The Study of How Maharashtrian Wild Onion Oil Is Made Assessed, And How Well It Work for Healthy Hair and Scalp

Along with the sebaceous gland and sweat gland, hair is one of the vital body components that are thought to be defensive appendages and an accessory structure of the integument. The bulb, root, and shaft are the fundamental components of hair. Among the well-known issues pertaining to hair are split ends, dandruff, lice, hair loss, and grey hair. A hair is one of the body's most intricate structures.

THE LAYER TYPES:

1. The inner layer, also known as the medulla.
2. The cortex bulk of the hair shaft, is the middle layer.
3. The outer layer, also known as cuticle.

STRUCTURE OF HAIR -

Figure 1: - Structure of Hair

Hair Shaft: This part of hair which is present on upper side of the epidermis layer of skin

Hair follicle: This is a tube-like structure (pore) that envelops a hair roots and strand.

Human body is made up of several layers

• The innermost layer, known as the medulla, is absent from some hair types.
• The intermediate layer that makes up a great deal of the shaft is called the cortex.
• The outermost layer that shields hair from harm is called the cuticle.

Composition of Hair

• Keratin is a protein that gives hair its strength and elasticity.
• 10 - 15 % of the total weight of hair is made up of water.
• Lipids: Contribute to water resistance and shine.
• Pigments: Melanin, the material that gives colour.

Hair grows in the the below stages

• Anagen phase: a two to six-year period of active growth.
• Catagen phase: A two- to three-week interim interval.
• Telogen phase: a resting period of four to six months.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAIR -

1. Hair that is straight –

Straight hair lacks an automatic curl or wave and rests flat on the head. Three sub-categories may be distinguished within it:

• Fine straight hair is silky, light, and thin.
• Average thickness and mild sheen characterize medium-straight hair.
• Straight, coarse hair is thick, dense, and frequently prone to drying out.

2. Hair that is Wavy –

Wavy hair has a relaxed "S" form with a soft, flowing curl. Three sub-categories may be distinguished within it:

• Soft, carefree waves with a delicate texture are known as loose waves.
• Defined waves with a moderate amount of movement and texture are referred to as medium waves.
• Tight waves: Prominent, deep waves that have a lot of bounce and structure.

3. Hair that is Curly –

Curly hair has a distinctive curl pattern and a more noticeable "S" shape. It can be further classified into four subtypes:

• loose curls, which are soft, comfortable curls with a slight texture.
• Tight curls, which have been defined curls with an appropriate level of bounce and texture.
• Spiral curls, which are deep, spherical curls with a lot of appearance and movement.
• Curls, which are extremely tight, zigzag curls with a lot of appearance and shrinkage.

4. Hair that is Coily –

Coily hair has a lot of flexibility and shrinkage, and it has a zigzag or "kinky" curl pattern. Three subcategories may be distinguished within it:

• Hair that is extremely thick, tightly coiled, and has a lot of structure and shrinkage is known as tightly coiled hair.
• Less thick hair that is loosely coiled and has a reasonable amount of mobility and texture is known as loosely coiled hair.
• Spiral-coiled hair: Hair that has a coil pattern in the shape of a spiral and frequently has a lot of bounce and texture.

5. Hair that is Kinky –

Kinky hair has a lot of structure and shrinkage, and it curls in a highly tight zigzag pattern. It is further subdivided into two categories:

• Tightly kinky hair: Hair that is extremely thick, kinky, and prone to shrinkage and texture.
• Less thick, loosely kinky hair that has a reasonable amount of mobility and texture is to as loosely kinky hair.

6. Hairstyle that is Afro –

Afro hair has a distinctive, tightly coiled texture, a rounded form, and frequently a lot of shrinkage. It is further subdivided into two categories:

• Firmly coiled afro hair: This type of hair is extremely thick, firmly coiled, and prone to shrinkage and texture.
• Afro hair that is loosely coiled: This type of hair has a considerable amount of movement and texture and is less thick.

