Abstract
Nutraceuticals comprised of two words nutra which means nutrition and pharmaceuticals. Nutraceuticals, in broad are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological action that maintains healthy human beings.The term "nutraceuticals" was coined in 1989 by the foundation for innovation in medicine {newyork,us}, to provide a name for this rapidly growing area of bimedical research. Nutraceutical may range from isolated nutrients dietary supplements and diets to genetically engineered "designer" foods, herbal products and processed product such as cereals, soups and beverages. These nutraceuticals help in compating some of the major health problems such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases cancer, osteroporosis, arthiritis, diabetes, cholestrol etc. Frequency of nutraceuticals use is 50% to 70% in developed country population and this number is increasing by the age. Ladies use more nutraceuticals than men. The ongoing research will lead to anew generation of foods which will certainly cause the interface between food and drug to become increasingly permeable. The present accumulated knowledge about nutraceuticals represents undoubtly a great challenge for nutritionists, physicians, food technologists and food chemist. The nutraceutical revolution will lead us into new era of medicines and health, become a researchoriented one similar to the pharmaceutical industry.
Keywords
Nutraceuticals, nutrition, dietary supplements, therapeutic effect
Introduction
The quality of life in terms of income, spending and lifestyle has improved with economic development. However, it has also thrown a major challenge in the form of 'lifestyle diseases'. The first victim of this lifestyle change has been food habits. Consumption of junk food has increased number of disease related to nutrition deficiencies [1, 2].

Figure 1 - Nutraceuticals and their importance
Nutraceuticals can play a vital role in controlling them. No wonder more and more people turning to nutraceuticals. Plants are one of the most important resources of human food and medicines [3 - 6]. Increasing knowledge on nutrition, medicine and plant biotechnology has dramatically changed the concept about food, health and agriculture brought a revolution on them[7 – 10]. With recent advance in and nutrition science, natural products and health promoting food have received extensive attention from both health professionals and the public. "Nutraceutical" is a term coined in 1989 by stephen de felice which is defined as "a food or part of food that provide medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease." [11 – 14]
The concept of nutraceuticals is rooted in the growing recognition that diet plays a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing illness. Unlike conventional pharmaceuticals which primarily treat symptoms of diseases, nutraceuticals aim to support overall health and well being by targeting underlying physiological processes[15 – 18]. This preventive approach aligns with the increasing consumer interest in natural and holistic solutions, draining the global market for nutraceutical products[19 - 21]. Nutraceuticals exert their effect through diverse mechanisms, including antioxidant properties, modulation in inflammatory pathway, enhancement of immune function and regulation of metabolic processes[22 – 25]. Scientific bioactive compounds responsible for these health promoting effects, paving the way for targeted nutraceutical interventions. Despite their promise, the field of nutraceuticals faces challenges, including regulatory complexities, variability in product quality, and conflicting research findings. Addressing these challenges require rigours scientific inquiry, standardized testing methodologies and transparent regulatory framework to ensure both safety and efficacy [26 -29]. This introduction sets the stage by defining nutraceuticals, discussing their significance, and outlining the structure of the review article. It provide a clear contest for readers to understand the scope and importance of nutraceuticals in contemporary health and nutrition
The Potential Advantages of Nutraceuticals
Food items which provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition are recognised as nutraceuticals, a rapidly growing topic at the junction between nutritional science and medicine. These compounds have bioactive elements that have a variety of physiological effects. They tend to come from natural sources such fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbs. Nutraceuticals have a potential to boost overall health outcomes through supplying the diet with essential nutrients and bioactive substances[30 -32].
Nutraceuticals offer a key benefit of having fewer negative side effects than artificial supplements. Nutraceuticals, which are naturally derived compounds, have been consumed by humans for centuries and are typically well-tolerated[33-35]. Furthermore, nutraceuticals can be customized to address the specific nutritional requirements of different groups. Nutrient-rich foods tailored for older individuals can assist in managing age-related nutritional gaps and promoting overall well-being as one ages[36-38].
Moreover, nutraceuticals are easily available and affordable, which makes them a viable option for improving dietary quality among various population groups. The easy accessibility of nutraceutical items such as dietary supplements, functional foods, and fortified beverages makes it convenient for people to integrate them into their everyday schedules. Nonetheless, it is important to understand that the effectiveness and safety of nutraceuticals may differ based on individual health status, dosage, and product quality. It is advised to consult with a healthcare provider before adding nutraceuticals to your diet[39-42].
Classification of nutraceuticals:

