JSPM Sudhakarro Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, Yavatmal, Maharashtra
Tectona grandis (teak) is a traditionally revered medicinal plant widely used in Ayurveda and other ethnomedicinal systems for its therapeutic properties. This review consolidates current knowledge on its pharmacoepidemiological trends, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities. Key constituents such as lapachol, rutin, and tannins exhibit antioxidant, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing properties. Despite promising preclinical findings, gaps remain in clinical validation, standardization, and toxicological profiling. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to support the development of standardized and evidence-based phytopharmaceuticals from T. grandis.
Botanical Classification and Traditional Usage
Tectona grandis L.f., commonly known as teak, is a tall deciduous tree that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Indigenous to South and Southeast Asia, it is predominantly found in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Indonesia. (Singh et al., 2023; Chaithra & Bijesh, 2021) .T. grandis is known for its durable wood and holds a revered place in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. (Patel et al., 2022; Kumar & Bhattacharya, 2024). In traditional Indian medicine, the bark is used as an astringent and blood purifier, the leaves are used topically for skin diseases and wounds, and the seeds and roots are used for anti-inflammatory and diuretic purposes. (Singh & Verma, 2023). Flower decoction is sometimes prescribed for bronchitis, urinary disorders, and bile regulation. (Jha & Roy, 2024).
Significance in Ayurvedic and Ethnomedicine
In Ayurveda, T. grandis is classified as tikta (bitter), kashaya (astringent), and laghu (light), making it effective for reducing pitta and kapha doshas. (Sharma & Singh, 2022). Ayurvedic physicians have traditionally used it to treat skin infections, leprosy, hemorrhages, and even mental fatigue. (Karthikeyan et al., 2023). Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the tribal regions of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh show the reliance on T. grandis for treating fever, diarrhea, ulcers, and chronic wounds. (Patel et al., 2023). In Indonesia and Thailand, traditional healers use decoctions of teak bark and leaves to treat hypertension, headaches, and other metabolic ailments. (Wahyuni et al., 2023; Thongprasert & Niyomchai, 2022).
Need for Scientific Validation and Pharmacological Relevance
Despite its wide traditional usage, modern pharmacology has only recently begun to investigate its multifaceted medicinal potential. (Singh et al., 2024). The growing demand for plant-based therapeutics, coupled with concerns over the side effects of synthetic drugs, has intensified the interest in scientifically validating T. grandis. (Kumar et al., 2024). Bioactive compounds such as lapachol, tectonin, rutin, and quinones, found in different parts of the plant, are now being examined for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial properties. (Rahman et al., 2023; Chaithra & Bijesh, 2021). Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its potential to protect against oxidative damage, regulate glucose metabolism, enhance memory performance, and accelerate wound healing. (Patel et al., 2023; Singh & Verma, 2023). However, most of these studies are limited to preclinical models, and clinical trials are still lacking. (Karthikeyan et al., 2023). The gap between traditional claims and modern pharmacological validation necessitates a detailed interdisciplinary review. This review aims to integrate the pharmacoepidemiological trends, phytochemical characterization, experimental pharmacology, and toxicology of Tectona grandis to facilitate its rational use in future phytopharmaceutical formulations. (Sharma & Singh, 2022; Kumar & Bhattacharya, 2024).
Pharmacoepidemiology of Tectona grandis
Global and Regional Usage Trends
Tectona grandis is widely used across South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India, Thailand, and Indonesia, where it has long been integrated into traditional healing. (Wahyuni et al., 2023; Patel et al., 2023). Surveys conducted in tribal belts and rural areas have revealed the use of various parts of the plant to treat fever, ulcers, wounds, inflammatory disorders, and even neurological conditions. (Patel et al., 2023). The increasing shift toward natural remedies and herbal products has led to renewed interest in T. grandis among alternative medicine practitioners. (Kumar et al., 2024).
Prevalence in Traditional Medicine Systems
In India, the bark and leaves of M. longifolia are extensively used in Ayurvedic and tribal medicine. (Singh & Verma, 2023). Reports from Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh confirm the frequent use of leaf decoctions to treat gastrointestinal and febrile conditions. (Patel et al., 2023). In Thailand, T. grandis is prescribed in traditional Thai medicine for its hepatoprotective and cooling effects. (Thongprasert & Niyomchai, 2022). In Indonesia, local practitioners use bark infusions to reduce blood pressure and alleviate migraines. (Wahyuni et al., 2023).
Use Among Rural and Tribal Populations
Several ethnomedicinal studies have documented the reliance of indigenous communities on T. grandis to treat common ailments. The Baiga tribe of central India uses a leaf paste to treat chronic wounds and ulcers, while the Santhal community employs bark decoctions for fever and stomach ache. (Patel et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2023). The Dayak people of Borneo utilize leaf and seed preparations for postpartum care. (Wahyuni et al., 2023).