AIM: -

The current study's goal was to create a herbal oil made from onions that would moisturize, nourish, brighten, and cure a variety of skin conditions.

OBJECTIVE: -

1. To establish the herbal oil composition by utilizing various plants.
2. To create herbal oil using the right method.
3. To apply various tests, such as PH, Spreadibility, Thermal Stability, etc., to assess the created product.

Herbal Hair Oil

Combining nutrients, bioactive ingredients, antioxidants, and biostimulants has been to work more effectively and also help to nurish the hair. The growing interest of people in Herbal cosmatics has led to a strong demand for them.

Availability of Herbal Hair Oil in Market -

1. Coconut essential oil
2. Olive oil
3. Argon oil
4. Jojoba oil
5. Rosemary essential oil
6. Tea tree oil
7. Onion extract oil
8. Amla essential oil
9. Bhringaraj oil

ADVANTAGES: -

1. Promotion of hair development: Maharashtrian wild onion oil might reduce dandruff, enhance hair texture, and encourage hair growth.
2. Health of the scalp: The oil's antibacterial and antifungal qualities may aid in preventing and treating scalp infections.
3. Natural remedy: Researching this oil sheds light on a chemical-free, all-natural solution for problems relating to the hair and scalp.

DISADVANTAGES: -

1. Allergic reactions: Maharashtrian wild onion oil may trigger itchiness, itching, and other allergic responses in certain people.
2. Drug interactions: Some drugs, including as blood thinners, diabetic treatments, and blood pressure meds, may interact with Maharashtrian wild onion oil.
3. Over harvesting of wild onions: The sustainability of the plant may be threatened by overharvesting of wild onions as a result of rising demand for Maharashtrian wild onion oil.
4. Environmental impact of manufacturing: Forest loss, soil deterioration, and water pollution are some of the potential negative environmental effects of the Maharashtrian wild onion oil manufacturing process.

Causes of Sclap Infection Affected on Hair Growth: -

Typical reasons for scalp infections that might impact hair development and could be pertinent to the investigation of wild onion oil from Maharashtra:

1. Infections with fungi: -

1. Dandruff: A typical fungal illness brought on by Malassezia that causes hair loss, flaking, and itching.
2. Ringworm: A fungal infection that results in circular regions of hair loss and is brought on by Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton.
3. Folliculitis: Itching, redness, and thinning hair are symptoms of an inflammatory condition of the hair follicles brought on by bacterial or fungal infections.

2. Infections with Bacteria: -

1. Folliculitis: Bacterial infections like Staphylococcus aureus can also cause this condition.
2. Impetigo: A highly infectious bacterial illness that causes red boils and hair loss and is brought on by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Cellulitis: Redness, the swelling, and thinning hair are symptoms of an infection caused by bacteria of the skin and the tissues beneath it.

3. Diseases Caused by Parasites: -

1. Lice infestations: Tiny parasites that cause redness, itchiness, and hair loss by feeding on human blood.
2. Mites are insects: Tiny parasites that cause redness, itching, and hair loss by burrowing into the skin.

4. Infections by Viral Agents: -

1. A viral infection called herpes simplex can result in cold-related sores on the upper part of the head, which can cause discomfort, irritation, and hair loss.
2. The viral illness known as herpes zoster can result in splits on the scalp, which can cause itching, discomfort, and hair loss.

5. Other Causes: -

1. Bad scalp hygiene: Oil accumulation, irritation, and hair loss can result from not washing the scalp on a regular basis.
2. Stiff hairstyles: Hairstyles that tug on the hair, such ponytails or braids, can irritate the scalp and result in hair loss.
3. Nutritional deficits: Hair loss and inflammation of the scalp can result from shortages in nutrients such as iron, zinc, or biotin.
4. Hormonal imbalances: Hair loss and inflammation of the scalp can result from changes in hormones, such as those that take place during pregnancy or menopause.
5. Stress: Stress, whether mental or physical, can irritate the scalp and result in hair loss.

How People May Deal with Hair Issues Todays?