Figure – 2 Classification of Nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals, an emerging area at the intersection of food science and medicine, can be classified according to their source, chemical structure, and intended uses [43 - 45]. Natural nutraceuticals cover a wide range of bioactive compounds sourced from plants, animals, or microorganisms in nature. Contrary to natural nutraceuticals, synthetic nutraceuticals are created using chemical synthesis or biotechnological methods to mimic natural compounds or develop new bioactive [46-49]. Semi-synthetic nutraceuticals are natural compounds with chemical modifications to improve effectiveness or stability. Nutraceuticals have a diverse chemical makeup, with phytochemicals - bioactive compounds from plants - being common [50 - 53]. Marine-based nutraceuticals, derived from marine organisms, often contain exclusive nutrients and bioactive substances. Vitamins and minerals, which are important for human health, are compounds, both inorganic and organic, that have critical functions in different physiological processes. Moreover, probiotics and prebiotics are live microorganisms and compounds that promote gastrointestinal health and overall wellness [54-58].
Nutraceuticals are used to manage a range of health issues. Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants are commonly included by individuals focusing on maintaining good cardiovascular health. Nutritional supplements for bone and joint health include calcium, vitamin D, and glucosamine [59- 62]. Probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary fiber can help with digestive health. Nutraceuticals with omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins are linked to cognitive health. In conclusion, nutraceuticals can assist with managing weight by promoting metabolism, controlling appetite, or increasing energy expenditure [63 – 67].
TABLE 1 – Various Classifications of Nutraceuticals with Examples

Nutraceuticals in various diseases

Figure 3 - Role of nutraceuticals in various diseases
Nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds derived from foods, have emerged as a promising avenue for managing various health conditions. These natural substances, rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, offer potential therapeutic benefits beyond traditional nutrition [68 -71]. This review explores the potential roles of nutraceuticals in different diseases. Nutraceuticals can play a significant role in supporting cardiovascular health. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and fish oil supplements, have been extensively studied for their ability to reduce triglycerides, improve endothelial function, and lower blood pressure, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease [ 72 -75 ]. Additionally, coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant involved in energy production, may help support heart function and overall cardiovascular health [76 - 77]. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and resveratrol, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and red wine, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can protect against heart disease by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation [78 - 81]. Certain nutraceuticals have shown promise in managing metabolic disorders. Berberine, derived from plants like goldenseal and barberry, has demonstrated potential in improving insulin sensitivity and lowering blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes [82 -84]. Green tea extract, rich in catechins, can enhance metbolism and promote fat oxidation, potentially aiding in weight management [85 -86]. Chromium, a trace mineral, plays a role in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, and chromium supplementation may be beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Essential nutrients like calcium and vitamin D are crucial for maintaining bone health and preventing osteoporosis [87 - 90]. Glucosamine and chondroitin, naturally found in cartilage, may help alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis by supporting joint health and reducing inflammation [91–93]. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric, possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce joint pain and inflammation associated with arthritis [94-96].Nutraceuticals can also support cognitive health. Omega-3 fatty acids, as previously discussed, can contribute to brain health and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline [97- 98]. Caffeine, found in coffee and tea, has been associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and improved cognitive function [99-100]. Ginkgo biloba, a herbal supplement, may enhance blood flow to the brain and provide antioxidant protection, potentially supporting cognitive function [101-102]. Probiotics, beneficial bacteria that can help restore balance to the gut microbiome, may alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Prebiotics, dietary fibers that act as food for probiotics, can promote their growth and activity in the gut [103- 106]. Peppermint oil may help relieve symptoms of IBS, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and gas [107-108]. Nutraceuticals can also play a role in boosting the immune system. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is essential for immune function and may help reduce the duration and severity of colds and infections [109- 111]. Zinc, a trace mineral, is crucial for a healthy immune system and may shorten the duration of colds. Echinacea, a herbal supplement, has been traditionally used to stimulate the immune system and may reduce the risk of respiratory infections [112-114]. Nutraceuticals can contribute to skin health as well. Collagen peptides, building blocks of collagen, can help improve skin hydration, reduce wrinkles, and promote youthful skin. Vitamin E, an antioxidant, protects skin cells from damage caused by free radicals and can help promote skin healing [115-118]. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties, may protect the skin from UV damage and improve skin elasticity. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, can help protect cells from oxidative damage, which is linked to cancer development [119 -122]. Green tea polyphenols, compounds found in green tea, have been shown to have anti-cancer properties and may reduce the risk of certain cancers. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that may inhibit cancer cell growth and improve outcomes in cancer patients [123-126]. While nutraceuticals offer promising potential benefits, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand their efficacy and safety for various health conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen is recommended.