Patterns of Prescription in Herbal Formulations
T. grandis is increasingly incorporated into polyherbal formulations for dermatological, neurological, and hepatoprotective purposes. (Kumar & Bhattacharya, 2024). Ayurvedic preparations include classical and proprietary medicines for blood purification, liver detoxification, and memory enhancement. (Sharma & Singh, 2022). Commercial products such as Teak-Derm Balm and Neuroteak Capsules highlight their widespread therapeutic acceptance. (Rahman et al., 2023).
Marketed Polyherbal Drugs Containing T. grandis
Examples of marketed formulations include:
These formulations promote hepatoprotection, wound healing, and cognitive support. (Rahman et al., 2023).
Epidemiological Data and Case Studies
Although specific pharmacoepidemiological datasets for T. grandis are limited, anecdotal evidence and clinical case reports indicate its safety and therapeutic efficacy. Documented cases have shown improved wound healing, symptomatic relief in minor hepatic disorders, and enhanced memory retention with minimal adverse effects. (Patel et al., 2023; Karthikeyan et al., 2023).
Toxicity Reports and Safety Assessments
Available safety data from toxicity studies confirm its safe use at therapeutic dose. (Singh & Verma, 2023). Reports indicate no severe adverse effects or toxic symptoms in acute and sub-chronic studies of the drug. (Sharma & Singh, 2022). However, the absence of standardized dosing and variability in traditional formulations necessitate controlled human studies and quality-assured product development. (Kumar et al., 2024).
Need for Standardized Dosing in Populations
The lack of dose standardization across different geographical locations and preparations creates uncertainty in safety profiles. (Patel et al., 2023). Regulatory guidelines are needed to ensure consistency, and public health policies must integrate T. grandis into pharmacovigilance programs to monitor its widespread use. (Sharma & Singh, 2022).
Phytochemical Profile of Tectona grandis
Primary Phytochemicals Identified in Different Parts
Analytical Methods Used
Phytochemicals Table (Shuaib et al., 2017)
Table. No: 1
|
Plant Part |
Phytochemical |
Chemical Class |
Reported Activity |
|
Leaves |
Lapachol |
Naphthoquinone |
Antimicrobial, anticancer |
|
Leaves |
Rutin |
Flavonoid |
Antioxidant, vasoprotective |
|
Bark |
Tannin |
Polyphenol |
Astringent, antimicrobial |
|
Wood |
Deoxylapachol |
Quinone |
Antifungal, cytotoxic |
|
Seeds |
β-sitosterol |
Steroid |
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic |
Pharmacological Activities of Tectona grandis
Antioxidant Activity
Extracts of T. grandis leaves and bark effectively scavenged free radicals in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The antioxidant potential of these fruits is attributed to their high flavonoid and phenolic acid content, which protects cellular components against oxidative stress and damage. (Kumar & Prakash, 2016).
Neuroprotective and Nootropic Effects
In animal models, especially scopolamine-induced amnesia in Swiss albino mice, T. grandis leaf extract significantly improved performance in the elevated plus-mazes, Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tasks. These effects are potentially mediated by:
These findings support the use of L. rhamnosus in managing neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. (Gogoi et al., 2020).
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
Ethanolic extracts from T. grandis leaves and wood showed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged between 50 and 200 µg/mL. This activity is linked to the presence of lapachol, quinones, and phenolic acids. (Shuaib et al., 2017).
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
T. grandis bark extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenan-induced paw edema and acetic acid-induced writhing models in rats. These actions are believed to result from the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and modulation of cytokine release. (Rathod & Patel, 2014).
Hepatoprotective Effect
In rat models exposed to CCl? and paracetamol, the administration of T. grandis extract (especially from the bark and leaves) restored the levels of liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, and ALP. Histopathological studies confirmed the regeneration of hepatic tissues, suggesting a protective effect against oxidative and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. (Deshmukh & Naikwade, 2012)
Antidiabetic Potential
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, T. grandis extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles. This hypoglycemic effect may be due to the modulation of insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and the reduction of oxidative stress. (Gandhi & Sasikumar, 2012).
Wound Healing and Dermatological Use
Topical application of T. grandis leaf paste or methanolic extract accelerated wound closure in excision and incision models in rats. It promotes:
These effects support its traditional use in the treatment of cuts, burns, and ulcers. (Tripathi & Upadhyay, 2011).