1. Typical Hair Problems

1. Loss of Hair
2. Dandruff
3. Disjointed ends
4. Frizz
5. Dehydration
6. Discoloration
7. Thinning

2. Natural Remedie:

1. Coconut Oil
2. Olive Oil
3. Vinegar from apple cider
4. Vera aloe
5. Rosemary Essential Oil

3. Lifestyle Modification:

1. Diet: Consuming a well-rounded diet full of vitamins and minerals.
2. Hydration: To keep scalp hydrated and healthy, drink lots of water.
3. Exercise: Consistent exercise helps to increase hair growth and circulation.
4. Stress Reduction: Yoga, meditation, or deep breaths to manage stress help grow more hair and stop more hair loss.

4. Precaution:

1. Whenever use new hair oil, do a patch test first.
2. As necessary, gradually increase from a modest beginning position.
3. Remember that excessive oil use may cause hair to seem oily.

DOSAGE: -

It appears that scars look better after at least 10 weeks of applying an onion extract oil to the skin, by itself or in combination with other components. It's unclear what dosage or chemical combination is most effective.

Plan of The Work: -

LITRATRATURE SURVEY: -

According to the literature review, herbal onion oil reduces inflammation and increases the supply of blood to the scalp, which stimulates hair growth. soothes irritated scalps and lessens dandruff. Enhances the structure and sheen of hair by nourishing and conditioning it. Helps maintain a healthy scalp and guards against fungal diseases. Although herbal onion oil is usually regarded as harmless, some people may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation from it. To completely comprehend its effects and any interactions, more study is required. All things considered, herbal onion oil is a remarkable natural therapy for healthy hair and scalp that provides an alternative to traditional therapies without the use of chemicals. It is a useful supplement to hair care routines because of its therapeutic qualities and safety record.

MATERIAL: -

Table 1: - Material with Their Usages

MATERIALS: -

Following material are used for the formulate the Maharashtrian wild (red) onion oil and their studies:

1. 1. Maharashtrian Wild Onion Extract Oil: -

Figure 2: - (Allium Cepa) Maharashtrian wild (red) onion extract oil

Onions, or Allium cepa, are a common plant with a variety of medicinal qualities. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and thiosulfates are among the several bioactive substances it contains.

Properties of pharmacology

• Antioxidant: The antioxidant qualities of onions can boost antioxidant activity and lessen lipid peroxidation.
• Anti-inflammatory: The characteristics of onions are anti-inflammatory.
  Antimicrobial: Onions are utilized as antimicrobial agents because of their antibacterial qualities.
• Antidiabetic: Onions have the ability to lower blood sugar levels.
• Antihypertensive: Onions have the ability to lower blood pressure.
• Anti-obesity: The qualities of onions help people lose weight.
• Cardiovascular: Onions provide preventive qualities for the heart.
• Neuroprotective: The characteristics of onions are neuroprotective.
  Onion possesses anti-cancer effects.

Bioactive substances

• Onions contain a chemical component called Allicin.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Quercetin, which may help prevent coronary heart disease.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Fisetin.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Diallyl Disulphide.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Diallyl Trisulphide.

Additional applications

Onion are employed in a wide variety of International cuisines. It can be consumed powdered, pickled or uncooked.

Bioactive substances

• Onions contain a chemical component called Allicin.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Quercetin, which may help prevent coronary heart disease.
• Onions contain a chemical component called Fisetin.
  2. Coconut Oil: -

Figure 3: - Coconut Oil

Free fatty acids are present in trace level in the Coconut oil. Esters make up the majority of the fatty acids. The terms "fatty acids" as well as "acid” instead of carboxylic acids.

Properties of Pharmacology

• Antibacterial activity: Research has demonstrated that coconut oil and its derived substances have antibacterial action against a variety of micro-organisms.
• Anti-inflammatory activity: The anti-inflammatory qualities of coconut oil and its related substances may aid in lowering inflammation and easing the symptoms of diseases, like arthritis.
• Antioxidant activity: The antioxidant qualities of coconut oil and its related compounds can aid in preventing cell damage and oxidative stress.
• Cardiovascular defence: Coconut oil may lower cholesterol and blood pressure, among other cardiovascular-protective benefits.

