A Review on Herbal Syrup for Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity

Abstract

Traditional medicinal herbs like bamboo shoots and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) are known for their therapeutic qualities, especially when it comes to treating feverish and inflammatory & fever illnesses. According to recent pharmacological research, bamboo shoot extracts contain bioactive alkaloids and polyphenols that, in large part, modulate the ERK signaling pathway in activated macrophages, suppress pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, interleukin-1?, and tumor necrosis factor ?. With no documented harmful effects at effective dosages, these data show a strong anti-inflammatory impact. According to parallel studies, Tulsi has strong anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties; in animal models, both methanolic and aqueous extracts reduce both acute and chronic inflammation. Together, Tulsi and bamboo shoots show great promise as natural remedies for fever and inflammation, which use of these plants in herbal antipyretic and anti-inflammatory medication compositions.

Keywords

Introduction

Herbal syrup:

An herbal syrup is a prepared mixture and concentrated decoction made with honey, sugar, or occasionally alcohol. A potent herbal decoction serves as the foundation for this type of syrup, and adding sugar honey to the brew thickens and preserves it. Herbal plants and formulations are used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cough syrup. For many years, cough syrup has been made from a variety of herbal plants, including pudina, Tulsi, cinnamon, and honey. The entire plant is utilized to make herbal medicine. One of the most often used forms of health care in developing and emerging nations is herbal formulation. The syrup medication is a liquid dosage form of oral liquid pharmaceutical that has been proven to be fundamentally easy to administer to individuals who have trouble swallowing solid dosages of medication

Benefits of syrup:

? No side effects

? No Harmless

? Easily available

? Easy to adjust the dose for child’s weight 

? No nursing is required, which main and the patient can take it with no help.

Bamboo Shoot: -

The young, edible bamboo plants that have just come up from the ground are called bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoots often weigh close to a pound1, are 20–30 cm long, and taper at one end.
In general, tropical and sub-tropical bamboos are clumps that shoot in the late summer and fall, whereas runners that shoot in the spring are found in temperate regions. They grow on their own; during the first few years after budding, little visible above-ground growth is observed, but after a short season, they are observed to explode with growth. The plant invests all of its energy to the root system during this time, and in the summer and fall that follows, the species produces and stores sugars in its rhizomes, which create the roots, demand top growth, and develop new rhizomes. They lose their delicate flavor and scent and become rough and woody if they are permitted to grow much above the surface. In certain species, the sheaths that envelop the shoots are covered in small hairs and can be black, brown, yellow, or purple. Bamboo shoots are low in calories and fat but high in important fatty acids with health-promoting qualities. They are also a fantastic source of dietary fiber, carbs, antioxidants, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and protein.  Bamboo shoots have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral qualities, among other health benefits. Sheath, tender bamboo shoot, and basal bamboo shoot are the three components that make up the entire bamboo shoot.

Fig .1. Bamboo Shoot

Botanical classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Family: Poaceae (grass family)

Subfamily: Bambusoideae

Order: Poales (or Cyperales)

Tulsi: -

The goal of the Herbal Tulsi Syrup Project is to utilize Tulsi's (Holy Basil) natural therapeutic qualities and offer them in a simple and potent syrup form. Tulsi, referred regarded as the "Queen of Herbs" in Ayurveda, has long been valued for its many health advantages, which include anti-inflammatory, stress-relieving, and immune-boosting qualities. This syrup aims to provide a simple solution that supports general wellness by fusing traditional wisdom with contemporary demands. The project's main goal is to employ organic Tulsi leaves that have been meticulously gathered and processed to preserve all of the healthful chemicals in the finished product. Herbal Tulsi Syrup is a comprehensive way to boost vitality, immunity, and health by providing a natural substitute for synthetic medication.

Fig.2.Tulsi

Chemical Constituent: -

• Eugenol: Exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties.
• Ursolic Acid: Known for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective effects.
• Rosmarinic Acid: Possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities.
• Linalool: Demonstrates sedative, anxiolytic, and antimicrobial effects.
• Oleanolic Acid: Offers hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits.
• Carvacrol: Provides antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
• β-Caryophyllene: Acts as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. 

Pathophysiology of Fever: -

Since fever has been identified as a typical symptom of many illnesses, modern medicine continues to place a high priority on managing it. At least among lower vertebrates, fever is phylogenetically old and appears to have some protective properties against infections (Kluger, 1991). Three key conclusions on the mechanism of fever were drawn from studies conducted over the past three decades (Dinarello et al, 1988; Kluger, 1991; Rothwell, 1997; Dinarello, 1999). First, fever is a change in body temperature that is regulated by the central nervous system. Second, an increase in prostaglandin E (PGE), a lipid mediator, in the brain causes the central nervous system to become active in response to fever. Third, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-a/β (IL-1-/p), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor a, and interferons, which are all generated by activated immune cells in the peripheral and occasionally in the brain, are responsible for the increase of PGE in the brain. However, it is still unclear how the cytokines during fever raise brain PGE because these cytokines have molecular Histochemical localization of either PGE or PGE-synthesizing enzymes in the brain during fever may provide an answer to this question. PGE is biosynthesized by the following three enzymatic steps (Smith et al. 19gl): first, phospholipase A? (PLA2) cleaves arachidonic acid by acting on the membrane phospholipids; second, cyclooxygenase (COX) converts arachidonic acid to PGH; and finally, PGE synthase (PGES) converts PGH to PGE. Among these enzymes, we have previously shown a strong induction of inducible-type COX (COx.2) in a subset, but not all, of the brain endothelial cells or perivascular cells in response to various agents that induce fever. (Breder and Saper, 1996; Elmguist et al., 1997; Lacroix and Rivest, 1998; Matsumura et al., 1998; Quan et al., 1998; Laflamme et al., 1999; Cao et al., 1995, 1996, 1998), The lack of evidence that PGES is also expressed in brain endothelial cells hindered our final conclusion, even though this information prompted us to hypothesize that PGE synthesis during fever occurs in these cells. PGE is produced by brain endothelial cells in response to a Peripheral pyrogenic challenge & hence play the central role in Evoking fever.

