Review on Novel Herbs Used to Treat Digestive Disorder

Abstract

Herbal medicines have a long history of use for a variety of gastrointestinal issues. When using herbal medications, it is important to remember that plants and plant extracts include elements that might change based on the environmental circumstances throughout growth. Variable environmental conditions could affect the mix and concentrations of active substances. Nutrition Care's Gut Relief Formula contains minerals and herbs such as peppermint oil, guar gum, slippery elm, pectin, and curcumin. Using plants for medicinal purposes to prevent and cure health issues is known as herbal medicine. Food and lifestyle directly impact the gut's condition, and a good diet or lifestyle adjustment may help with a wide range of ailments. Plants have many phytochemicals and nutraceuticals that may help cure and avoid many digestion problems. The effectiveness of herbal medicines in treating functional digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, as well as functional constipation, remains debatable. The current review aims to provide a practical referencing guide on the role of herbal medicines in gastrointestinal disorders. Medications treat gastrointestinal issues such as parasites, viral infections, gas, bloating, constipation, reflux, gastroenteritis, and peptic ulcers.

Keywords

Herbal Medicine, GI diseases, peptic ulcer, constipation, diarrhea, IBS, liquorice, Ispaghula, Curcuma Longa

Introduction

The major activities of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), an organ cluster of organs that spans from the oral cavity to the alimentary anus, are digestion, absorption of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, and evacuation of solid waste along with products of metabolism^[1] There is a risk of developing several illnesses because of the wide contact area (about 400 m2), the prolonged interaction, and the direct exposure of the GI tract to food and beverages, as well as to dietary pollutants, medications (both active substances and carriers), and numerous xenobiotics^.[2] Half of adult Western populations suffer from digestive (GI) issues ^[3] , Which can present as illnesses including inflammatory bowel disease, dyspepsia, heartburn, recurrent reflux, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, stomach discomfort or cramping, or both. ^[4] , Patients with persistent IBS may be administered medication, such as antidepressants, bulking agents, and laxatives, to reduce gastrointestinal sensitivity in addition to these other medications. However, side effects from prescription drugs can include headache, dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, increased bloating, stomach pain, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. ^[5] Digestive disorders are common in human populations. The furthermost significant digestive diseases are functional ones, affecting roughly 50% of patients referred to gastrointestinal care centers. Many disorders may affect the gastrointestinal system, one of the least crucial systems in the human body. These include parasite and virus infections, bloating, constipation, gastroenteritis, reflux, and diarrhea.^[6] Throughout the world, gastroenteritis is the cause of five million fatalities annually. Prolonged fasting, alcohol addiction, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), use, poor eating habits, extreme stress, and hunger can cause acid reflux disease (GERD). The primary cause of damage to the stomach mucosa is increased gastric acid output. Therefore, it has been established that the development of peptic ulcers totally depends on the quantity of stomach or gastric acid released. ^[7] Constipation can be painful and uncomfortable, resulting in sickness, loss of appetite, and discomfort and swelling in the abdomen. It may also cause symptoms outside the intestines, like feeling lost, having bad breath, headaches, migraines, and nervousness. These complaints greatly impact the patient's quality of life. ^[8] People with diarrhea usually have three or more loose or wet stools daily. Diarrhea is a gut problem that is one of the main reasons kids get sick and die. There are three kinds of diarrhea based on how long they last and the symptoms they cause: acute watery, acute bloody, and chronic. ^[9] Functional gastrointestinal condition irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) causes abdominal and stomach painand fluctuations in the frequency as well as the type of feces. About one in ten individuals worldwide suffer from IBS and its symptoms. ^[49] An important number of individuals with stomach problems experience nausea as one of their main signs. ^[92] Since herbal medicine possesses healing, restorative, and health-promoting qualities, it has significantly improved human health. Herbs, herbal substances, herbal preparations, and prepared herbal products containing plant-based active components or other ingredients are referred to as herbal medicine, botanical medicine, phytomedicine, or phytotherapy. ^[10]

Peptic Ulcer:

Sloughing of inflammatory dead tissue is a characteristic of ulcers, open skin sores, or mucous membranes. ^[17] Ulcers can occur anywhere; however, they are most common on the lower extremities in addition digestive tract. Ulcers come in many types, such as pelvic, gastric, esophagus, and mouth ulcers. Among these, peptic ulcers are common in many individuals. The stomach or duodenal lining erodes due to peptic ulcers. ^[15] Peptic ulcer, often called PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an exceedingly painful, typically acidic area of the gastrointestinal system with mucosal damage that measures half a cm or more. ^[24] Acidic environments that make the stomach produce too much acid, changes in food, or stress were once considered the main causes of mucous problems in people with acid-pepticdiseases. Existing an H. pylori infection, consuming alcohol or smoking, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), as well as suffering from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may all increase your chances of developing peptic ulcers. ^[20] Because herbal therapy is more culturally acceptable, more in line with human physiology, and has fewer adverse effects than other forms of primary healthcare, 75–80% of the world's population still uses it today, mostly in developing nations. ^[16] The primary risk factor for developing gastritis is Helicobacterpylori(H.pylori)infection.^[50]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe, or ginger

Ginger is undoubtedly among human history's greatest and most widely used home aromatic spices. (Zingiber officinale). ^[11] People usually eat the root, which is the main part of ginger. After using different analysis methods to find more than 100 substances in ginger, gingerols are among its primary chemical components. ^[12] 6-gingerol, the primary aromatic phenolic component of Zingiber officinalis, encounters a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. The suppression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is significantly aided by extracts from Zingiber officinalis that include gingerols. ^[13] On the other hand, parietal cell H+ and K+-ATPase are significantly inhibited by active phenolic substances like zingerone and gingerol Because of this, the activity of zingerone and gingerol is crucial for inhibiting the proton pump and lowering stomach acid discharge. Moreover, it exhibits a shielding effect against ulcers by H. pylori. ^[14]

(Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn) liquorice

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. sometimes called liquorice simply liquorice, is a perennial plant which belongs to the Fabaceae family. ^[32] Among its many biological properties, this plant medication is one of the most often used. It has been shown to have antidepressant-like effects and anticoagulative, antimutagenic, antibacterial, antiulcer, and protective effects against hepatotoxicity. ^[113] This plant's stolons and roots were long thought to be the primary treatment for gastric ulcers. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a key metabolic by product of glycyrrhizin plus flavonoids of G. glabra, is a useful medication for treating H. pylori ^[18,19] It has long been known that liquorice helps cure ulcers, and this plant is the source of both carbenoxolone and deglycirrhizinized liquorice (Caved-S). ^[41]

Curcuma Longa

Curcuma comes from a plant in the Zingiberaceae family of gingers. ^{[112] C.} longa showed protective qualities against the development of gastric mucosal lesions and decreased stomach acid secretion. Results indicate that the plant extract may have inhibited the production of stomach acid by competitively inhibiting H2 histamine receptors. ^[22] C. longa's rhizome protects against the development of acute acid reflux oesophagitis (RE), but it is ineffective against the development of chronic acid RE. ^[21]
Amla (Embilica Officinalis)

'Amla' Emblica officinalis Gaertn's ethanol extract was tested for antisecretory and antiulcer properties. Additionally, it significantly reduced the titratable acidity, gastric mucosal damage,and basal gastric secretion induced by pyloric ligation. Additionally, amla extract provided defense against the lowering of nonprotein sulfhydryl content and the depletion of stomach wall mucus caused by ethanol Histopathological investigations support pharmacological and biochemical results well. The findings suggest that the extract from Amla has cytoprotective, antisecretory, and antiulcer qualities. ^[23]

Constipation:

A digestive system illness that can cause painful, rigid, and infrequent stools, constipation involves stool transit through difficulty. The intestines may close as a result of acute constipation. ^[88] Several gastrointestinal signs are associated with constipation, including incomplete evacuations, hard stool, and difficulties passing stools. ^[25] Constipation tends to be very painful and uncomfortable, resulting in sickness, loss of appetite, discomfort, and swelling in the abdomen. This may also cause problems outside the intestines, like feeling lost, having bad breath, headaches, and nervousness. These issues negatively affect the patient's general standard of life. ^[31] The primary reasons for constipation include blockages throughout the rectum, which hinder the passage of waste or stool throughout the digestive system fast enough to produce dry, hard stools. Persistent constipation can have a variety of reasons. A short coming of fiber-rich foods or Restrict your consumption of fiber-rich meals. Dehydration is the absence of sufficient liquids or water for consumption. In these situations, constipation is typically manageable and not a major issue ^[42-43]. This is referred to as constipation caused by nutrition. Constipation is prevalent worldwide, particularly in women and the elderly. ^[51] Chronic constipation is a challenging problem among older persons, characterized by difficult stool passage. ^[87]

Ispaghula
The psyllium husk, or seed husk, of Plantago ovata, often referred to as ispaghula regionally, is a widely recognized remedy for persistent constipation and a necessary ingredient in many over-the-counter laxative medicines, such as Metamucil. ^{[26, 27]} Pseudo husk fiber is a common treatment for constipation and is also taken as a dietary supplement. Clinical experiments have consistently shown that it can raise the stool's moisture content, making it softer and heavier and thus simplifying the process of passing gas. ^[39]

Senna
Granted, senna is the most widely used anthranoid laxative. Senna is made up of thedried leaves and pods of Cassia angustifolia Vahl, also known asTinnevelly senna or Cassia acutifolia(Cassia senna) Delile, which are also referred to as Alexandria senna in trade ^[28]. Constipation is treated with senna, a potent stimulant laxative ^[52].

Agar

Individuals use the algae that grows on stones along the North Atlantic coast to make agar. These algae include Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Euchema. Agar can be found in granulated or bundle forms, made of thin agglutinated strips. About 90% of its contents are polysaccharides, followed by lipids and nitrogen compounds. Agar has a laxative effect because it swells in water, wetting feces. Before any benefit is shown, therapy with over 400 g agars may occasionally take up to a week to take effect. Agar is not poisonous and cannot be absorbed. ^[29]

Tragacanth
Trachacanth is a dried gum originating from Astragalus gummifer and other Astragalus forms. A mucilaginous substance in gums can soak in water as much as 40 times the original volume and reduce the fermentation and putrefaction processes. The gum is a big cleanser with many ingredients. ^[30] Tragacanth, a heterogeneous polysaccharide, consists of 1,4-linked α-D-galacturonic acid waste products coupled to an acidic backbone with adjacent chains of D-xylose, L-fucose, D-galactose, containing trace quantities of D-glucuronic acid. ^[93]

Diarrhoea:

Characterized by the formation of abnormally loose-textured stools, diarrhea is typically accompanied by an increased frequency of defecation and increased stool output ^[90,91]. The illness that is most prevalent in people of all ages is diarrhea, which is also among the leading causes of illness and death in rural areas. It has been known for many years that it is a big health problem in developing countries and around the globe.^[33] Inadequate absorption, intestinal motility, hypersensitivity, infection by microbes, incorrect chemical discomfort metabolic processes, immune system malfunction, genetics, along with various secretory stimuli like bacterial enterotoxins, hormonal substances produced by endocrine neoplasms, dihydroxy bile acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, as well as mediators of inflammation are just a few of the many factors that can cause diarrhea.^[34] The management of diarrhea is typically focused on increasing the body's absorption of water, which could account for the advantages of utilizing herbs in this regard. ^[53]

Psidiumguajava
Psidium guajava leaves are commonly used as a remedy for stomachaches, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea, including dysentery. We should look into the scientific evidence for its anti-diarrheal qualities.^[35]  One of the possible mechanisms for P. guajava leaves' capacity to prevent diarrhea might be their abundance of phytoconstituents, which include quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-βarabinopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, along with quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside.This has been tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus; further thorough investigations against bacteria that cause diarrhea may be conducted to determine the precise mechanism of action.^[36]

MenthaPiperita
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical research examined the effectiveness of Mentha piperita, or peppermint, against diarrhea. ^[37] The essential oils of M.piperitashowed antimicrobial activities towards a range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungus, yeast, even including Bacillus subtilis (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus aureus). ^{[38] Mechanism} of Action Research indicates that by lowering calcium flux to the large intestine and jejunum, M. piperita relaxes smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract. ^[40]

