heritage to Modern Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Validation

Abstract

Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae), commonly known as Jatamansi, is an important medicinal plant widely employed in traditional systems of medicine, especially Ayurveda, for the treatment of neurological, psychological, and systemic disorders. Owing to its broad therapeutic potential and diverse phytochemical composition, the plant has attracted considerable scientific attention in recent years. The present review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of existing literature on N. jatamansi, encompassing its historical significance, taxonomical classification, geographical distribution and detailed macroscopic and microscopic characteristics along with it’s Ayurvedic properties. Traditional medicinal uses, physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening are systematically discussed to establish quality and identity standards. Special emphasis is placed on the plant’s phytochemistry, highlighting major bioactive constituents and their chemical structures. Additionally, the review summarizes experimental evidence supporting a wide range of pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory effects. Acute toxicity studies and the role of N. jatamansi in various polyherbal formulations are examined to assess it’s safety and therapeutic applicability. Furthermore, biotechnological strategies aimed at the conservation and sustainable utilization of this endangered medicinal plant is reviewed. Overall, this article consolidates scientific evidence validating the traditional uses of N.jatamansi and underscores its potential for future research and herbal drug development.

Keywords

Nardostachys jatamansi, Jatamansi, Ayurvedic Heritage, Modern Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Validation

Introduction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A model for sustainable utilisation and conservation of N.jatamansi Top of Form

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF N. JATAMANSI

1. Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial Activity ^[50]

N.jatamansi exhibits notable antibacterial and antifungal activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. This activity is primarily attributed to its essential oil and other bioactive constituents, which inhibit microbial growth by disrupting cell membrane structure and vital metabolic functions. In an antimicrobial screening study involving 61 medicinal plants from 33 families, N. jatamansi extract was evaluated using the agar dilution method at concentrations of 500 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml. The methanolic extract showed inhibitory effects against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, thereby confirming its potential as an effective antibacterial and antifungal agent.

2. Hepatoprotective activity^[51]

N.jatamansi has been widely reported to exhibit hepatoprotective potential against liver injury induced by toxic chemicals, alcohol and pharmaceutical agents, thereby supporting normal hepatic function. The plant strengthens endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, mitigates oxidative stress and aids in the repair and regeneration of damaged hepatocytes. Bioactive constituents present in the rhizomes are also believed to facilitate detoxification pathways. Experimental studies in rats have shown that oral administration of a 50% ethanolic extract of N.jatamansi rhizomes at a dose of 800 mg/kg prior to thioacetamide exposure markedly decreased elevated serum markers such as aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. The restoration of these altered biochemical parameters confirms the protective effect of the extract against thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury. Bottom of Form

3. Cardioprotective activity^[52]

N.jatamansi has been reported to exert cardioprotective effects by supporting normal heart function and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disorders. These effects are mainly associated with its antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and antioxidant properties, which collectively help minimize oxidative damage to cardiac tissue. In an experimental rat model, administration of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, iply) produced marked myocardial injury, as evidenced by increased serum levels of cardiac marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Doxorubicin treatment also caused significant disturbances in endogenous antioxidant defence systems, including reduced activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, along with enhanced lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment with N.jatamansi extract effectively attenuated these alterations, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxide levels close to normal values, thereby demonstrating its cardioprotective potential.

4. Hypolipidimic activity^[53]

N.jatamansi has been reported to exhibit hypolipidemic activity by reducing elevated levels of blood lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular complications. This effect is primarily attributed to its regulatory influence on hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and degradation. In an experimental study, rats receiving a single intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg) showed significant increases in serum and myocardial lipid components, including cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids. Additionally, doxorubicin administration led to elevated serum levels of low-density and very low-density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL), accompanied by a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), indicating disrupted lipid homeostasis and altered lipid-metabolizing enzyme activity in both serum and cardiac tissues. Pre-treatment with N.jatamansi extract at an oral dose of 500 mg/kg for seven consecutive days prior to doxorubicin exposure significantly normalized lipid profiles and restored the activity of lipid-metabolizing enzymes. These biochemical improvements were further supported by histopathological findings, confirming the protective role of the extract.