Table 2 – Potential benefits of Nutraceuticals in various diseases.
A Comprehensive Exploration of Nutraceutical Considerations
Nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds derived from foods, have emerged as a promising avenue for promoting health and well-being. However, careful consideration is necessary before incorporating nutraceuticals into a healthcare regimen. Adherence to recommended dosages is paramount, as excessive intake can lead to adverse effects. Individuals with existing health conditions or those taking medications should consult with healthcare providers to avoid potential interactions between nutraceuticals and other treatments [127- 129]. Furthermore, the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of nutraceuticals for specific diseases varies significantly. While many nutraceuticals show promise, it is crucial to prioritize those with a strong scientific foundation and evidence-based support [130-131]. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses are considered the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals should be viewed as complementary therapies rather than substitutes for professional medical advice or treatment. They can provide additional support for overall health and well-being, but they should not replace conventional medical interventions when necessary [132-134]. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate use of nutraceuticals in conjunction with other treatments. As research continues to advance, the role of nutraceuticals in healthcare is likely to expand. Emerging technologies and methodologies are enabling scientists to investigate the mechanisms of action of nutraceuticals and identify new potential applications [135-138]. This ongoing research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the benefits and risks associated with nutraceutical use. Individuals considering incorporating nutraceuticals into their healthcare routine should carefully evaluate the available evidence, consult with healthcare professionals, and choose products from reputable manufacturers. By making informed decisions and utilizing nutraceuticals appropriately, individuals can potentially enhance their health and well-being [139- 142].

Table 3 - exploration of nutraceuticals
Ensuring Safety and Quality in the Nutraceutical Industry:
Safety and quality control are paramount in the nutraceutical industry to safeguard consumer health and maintain product integrity. Rigorous measures are implemented throughout the production process to ensure that nutraceutical products are safe, effective, and meet regulatory standards [143-145]. One critical aspect of safety and quality control is ingredient sourcing and verification. Nutraceutical companies must verify the quality and authenticity of raw materials and ingredients used in their products. This involves ensuring that suppliers meet stringent quality standards and conducting thorough testing to assess purity, potency, and the absence of contaminants like heavy metals or pesticides [146-148]. Adherence to good manufacturing practices (GMP) is essential for maintaining consistent product quality. GMP guidelines ensure proper facility design, sanitation, personnel training, and record-keeping to prevent contamination and ensure product uniformity [149- 151]. By following GMP, nutraceutical companies can minimize the risk of product adulteration and maintain high-quality standards . Regular testing throughout the production process is crucial for monitoring product quality and safety [152-154]. This includes in-process testing to assess the quality of raw materials and intermediate products, as well as finished product testing to ensure that the final product meets specified quality standards. Tests may include analysis of ingredient potency, microbial contamination, and stability over time [155-157]. Compliance with regulatory requirements set by agencies like the FDA (in the United States) or equivalent bodies in other countries is another essential aspect of safety and quality control. Adherence to regulations ensures that nutraceutical products are safe for consumption and accurately labelled. Regulatory compliance also helps to maintain consumer trust and confidence in the industry [158-160]. Adverse event monitoring is crucial for ongoing safety evaluation. Companies should have mechanisms in place to monitor and respond to adverse events reported by consumers or healthcare professionals [161-162]. This helps identify potential safety issues and take corrective actions to mitigate risks. Proper packaging and labelling are vital to protect products from contamination and ensure accurate dosing. Clear and accurate labelling informs consumers about ingredients, usage instructions, and potential allergens or interactions [163-166]. Proper packaging also helps to maintain product integrity and prevent tampering. Establishing robust quality control systems involves setting specifications for raw materials and finished products, conducting regular audits, and implementing corrective actions to address any deviations from standards. Quality control systems help to ensure that products consistently meet the highest quality standards [167-169]. By focusing on these aspects of safety and quality control, nutraceutical companies can enhance consumer trust, comply with regulations, and effectively promote the health benefits of their products. A commitment to safety and quality is essential for the long-term success and sustainability of the nutraceutical industry [170-172].