Applications

• Skin conditions: Psoriasis, Acne, and Eczema have all been treated with coconut oil.
• Hair care: To hydrate and nourish the hair and scalp, coconut oil is utilized in hair care products.
• Digestive problems: Constipation and Diarrhoea have been treated with coconut oil.
• Wound therapy: Coconut oil has been utilized to reduce the possibility of infection and encourage wound healing.

Precautions and Safety

• Allergic reactions: Coconut oil allergies can cause hives, skin irritation, and itching in certain persons.
• Drug interactions: Certain medicines, including blood thinners and diabetic drugs, may interact with coconut oil.
• Quality and purity: The source and method of production might have an impact on the quality as well as purity of coconut oil.
  3. Olive Oil: -

Figure 4: - Olive Oil

Properties of Pharmacology

• Antioxidant activity: The antioxidant qualities of olives and olive oil can help guard against cell damage and oxidative stress.
• Anti-inflammatory activity: Due to their anti-inflammatory qualities, olives and olive oil can help lessen inflammation and the symptoms of diseases like arthritis.
• Cardiovascular protection: Studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular preventive benefits of olives and olive oil, which include lowering cholesterol and blood pressure.
• Antibacterial activity: Olives and olive oil contain antibacterial qualities that can lower the risk of illness and stop the growth of germs.

Applications

• Wound therapy: Olives and olive oil have been employed to reduce the risk of infection and encourage wound healing.
• Skin disorders: Psoriasis, Acne, and Eczema have all been treated with olives and olive oil.
• Digestive problems: Constipation and Diarrhoea have been treated with olives and olive oil.
• Cardiovascular fitness: Olives and olive oil have long been used to lower the risk of heart disease and promote cardiovascular health.

Precautions and Safety

• Sensitive reactions: People who are sensitive to olives as well as olive oil may have hives, itching, and skin irritation.
• Drug interactions: Certain medicines, including blood thinners and diabetic drugs, may interact with olives and olive oil.
• Quality along with purity: The source and method of production can have an impact on the quantity and quality of olives and olive oil.
  4. Rosemary Essential Oil: -

Figure 5: - Rosemary Officinalis

The medicinal herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has a wide range of pharmacological characteristics. It is utilized in aromatherapy, medicine, and cuisine.

Properties of pharmacology

• Anti-inflammatory: Rosemary can assist with atherosclerosis, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions because of its anti-inflammatory qualities.
• Antioxidant: Rosemary contains antioxidant qualities that can extend food shelf life.
• Antimicrobial: Rosemary's antimicrobial qualities can aid in the battle against fungus and germs.
• Rosemary's antiproliferative qualities may aid in the battle against cancer.
• Hepatoprotective: The hepatoprotective qualities of rosemary may aid in liver protection.
• Antidepressant: The antidepressant qualities of rosemary can aid in the treatment of depression.

Bioactive substances

Numerous bioactive substances, such as carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, along with ursolic acid, are found in rosemary.

Uses

• Rosemary is used in cuisine as a flavourings, seasoning, and food preservative.
• Medicine: Herbal and alternative medicine both employ rosemary.
• In aromatherapy, rosemary is utilized.
• Fragrances: The fragrance business uses rosemary.

Safety

• The majority of negative responses to rosemary are caused by allergies.
• Pregnant women should avoid using rosemary.
  5. Lavender Essential Oil: -

Figure 6: - Lavandula Officinalis

Lavandula essential oils, cyan pigments, and other substances are found in lavender, or Lavandula officinalis.