5. Antidepressant activity [54]

N.jatamansi has been suggested as a potential supportive therapy for affective disorders, including depression and anxiety. Its therapeutic action is believed to involve the regulation of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, thereby exerting a calming effect on the central nervous system and improving emotional balance. The antidepressant potential of the methanolic extract of N. jatamansi was assessed in inbred male Swiss mice using standard behavioural models, namely the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and locomotor activity evaluation. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was compared with the reference antidepressant imipramine (10 mg/kg, orally) in both normal and sleep-deprived animals. The extract demonstrated a statistically significant antidepressant-like effect (P < 0.001) in both FST and TST at both dose levels, with efficacy comparable to imipramine. Locomotor performance remained unaffected in normal mice; however, in sleep-deprived mice, treatment with the extract significantly enhanced locomotor activity (P < 0.01), restoring it toward normal levels. These observations indicate a dose-dependent antidepressant effect of N.jatamansi and highlight its potential usefulness in managing depression associated with sleep deprivation.

6. Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-stress activities: [55]

N;jatamansi exhibits potent antioxidant properties that protect cellular components from oxidative injury and contribute to neuroprotection and stress reduction. The therapeutic effects are primarily mediated through bioactive constituents capable of neutralizing free radicals, thereby limiting oxidative damage that is closely associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions. The anti-stress potential of a hydro-ethanolic extract of N. jatamansi was investigated in correlation with its antioxidant activity using a restraint stress model in Wistar rats. Animals were allocated into four groups: normal (naïve), stress control and two treatment groups receiving oral doses of 200 mg/kg (T-200) and 500 mg/kg (T-500) of the extract prior to stress exposure. Stress was induced by subjecting the rats to restraint in metallic chambers at 4°C for 4 h followed by evaluation of stress-related biochemical changes and gastric ulcer formation. In vitro assays confirmed the free radical scavenging capacity of the extract. Pre-treatment with N.jatamansi significantly attenuated stress-induced elevations in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels and restored reduced catalase activity in brain tissue. These results collectively demonstrate the pronounced anti-stress and neuroprotective effects of N.jatamansi, largely mediated through its antioxidant mechanisms.
7. Antiparkinson activity[56]

N.jatamansi has been explored for its potential role in the management of Parkinson’s disease, particularly due to its ability to mitigate motor impairments such as tremors and muscle rigidity. The neuroprotective effect of the plant is primarily attributed to its capacity to preserve dopaminergic neurons and counteract oxidative damage within the brain, thereby supporting motor coordination and neurological function. In an experimental model, rats were orally administered with root extracts of N.jatamansi at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight for a period of three weeks. On the 21^st day, Parkinsonian symptoms were induced by stereotaxic infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 12 mg dissolved in 0.01% Ascorbic acid–saline) into the right striatum, while control animals received vehicle alone. Behavioural assessments conducted three weeks after lesion induction revealed significant impairments in locomotion, muscle coordination and drug-induced rotational behaviour. Biochemical and neurochemical evaluations performed 6 weeks later showed increased lipid peroxidation, depletion of reduced glutathione and altered activities of antioxidant enzymes, along with changes in catecholamine levels, dopamine-D₂ receptor binding and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Treatment with N.jatamansi extract produced a dose-dependent reversal of these behavioural and biochemical abnormalities, indicating its neuroprotective and anti-Parkinsonian potential.

8. Anticonvulasant activity[57]

N.jatamansi has attracted attention for its potential anticonvulsant properties and its ability to alleviate seizure activity. The therapeutic effect is believed to arise from modulation of neurotransmitter signalling and reinforcement of inhibitory neural mechanisms, thereby reducing abnormal neuronal firing. The anticonvulsant efficacy of an ethanolic extract of roots of N.jatamansi was investigated using established experimental models. The extract produced a marked elevation in seizure threshold in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model, as reflected by a reduction in the extension to flexion ratio, whereas no significant protection was observed against pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions. Additionally, combined administration of N.jatamansi extract (50 mg/kg) with phenytoin at doses ranging from 12.5 to 75 mg/kg significantly enhanced the protective index of phenytoin, increasing it from 3.62 to 13.17. Dose-dependent studies further demonstrated that both phenytoin alone and its combination with the plant extract influenced serum phenytoin concentrations, confirming a synergistic interaction between the two treatments.