Table 4 – Aspects of safety and quality control of nutraceuticals
By focusing on these aspects of safety and quality control, nutraceutical companies can enhance consumer trust, comply with regulations, and effectively promote the health benefits of their products. A commitment to safety and quality is essential for the long-term success and sustainability of the nutraceutical industry.
Future direction and research
The future of nutraceuticals is set for transformative advancements driven by scientific innovation, technological progress, and evolving consumer demands [173-174]. Key trends include personalized nutrition, facilitated by genetic testing and biomarker analysis, which enables the formulation of individualized supplements tailored to specific genetic profiles and health needs, optimizing efficacy and health outcomes [175- 176]. Concurrently, research into novel ingredients such as botanical extracts, marine compounds, and bioactive peptides, alongside advanced delivery systems like liposomal encapsulation and controlled-release formulations, promises to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals. Integration with digital health technologies, such as wearables and health apps, further empowers personalized health management by tracking real-time data to inform supplement regimens [177-179]. In the realm of longevity, nutraceuticals aimed at mitigating age-related conditions, including those with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are becoming increasingly prominent. The growing understanding of the gut microbiome is also driving the development of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to support overall health [180-182]. Evidence-based research and clinical trials are gaining emphasis to validate health claims and improve consumer trust, while sustainability concerns are prompting eco-friendly production and ethical sourcing practices [183- 184]. Efforts toward regulatory harmonization across global markets will facilitate international trade and ensure product safety, while increased consumer education and transparency in labeling will empower informed purchasing decisions [185-186]. Finally, as nutraceuticals gain recognition as complementary to conventional medicine, their integration into mainstream healthcare systems, through collaboration with healthcare professionals, is expected to grow, positioning nutraceuticals as a vital component of preventive and integrative health strategies [187-189].

Table 5- Overview of the key trends shaping the future of nutraceuticals
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, nutraceuticals represent a dynamic and evolving sector at the intersection of nutrition, health, and pharmaceuticals. These products encompass a wide range of bioactive compounds, dietary supplements, and functional foods that offer potential health benefits beyond basic nutrition. The growth of nutraceuticals is driven by several factors: increasing consumer awareness and interest in preventive health, advancements in scientific research validating their efficacy, and technological innovations improving ingredient bioavailability and delivery systems. Moreover, the trend towards personalized nutrition and the integration of digital health technologies are shaping the future landscape of nutraceuticals.
However, challenges remain, including regulatory complexities, ensuring product safety and efficacy through rigorous research, and addressing consumer concerns about transparency and sustainability in manufacturing practices. Looking ahead, the nutraceutical industry is expected to continue expanding as a vital component of wellness strategies worldwide. With ongoing scientific inquiry and commitment to quality, nutraceuticals have the potential to contribute significantly to promoting health, supporting healthy aging, and complementing traditional healthcare approaches. As stakeholders collaborate to navigate these opportunities and challenges, nutraceuticals are poised to play an increasingly important role in enhancing public health outcomes and fostering a proactive approach to personal well-being.
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