Piper nigrum Linn, or pepper

Black pepper consists of the dried, unripened fruit from the Piper nigrum L. family Pipereraceae perennial climbers. ^[44] Diarrhoea often results from changes in digestive tract motility and fluid buildup. By providing more time for absorption, the black pepper extract's induction of a delayed gastrointestinal transit facilitated their antidiarrheal effects. ^[45]

Verbena hastate

The pharmacological study of a possible anti-diarrhea medication is based on the substance's ability to stop experimental diarrhoea and reduce poo production. The extract's maximum efficacy was comparable to loperamide, one of the most popular and effective antidiarrheal medications available today; loperamide successfully countered the effects of castor oil-induced diarrhoea. ^[46]

Irritable Bowel Syndrome:

The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional gut illness, include bloating, diarrhoea, and pain or discomfort in the abdomen. ^[47] With an estimated 11% of the world's population affected, it is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal ailments globally. ^[54] A noticeable increase in belly circumference characterises belly distension; bloating is the patient's subjective pain caused by their perception of intestinal gas. Although it was previously thought that bloating was directly linked to stomach distension, new research indicates this is not necessarily the case. ^[89] Although IBS is common, there is currently no reliable conventional treatment. As a result, patients may find it interesting to try herbal medication. (CAM) is widely used by patients, particularly those who have chronic illnesses with few other treatment alternatives. ^[48] "A group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, or products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine" is the definition of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). ^[48] The three CAM methods IBS patients utilize the most frequently are nutritional supplements, herbal remedies, and relaxation techniques. ^[55]

Perforatum hypericum

In addition to being a well-liked herbal remedy for melancholy, hypericumperforatum may help control IBS by reducing psychological stress and serotonin levels. ^[56] The most commonly identified feature of the plant that is called St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum L (HP), family Hyperiacea, represents its well-established antidepressant action. ^[57]. In women with IBS, it can alleviate digestive symptoms and enhance psychological symptoms as well as the ANS's responsiveness to stress. The intestinal symptoms of IBS were also considerably alleviated in patients. ^[58]

Fumaria officinalis

Researchers have examined how well Fumaria officinalis works for people with IBS because it can help with spasms. In the double-blind and randomized, placebo-controlled study, people in the fumitory group had less pain from IBS than people in the sham group. IBS-related distension went down in the control group but up in the fumitory group. In addition, there was also no apparent distinction between the two treatment groups when looking at how IBS symptoms, as well as the mental stress that comes with it, changed over time. ^[59]

Carmint
Extracts of Melissa officinalis, coriandrum sativum, and menthaspicata are found in mint, an Iranian herbal medicine. In an RCT of 32 IBS patients, Carmint substantially reduced abdominal discomfort frequency and intensity in comparison to placebo [60]. Three medicinal plant extracts known to have antispasmodic, carminative, and antibacterial properties make up peppermint. ^[86]

Dyspepsia:

The upper gastrointestinal tract exhibits signs of a chronic condition known as dyspepsia. ^[61] It also refers to the feeling of "difficult digestion" in medical terminology. Postprandial fullness, dissatisfaction premature satiation, bloating, belching, feeling nauseated, vomiting, as well pains were among the most prevalent symptoms. When an underlying organic disease is suspected to be the source of the symptoms, dyspepsia can be classified as "organic" and FD. ^[62] A non-organic gastrointestinal condition called functional dyspepsia (FD) can cause a variety of symptoms, including bloating, early satiety, fullness, and nausea in the upper abdomen. ^{[63, 64]} Proton pump inhibitors and other substances that block acid secretion are commonly used to treat functional dyspepsia. These demonstrate statistically significant superiority over placebo in clinical trials, even though there were only roughly 10-15% variations in treatment effects between placebo and verum in these investigations. ^[69,70]
Ocimumbasilicum Linn.