9. Antihyperglycemic effect[58]

N.jatamansi (spikenard) has been reported to exhibit antihyperglycemic potential, suggesting its usefulness in the management of diabetes mellitus. The antidiabetic effect is mediated through multiple mechanisms, including improvement of insulin sensitivity, enhanced peripheral glucose utilization and suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, thereby contributing to better glycaemic control. In an experimental study, rats treated with N.jatamansi root extract at doses of 200, 800, and 1200 mg/kg for 10 days demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels. Among the tested doses, 1200 mg/kg produced a significant antihyperglycemic effect when compared with diabetic control animals. Toxicological evaluation further indicated the absence of adverse effects even at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg, highlighting the extract’s wide margin of safety. These results support the potential of N. jatamansi as a safe adjunctive agent in the management of hyperglycemia.

10.Effect on Estrogen and Hair growth[59]

 N.jatamansi may promote hair growth by influencing hormonal balance, especially estrogen levels. It is believed that the herb stimulates hair follicles and extends the active growth phase (anagen) by interacting with estrogen receptors. Studies on N.jatamansi root extract have demonstrated its hair growth promotion activities, particularly in the context of hair loss resulting from cancer treatments

11. Nootropic activity

N.jatamansi has been reported to possess nootropic potential by enhancing learning, memory, and overall cognitive performance, thereby contributing to improved brain function. These effects are thought to result from improved cerebral circulation and increased neuronal plasticity. Experimental studies conducted in young and aged mice demonstrated that oral administration of N. jatamansi root extract at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days produced a dose-dependent improvement in cognitive function. Among the tested doses , 200 mg/kg significantly enhanced learning and memory in young mice. Furthermore, the same dose effectively attenuated memory impairment induced by diazepam (1 mg/kg, iply) and scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg), indicating its protective effect against drug-induced amnesia.

12. Anticancer Activity

Preliminary investigations indicate that N.jatamansi possesses potential anticancer properties by inhibiting the proliferation of malignant cells. The anticancer mechanism is thought to involve induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) and suppression of tumour cell growth, largely attributed to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents. In vitro studies using N.jatamansi root extract at concentrations of 30 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity against human neuroblastoma cell lines. The extract produced growth inhibition of 54% and 91% in IMR-32 cells and 45% and 82% in SKN-SH cells respectively, as determined by the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay

13. Radioprotective activity[60]

N.jatamansi has been reported to exhibit radioprotective potential, primarily due to its strong antioxidant activity, which may help mitigate radiation-induced cellular injury. The protective effect is attributed to the scavenging of free radicals generated during radiation exposure, thereby limiting oxidative damage to tissues. In an experimental study, Swiss albino mice were exposed to 6 Gy of Electron Beam Radiation (EBR) to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of N. jatamansi root extract. A survival analysis was conducted to determine the lethal dose parameters and the dose reduction factor (DRF) of the extract was calculated by comparing the LD?? values of EBR in treated and untreated animals. The observed increase in LD?? in extract-treated mice confirmed the radioprotective effect of N,jatamansi.

14. Anticataleptic activity[59]

The hydroalcoholic root extract of N. jatamansi was evaluated for its antioxidant and anticataleptic activities using a haloperidol-induced catalepsy model in rats. Catalepsy was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). Behavioural assessments, biochemical parameters and neurotransmitter levels were analysed. All extract-treated groups showed a significant reduction in cataleptic scores (P < 0.01) compared with the haloperidol-treated group with the greatest effect observed at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of N.jatamansi.

15. Tranquilizing activity [60]

German et al. investigated the tranquilizing activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone (jatamansone) isolated from the rhizomes of N.jatamansi DC. In rodent models, valeranone produced a significant prolongation of barbiturate-induced hypnosis and caused impairment of Rota-rod performance, indicating central nervous system depressant activity. Additionally, the compound exhibited hypotensive effects, further supporting its tranquilizing potential.