Toxicology and Safety Profile
Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies
Acute toxicity studies of Tectona grandis extracts, particularly from the leaves and bark, have consistently shown high safety margins in animal models [insert references]. In rodent studies, oral administration of aqueous or ethanolic extracts (up to 2000 mg/kg body weight) failed to produce any signs of toxicity, abnormal behavior, or mortality. This categorizes the extracts under Category 5 (unclassified) according to the OECD guidelines for chemical testing (OECD 423). Sub-chronic toxicity assessments (28–90 days) conducted on Wistar rats revealed no significant changes in body weight, food consumption, hematological indices, or organ histology at doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day. However, at doses exceeding 1000 mg/kg/day, mild hepatic congestion and elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST) have been noted, indicating possible hepatocellular stress at supra-therapeutic levels. (Panda et al., 2011).
Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity
Limited studies using the Ames test and micronucleus assay suggest that T. grandis extracts do not possess mutagenic or genotoxic potential at therapeutic concentrations. Ethanolic bark extracts tested on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, with and without metabolic activation, showed no increase in revertant colonies. However, long-term genotoxicity assays and chromosomal aberration studies in mammalian cells are sparse and essential for definitive conclusions. (Garg et al., 2014).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Preliminary animal data suggest that T. grandis extracts have no teratogenic effects when administered during gestational periods in mice and rats. The fetuses showed normal morphometric development, and no skeletal deformities were observed. However, data on fertility modulation, embryotoxicity, and lactational transfer remain underexplored and warrant dedicated reproductive toxicology studies. (Prabhu et al., 2012).
Herb-Drug Interactions
Owing to its antioxidant and enzymatic modulatory activities, T. grandis may influence the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which are involved in drug metabolism. Co-administration with drugs such as warfarin, antiepileptics, or statins may result in altered pharmacokinetics, either reducing drug efficacy or enhancing toxicity. No well-characterized clinical herb-drug interaction studies currently exist; thus, caution is advised when using T. grandis alongside conventional medicines. (Sahoo & Manchikanti, 2013).
No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)
Based on sub-chronic oral toxicity studies in rats, the NOAEL for Tectona grandis bark and leaf extracts was estimated to be 500 mg/kg/day. This value provides a foundational reference for further dose-ranging human studies. However, extrapolation to human use should consider interspecies scaling, metabolic rates, and formulation-specific factors. (Panda et al., 2011).
Safety in Traditional Use
The historical and ethnomedical use of T. grandis across generations in tribal and rural populations has rarely been associated with adverse outcomes, underscoring its relative safety in crude and decoction forms. However, anecdotal reports mention gastrointestinal discomfort (e.g., nausea and bloating) in some individuals after consuming high-concentration leaf decoctions, likely due to the high tannin content. (Shuaib et al., 2017).
Regulatory Status and Safety Registries
Tectona grandis is not currently listed as a controlled or scheduled herb in any major pharmacopeia; however, its use is endorsed by the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and is documented in ethnobotanical databases. Despite its popularity, it is not included in global safety registries, such as the US FDA GRAS list or the EMA herbal monographs, reflecting the need for more robust safety documentation and regulatory alignment. (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2008).
Recommendations for Toxicovigilance
To enhance safe usage and regulatory compliance, the following toxicovigilance measures are recommended.
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Summary of Traditional and Scientific Evidence
Tectona grandis (teak), traditionally revered for its therapeutic applications across various cultures and indigenous systems of medicine, is gradually emerging as a scientifically recognized medicinal plant. Its multifaceted pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and wound healing effects, have been well documented in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. A broad spectrum of bioactive phytoconstituents, such as lapachol, tectonin, rutin, tannins, quinones, and flavonoids, have been identified and correlated with the pharmacological outcomes. The traditional knowledge base, backed by ethnomedicinal usage among rural and tribal communities in India, Thailand, and Indonesia, continues to play a foundational role in guiding scientific research. The broad application of this plant in treating fever, wounds, liver disorders, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseasesdemonstrates its therapeutic versatility and cultural significance.
Existing Gaps in Research
Despite the vast array of preclinical findings, several gaps and challenges remain.
6.3 Future Directions:
To fully harness the therapeutic potential of T. grandis, a multifaceted and collaborative research approach is required. Key future directions include the following:
CONCLUSION
Tectona grandis exemplifies a plant with a rich ethnobotanical heritage and emerging scientific value. With its reservoir of pharmacologically active compounds, this plant is a potential source of novel phytopharmaceuticals. However, translating traditional wisdom into clinical reality requires rigorous scientific validation, robust toxicological assessment, and sustainable exploitation of this resource. Interdisciplinary efforts that combine phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and public health are imperative. By bridging traditional use with modern science, Tectona grandis can pave the way for evidence-based herbal medicines and contribute significantly to global health and well-being.
REFERENCES
Sumedh Joshi, Dr. V. N. Deshmukh, Radhika Joshi, Tectona Grandis: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacoepidemiology, Phytochemicals, And Pharmacological Potential, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 6, 5332-5342. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15756510
10.5281/zenodo.15756510