Properties of pharmacology

• Lavender is known to have anti-inflammatory qualities.
• Lavender possesses antibacterial qualities.
• Lavender possesses antioxidant qualities.
• Estrogenic: Extracts from lavender exhibit estrogenic qualities.
• Lavender has sedative properties.
• Diuretic: The effects of lavender are diuretic.
• Other substances include sugars, minerals, coumaric acid, glycolic acid, myricetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and phytosterols.

Uses

• Lavender is utilized in aromatherapy, phytotherapy, and pharmacology.
• It is used to treat diseases of the central nervous system, including stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbances.
• Inflammation, coughing, and stomach issues are also treated with it.
• Concerning headaches, biliousness, and chest and colic conditions are all treated with it.
• It is used to wounds to clean them.

Safety
No hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity with lavender extract.

1. 6. Glycerine: -

Figure 7: - Glycerine

Glycerol, another name for glycerine, is a simple Polyol. It is a syrupy, colourless, and odourless liquid. The molecular weight of glycerine is 92.09 g/mol, and its formula is C₃H₈O₃.

Natural Resource

• Vegetable oil: When vegetable oils, especially the soybean, canola seeds, and palm oils, are produced, glycerine is a by-product.
• Animal fat: Tallow and other animal fats can also be used to make glycerine.

Composition of Chemicals

• Glycerol: Glycerol is a Trihydric alcohol that make up the majority of glycerine.
• Impurities: Water, minerals, and other naturally occurring compounds are examples of impurities that glycerine may include in trace levels.

Properties of Pharmacology

• Humectant: The humectant qualities of glycerine aid in the preservation of moist in the epidermis and mucosal membrane.
• Emollient: Glycerine soften and soothe skin because of its emollient qualitie.
• Fluid: This ingredient is a solvent that has the ability to dissolve a variety of materials, such as waxes, oils, and various other organic compounds.

Applications in Medicine

• Skin care: To maintain moisture and relieve dry skin, glycerine is frequently used in skin care products including moisturizers, creams, and lotions.
• Protection of mucous membrane: Glycerine is utilized to soothe and protect mucous membrane, especially those in the throat, nose, and mouth.
• Wound healing: Glycerine keeps the wound wet and encourage tissue repair, which help the wound heal.
• medicinal use: Tablets, capsules, and ointments are among the medicinal products that employ glycerine as an excipient.

Precautions and Safety

• Toxicology: Glycerine is usually regarded as safe to use and non-toxic.
• Allergic reaction: Glycerine allergies can cause hives, skin irritation, and itching in certain people.
• Drug interaction: Blood thinners and diabetic drugs are among the medications that glycerine may be interact with.
  7. Vitamine E (Tocopherol): -

Figure 8: - Tocopherol (Vitamine E)

Vitamin E known for its antioxidant qualitie, vitamin E is a non-fat insoluble vitamin oil. Sunburn, photodamage, and long-term skin disorder are among the many ailments it is used to cure.

Organic Source

• Oils from vegetables: Maize oil, Helianthus annuus seed oil, Oleum soyae and Triticum vulgare germ oil
• Nuts or seeds: Sesame seeds, Almonds, Sunflower seeds and Pumpkin seeds
• Swiss chard, spinach, and broccoli are examples of leafy greens.

Chemical Constituent

• The four types of tocotrienols are:

• Delta
• Gamma
• Beta
• Alpha tocotrienols.

Properties of Pharmacology

• Antioxidant: Vitamin E stop the generation of cell-damaging free radicals.
• Anti-inflammatory: Vitamin E could aid in reducing inflammation in the lungs.
• Immune system: Vitamin E strengthen the immune system.
• Blood vessel health: Vitamin E aid in preventing blood cell constituent from adhering to blood vessel linings.
• Cell signalling: Gene expression and cell signalling are both impacted by vitamin E.

Pharmacokinetics

• Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are the four isomer of tocopherol and tocotrienol, which include vitamin E.
• The bioavailability of vitamin E, particularly tocotrienol, is low.
• Nano formulations, including nano particles and nano vesicles, can increase vitamin E's bioavailability.