16. Effect on Autism disease ^[61]

This plant exhibits calming and sedative properties that help regulate nervous system activity. By promoting neural relaxation, it supports better sleep patterns and reduces behavioural symptoms such as anxiety, irritability and restlessness. These effects may be beneficial in neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, where heightened excitability and sleep disturbances are commonly observed.

THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF JATAMANSI (N. JATAMANSI)

1. Hair health:

Jatamansi is widely used for maintaining healthy hair. It supports hair growth by enhancing blood circulation to the scalp and strengthening hair follicles, thereby reducing hair fall. The herb also helps manage dandruff, minimizes hair breakage and improves overall hair texture. These benefits can be achieved through topical application of jatamansi oil, use of powdered rhizome in hair masks or oral consumption as per traditional practices.

2. Brain health:

Jatamansi is valued for its neuroprotective and calming effects on the central nervous system. Traditionally, it has been used as a brain tonic to enhance memory, concentration and cognitive function. It is also known to reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms and has been included as an ingredient in classical Ayurvedic formulations such as Saraswatarishta, which are used to promote mental well-being.

3. Skin health:

The herb is traditionally employed in skin care due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Jatamansi may help reduce acne, soothe irritated skin and protect against oxidative damage. Its regular use is also associated with improved skin texture and a reduction in fine lines and wrinkles, contributing to anti-aging effects.

4. Promotion of sleep and management of insomnia:
Jatamansi is commonly used to improve sleep quality and manage insomnia. Its calming action on the nervous system helps induce relaxation, making it beneficial for individuals experiencing sleep disturbances and stress-related insomnia.

5. Reduction of inflammation and pain:

Owing to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, Jatamansi has been traditionally used to alleviate pain and inflammation. It may be beneficial in conditions such as arthritis, gout and other inflammatory disorders.

5. Cardiovascular health:

Jatamansi has been reported to possess cardioprotective properties. Traditional use suggests its role in regulating blood pressure, improving blood circulation and supporting overall heart health, thereby potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

7. Digestive health:
The plant has been traditionally used to support digestive function and relieve gastrointestinal complaints such as indigestion, bloating and constipation. Its carminative and digestive properties aid in stimulating digestion and reducing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract.

8. Liver health and detoxification:
Jatamansi is known for its hepatoprotective activity and has been used to promote liver health. It may help protect liver cells from damage and enhance the liver’s natural detoxification processes.

9. Air purification and calming of the environment:
Beyond its medicinal uses, Jatamansi holds spiritual significance in traditional practices. Burning jatamansi as incense is believed to purify the surrounding air and create a peaceful, calming atmosphere. It has long been used during meditation, yoga and religious rituals and is often referred to as a “spiritual herb” for its ability to promote mental tranquillity and spiritual focus.

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS AND PRECAUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH JATAMANSI USE

1. Jatamansi is generally considered safe when consumed within the prescribed or recommended dosage range. However, intake in excessive amounts may lead to adverse effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea or dryness of the mouth.
2. The use of Jatamansi during pregnancy and lactation is not advised, as adequate scientific evidence regarding its safety during these stages is lacking.
3. Jatamansi may influence the action of certain medications, particularly antiplatelet agents, antihypertensive drugs and central nervous system depressants. Hence, medical consultation is recommended before its use along with other medications.
4. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those undergoing surgical procedures should refrain from using Jatamansi, as it may increase the tendency for bleeding.Top of FormBottom of Form

CONCLUSION

N.jatamansi DC. is a valuable medicinal plant with well-documented traditional significance and growing scientific validation. Botanical and pharmacognostical studies support its proper identification and quality assessment, while phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of bioactive constituents responsible for its diverse pharmacological activities, particularly in neurological and antioxidant related disorders. Experimental studies substantiate many traditional claims and indicate a favourable safety profile at therapeutic doses; however, the lack of extensive clinical evaluation and standardized formulations remains a limitation. Additionally, over exploitation has rendered the plant endangered, highlighting the need for effective conservation strategies. Therefore, further clinical research, standardization and biotechnological conservation approaches are essential to ensure the safe, effective and sustainable utilization of N. jatamansi in future herbal drug development.

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