In TIM, the leaf of the Lamiaceae family of basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn) is referred to as rehan. TIM claims this herb is carminative and enhances the neurological system and stomach. Research indicates that basil possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits.It also decreases the generation of pepsin and acid. ^{[65, 66]}

Nigella sativa Linn

In Thai, the black cumin seed (Siyah-dane) belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. As per TIM, this plant is suggested for infections, inflammations, and digestive issues like diarrhea, vomiting, and dyspepsia. Studies have indicated that black cumin possesses both the immune system and anti-inflammatory properties and antibacterial (against various organisms like Helicobacter pylori), histamine release inhibitor, and gastric anti-secretory and antiulcer properties. Although this plant relieved dyspepsia symptoms, it was nearly as effective as the conventional treatment in eliminating Helicobacter pylori [67,68]

Musa sapientum, or banana.

In India, 46 consecutive individuals with non-ulcer dyspepsia were included in a prospective, randomised, open study ^[.71] Leucocyanidin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in the pulp of unripe bananas (M. sapientum var. paradisiaca), shields the stomach mucosa from erosion. By thickening the gastrointestinal mucus, leucocyanidin and its synthetic counterparts, hydroxyl ethylate dleucocyanidin and tetra allyl leucocyanidin, were reported to shield the rat stomach mucosa against aspirin-induced erosions [72].
Phyllanthus emblica Linn

Phyllanthus emblica L or Amla, fruit belongs to the Phyllantheae family. According to TIM, this plant is an astringent medicinal herb that increases hunger and stimulates the heart, neurological system, and stomach. It also has anti-nausea and strengthening properties besides its antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. ^[73] Moreover, this therapeutic herb contains cytoprotective acid-reducing properties. ^[74]

Appetite Suppressants:

Health care professionals classify individuals as overweight or obese using the Body Mass Index (BMI), a weight-to-height ratio. People who fall between the 25 and 30 BMI range are considered overweight. Being obese is defined as having a BMI of 30 or higher. ^[75,76] Obesity has become one of the foremost important worldwide health challenges of our day, having grown rapidly in the past few years. ^[77] A product that supplements one or more dietary components is called a dietary supplement. These products include athletic nutrition, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and weight loss tools. ^[78] Furthermore, the primary mechanisms that avoid obesity include suppressing appetite, lowering the absorption of calories from fats as well as carbohydrates, suppressing adipogenesis along with lipogenesis, controlling lipid metabolism, increasing intake of energy, controlling gut microbiota, and lowering obesity-related inflammation. ^{[79, 80, 81]}

Catha edulis

Catha edulis, popularly known as khat, is a plant extensively distributed in East Africa and southwest Arabia. Due to its stimulating properties, most people in these regions have historically chewed fresh leaves. ^[82] It is also used to treat depression and melancholia as well as to stifle hunger and exhaustion. Additionally, it was noted that in humans, chewing khat leaves for two hours greatly postponed the stomach emptying of a radiolabelled semi-solid meal. An unknown in vitro study shows that cathinone causes the stomachs of rats to loosen up. ^[83] proving that cathinone is the active ingredient.

Capsicum annuum

A common culinary constituent is capsaicin, the main spicy component of hot red peppers. Assess the red pepper's impact on our food consumption with a conventional breakfast (% energy: protein 18, fat 39, carbohydrate 43) and an appetizer. Early morning red pepper fortification decreases fat, protein, as well meal cravings. Still, it had no discernible effect on feelings of satiety or fullness ^[84]. Researchers additionally discovered that eating a capsaicin-containing lunch did not affect satiety, blood plasma PYY levels, or energy expenditure; instead, it increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and reduced plasma ghrelin ^[.85]

Psyllium

Blond psyllium is the common name for Plantago ovata Forssk, a genus belonging to the Plantaginaceae family. The species name is P. ovata. Brown et al. carried out a brief crossovers randomized experiment on psyllium in 2016. Three dosages of psyllium (3.4 g, 6.8 g, and 10.2 g) increased mealtime fullness and decreased hunger and appetite compared to a placebo. The dosage of 6.8 g had a more prolonged, sustained impact. ^[94]