Precautions and Safety

• Toxicity: Excessive vitamin E intake can be harmful, resulting in symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea.
• Drug interactions: Blood-thinning medications and cholesterol-lowering drugs are among the pharmaceuticals that vitamin E can react with.
• Pregnancy and lactation: Because high vitamin E dosages may raise the possibility of clotting or other problems, they may not be appropriate for women who are pregnant or nursing.

Sources of food

Fruit juices, margarine, spreads, green vegetables, nuts, seeds, and green vegetable oils are all are the sources of vitamin E oil.

1. 8. Preservatives (Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerine) :-

Figure 9: - Preservative (Phenoxyethanol Ethylhexylglycerine )

Phenoxyethanol

Characteristics and Applications

• Antibacterial agent: Phenoxylethanol is utilized in medications, cosmetics, and personal hygiene items as an antibacterial agent.
• Preservative: It stop the growth of microbes in items by acts a preservative.
• Solution: Phenoxylethanol is applications as a solvent.

Precautions and Safety

• Toxicology: Phenoxylethanol is non-toxic and harmless.
• Skin and ocular irritation: People may have skin and ocular irritation as a result of it.
• Allergic reactions: Phenoxylethanol may trigger an allergic response in certain individuals.

Ethylhexyglycerine:

Characteristics and Applications

• Antibacterial agent: Ethylhexylglycerin is utilized in medications, cosmetics, and personal hygiene items as an antibacterial.
• Preservative: It stop the growth of microbes in items by acts a preservative.
• Moisturising agent: Ethylhexylglycerin is also utilized as a skin moisturising agent.

Precautions and Safety

• Toxicity: Ethylhexylglycerin is non-toxic and harmless.
• Skin irritation: Some people may get skin irritation as a result of it.
• Allergic reactions: Ethylhexylglycerin might trigger an allergic response.

Ethylhexyglycerine & Phenoxyethanol Comparison

• Antibacterial activity: Ethylhexylglycerin and phenoxylethanol both possess antibacterial properties, although phenoxylethanol is more potent against a wider variety of microbes.
• Preservative qualities: Both substances serve as preservative, while ethylhexylglycerin is commonly utilized in cosmetics and phenoxylethanol is more frequently utilized in medications.
• Moisturizing qualities: Phenoxylethanol lacks the moisturizing qualities of ethylhexylglycerin.
• Protection and toxicity: Phenoxylethanol may be irritate skin and eyes more than ethylhexylglycerin, both substances are usually regarded as harmless and non-toxic.

METHOD: -

1. Collection of plants: We gathered Maharashtrian Wild Onion Extract Oil, Coconut Oil, Olive Oil, Rosemarinus Essential Oil, Lavandula Essential Oil and Vitamine E from the market. Glycerine, Preservatives (Phenoxyethanol Ethylhexyglycerine) and Distilled Water was Collected from the College Laboratory of Dharmraj Shaikshnaik Pratithan, College Of Pharmacy, Ahilyanagr. Until they were used again, the samples were kept at ambient temperature (30+5 ⁰C).
2. Indentification of plants: Identification of the preservative chemicals and herbs was done by Prof. Ajay B. Shirsat, Prof. Ashok A. Chopane and Dr. Priyanka V. Jadhav.
3. Collection of Chemical: Glycerine and Preservative (Phenoxyethanol Ethylhexylglycerine) was collected from medicinal chemistry laboratory. Maharashtrain wild (red) onion, Coconut oil, Olive oil, Rosemary extracted oil, Lavender extracted oil, Vitamine E synthesize oil and Glycerine collected from the cosmetic market, Ahilyanagar.
4. Crushing: Using a disintegrator, the leaves were crushed at room temperature. At room temperature, the smashed sample was kept.
5. Apparatus: Mortar and Pestle, Pipettes, Beaker, Spatula, Petri Dish, Measuring Cylinder, Dropper, etc.
6. Equipment: Weighing Balance, PH meter, Hot Air Oven, Desicator, Disintegrator, Etc.