Coffee

Coffee's high caffeine concentration makes it unsuitable for overall health. In any case, it might be quite helpful when we discuss losing weight. Coffee increases calorie intake, increases fat breakdown, and reduces appetite. These activities may be beneficial when attempting to lose weight. ^[94] However, we refer to dark coffee here, not the typical kind that's overly sweetened with cream or sugar. ^[95]

Vomiting and Nausea:

Vomiting and nausea are frequent digestive issues that lower one's quality of life. Vomiting and nausea may be side effects of medication or a medical condition. Motion sickness, pregnancy, gastric inflammation, chemotherapy, and post-operative variables are the only possible causes. ^[96,97] Both acute and chronic variants of these signs may appear   based upon the root cause of the problem. Nausea, also called "sick to the stomach," is an unpleasant sensation that may occur throughout the neck, upper abdomen, or other parts of the body. "Throwing up" is another term for emesis, which is the violent expulsion of the stomach's contents via the oral or nasal cavities. ^[98] There are several factors behind nausea and vomiting. People who feel sick to their stomachs often drool excessively, which can irritate several areas of the digestive tract and the brain. This happens because there is additional involvement of the autonomic nervous system. ^[99] One common adverse effect of cancer treatment is chemotherapy-induced feelings of nausea along with vomiting (CINV). Cancer-related nausea and vomiting (CINV) has a past of chemotherapeutic-induced emesis itself that happens often and is severe. More than seventy percent of people who take oxaliplatin will have side effects.^[100]

Berberis (Berberis Vulgaris)

There are over 500 species of barberry worldwide. The two primary components present in many barberry species are berberine and berberine. B. vulgaris has various pharmacological and biological effects, including antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties. The relief of nausea and vomiting may be aided by these two effects ^[101,102].

Nutmeg or Myristica fragrans Houtt

Nutmeg exists a plant that belongs to the Myristicaceae family ^[103]. Nutmeg (myristicafragrans), which is traditionally utilized in TPM to serve as an antiemetic, stomach tonic, and digestive, is referred to as "jozebavva" throughout contemporary culture. ^[104] Nutmeg is known for its carminative, antiemetic, spasmolytic, along with anti-inflammatory qualities. Additionally, nutmeg has been used to treat nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence. ^[105]

Valerian (Valerian aJatamansi)

The primary active components of valerian include several alkaloids and valepotriates, along with the essential oils valenolan dvalerenic acid. In particular, vale potriates along with esterifies iridoid-monoterpenes. Valerian includes approximately 150 chemical components, including acids that are organic, pyridine alkaloids, and terpenes. Research on the antiemetic properties of V. officinalis in hens concerns copper sulphate-induced nausea and vomiting. The findings showthat valerian significantly affects how nausea and vomiting are controlled. ^[106,107]

Citrus limon (Lemon)

Rutaceae is a family of plants that includes lemons. ^[108] The substance known as "Limoo" has been effectively used to treat NVP in TPM. ^[109] Citrus lemon was historically utilized as a natural antiemetic. ^[110] After the recommended therapeutic dosages have been administered correctly, no health risks or adverse effects have been documented. ^[111]

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, while herbal medicine can serve as complementary or alternative therapies for GI disorders, their use should be approached with caution. Herbal remedies address peptic ulcer, constipation, diarrhea, IBS, dyspepsia, appetite suppressants, nausea, and also vomiting. Health professionals should be consulted before integrating herbal remedies into a treatment regimen for GI disorders. In countries with low or middle incomes, individuals continue to utilize medical plants as first aid to treat a wide range of illnesses or to stay healthy. Different studies have proven that the medicine plant can help with stomach problems by looking at the biological activity of different plant products. Utilizing plant drugs within therapies ought to look at the risks and benefits. As for a few herbal remedies, it may only be a matter of time before there is more proof that they work. Several clinical studies show that these herbal medicines work, but the total body of scientific evidence is still not clear. This is usually because of differences in how the studies were set up, how much of the herb was used, and the overall effectiveness of the herbal products. Another important thing to think about is safeguarding, which includes possible links between herbs and drugs and adverse effects.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS:

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

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