Formulation Table: -

Table 2: - Formulation of Maharashtrian Wild Onion Oil

PROCEDURE: -

• Making the Oil Blend: In a clean glass container, combine 20% Maharashtrian Wild Onion Oil, 20% Coconut Oil, 15% Olive Oil, 5% Tea Tree Oil, 5% Lavender Oil, and 5% Essential Rosemary Oil.
• Glycerin and Vitamin E Oil Addition: To the oil combination, add glycerine (10%) and vitamin E oil (5%) and stir thoroughly.
• The aqueous Phase Preparation: In a separate container, combine 20% distilled water and 1% preservatives.
• Emulsification: Using a mixing device or a mechanical stirrer, gradually add the water phase to the oil mix while stirring constantly.
• pH Adjustment: Use a pH instrument and a pH adjustment (such as sodium hydroxide or citric acid) to bring the formulation's pH down to 5.5.
• Filtering and Packaging: Fill sterile, clean bottles or tubes with the formulation after passing it thorough a 0.2 μm filter.

Figure 10: Formulation of Herbal Maharashtrian Wild Onion Oil.

Evalution Test: -

1. Physical Properties

• Colour: Herbal onion oil often has a pale-yellow colour, with the addition of onion extract and other herbal ingredients.
• Density: The typical density of an oil is 0.95 g/cm3.
• Odour: The oil smells pleasant, with a faint undertone of sweetness and herbaceousness.
• Solubility:

• Soluble in ethanol, methanol, and other organic solvents.
• Insoluble in water.

• Viscosity: Herbal onion oil is suitable for topical use is 0.05 Pa.s .

2. Determination of Ph

• A 100 ml beaker was used to precisely weigh 5.5 + 0.2 ml of the oil.
• To spread the oil, 45 milliliters of water were added.
• Using the pH meter, the suspension's PH was measured at 36.0°C.

Table 3: - PH of hair at various concentration

3. Test for Thermal Stability

• Acidity: The acidity of herbal onion oil is minimal, at less than 5 mg KOH/g.

Table 4: - At various concentration record of acid values

• Herbal onion oil has a low iodine content, at less than 50gI/100g.
• The moisture level of herbal onion oil is low, at less than 5%.
• Herbal onion oil has a refractive index 1.4.
• Oil has a saponification value between 100 and 150 mg KOH/g

Table 5: - Saponification values at various concentration

• Stability: maintained in a cold, dark environment.

4. Pach Test

• A cloth or funnel was used to apply one or two drops of the Herbal oil sample test on skin's sensitive areas. For instance, the hand's top skin side.
• After 12, 24 & 48 hrs patch side was examine result is no harmful effect shown.

Figure 11: Pach test on Skin

5. Spreadibility Test

• Measured in grams per centimetre per second (g⋅cm/sec), a spreadability test determines how easily an herbal oil spread. The test is sandwiching two glass slides with oil and timing how long it requires for the slides to separate.
• The process –

Oil the space between two glass slides.
To ensure that the oil is uniformly thick, attach a weight on the upper slide.
Give a pan that is connected to the bottom slide additional weight.
Time how long it takes for the upper and bottom slides to separate.

• FORMULA:

  Spreadability (S) = (Density of Oil x Viscosity of Oil) / (Surface Tension of Oil x Gravity)

• CALCULATION:

Observe this is-

• Density of Oil (ρ): 0.95 g/cm³
• Viscosity of Oil (μ): 0.05Pa·s
• Surface Tension of Oil (γ): 35 mN/m

Solution-

Given, g = 9.81 m/s² (standard gravity value)

Then, Put the values in formula:

S = (0.95 g/cm³ x 0.05 Pa·s) / (35 mN/m x 9.81 m/s²)

S = 0.0475 / 343.35

S = 0.0001383

The spreadability value (S) of herbal onion oil is 0.000138.

• Meaning -
  The spreadability improves as the time required for the slides to separate reduces.

Evalution Test

Table 6: Physical Evaluation test of Herbal Onion Hair Oil