Pathophysiology of Inflammation: -

Inflammation is an ancient medical term initially referring to classic signs and symptoms, including edema, erythema (redness), warmness, pain, and loss of function (stiffness and immobility). Currently, inflammation is recognized as a set of changing responses to tissue injury primarily caused by factors such as toxic chemicals, environmental agents, trauma, overuse, or infection. Some of these responses can facilitate wound healing and infection control or pathology, as in many chronic disease states. Inflammation is a second-line defense against infectious agents. The responses evoked by inflammation are a keystone of pathology. Diseases where inflammation plays a dominant pathological role have the suffix -itis. Both cell-mediated and humoral responses of the immune system are central to inflammation

Role of XO In Inflammation: -

A Danger Associated Molecule Pattern (DAMP), uric acid (UA) is released during stressful situations and is linked to either neutrophil recruitment to the sites of inflammation or a generalized inflammatory response. Interleukin (IL)-1β proinflammatory cytokine production and neutrophilic inflammation can result from uric acid's activation of NALP3 inflammasomes. Xanthine oxidase (XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) catalyze the breakdown of uric acid in primates. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-c are linked to xanthine dehydrogenase, which is expressed in a variety of organs, including the liver and intestine. By moving an electron via two Fe–S clusters to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) coenzyme portion, xanthine oxidase oxidizes xanthine with the help of a molybdenum cofactor. This reduces oxygen and converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ into NADH. Molybdenum's oxidative response is strongly influenced by oxygen pressure and ph. Under healthy settings, the amounts of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the cell ranged from 1 to 3 μM, however under hypoxic conditions, they rise to 50 to 100 μM and lower the pH to 7. Under those circumstances, this enzyme experiences proteolysis or a post translation change at the 535th and 992nd cysteine residues, which turns XDH into XO. Under hypoxic conditions, the electron-transfer affinity (electron flux) of NAD+ in the FAD site falls while the affinity for oxygen rises. It will result in the transfer of univalent and divalent electrons, producing hydrogen peroxide or sulfur peroxide. XO is therefore linked to hypoxia damage and is thought to be one of the peroxide sources in cells. The superoxide produced by the xanthine oxidase would react with NO, which would then form proximities. This would lower the bioavailability of NO, which would therefore lower endothelial dysfunction. The interaction between the negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) on the endothelium surface and the positively charged XO also causes this change. The buildup of XO may also result in the generation of superoxide radicals, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may raise the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and cause endothelial dysfunction.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: -

Extraction Method: -

• Bamboo Shoot: -

For 72 hours, dried and powered bamboo pieces were immersed in aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic solutions. Whatman filters and muslin fabric were used to filter the solutions. after which it was dried in a rotary evaporator and finally dried at 37°C. Until it was used, the dried extract was kept at 4°C.

• Tulsi: -

 three to four days of drying at a temperature of roughly 40 to 45°C, the leaf samples were ground into a fine powder, of which 20 g was added to a conical flask that contained 200 ml of methanol as the solvent. This was stored for roughly 72 hours at room temperature. The solution was stirred every four to five hours. Whatman filter paper was then used to filter out the solution. In order to evaporate the solvent and obtain a solid extract, the filtrate was lastly placed in an oven set to 60–62°C, which is the melting point of methanol. For use in upcoming research, the extract was stored in a refrigerator at 4°C.

Excipient’s Use in Syrup: -

Table No. 1. Excipient uses in Syrup

Evolution Parameter of Herbal Syrup:

The syrup's color, taste, odor, and appearance were examined.

Color: Five milliliters of the finished syrup were placed in a watch glass and exposed to light so      that the color could be seen with the unaided eye.

scent: After two milliliters of the finished syrup were each smelled separately, the odor was identified.

Taste: To detect the taste, a pinch of the finished syrup was applied to the tongue's taste bud.

Moisture Content:

A sample weighing two grams was obtained in a Petri dish. heated for one hour at 100 degrees Celsius in a hot air oven, then allowed to cool before weighing the sample once more.

Antimicrobials Activity:

Herbal syrup was tested for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method. The formulations were aseptically put into cups of agar plates that had already been culture-inoculated. Before being incubated for 24 hours at 37 OC, the plates were allowed to sit at room temperature for 30 minutes. Amikacin, an antibiotic, served as a positive control in order to get comparable outcomes. After being incubated for 24 to 48 hours, plates were checked to see if the zone of inhibition had formed. The diameter of the zones of inhibition of microbial growth (measured in millimeters) was used to assess antimicrobial efficacy.

Dry Debris:

Five milliliters of the syrup were put in a 110°C oven. The sample was cooled in a desiccator for two hours before being weighed. To get a constant weight, the procedure was repeated as previously said, and the dry residue was computed. Three times, this process was carried out.

Sedimentation:

For 15 minutes, three samples were centrifuged at 5600 rpm. The sediment was taken out of the mixture, dried in an oven at 120°C, and then cooled and weighed.

Density: - It was evaluated by Formula as given below;

Formula for density:

Density of liquid under test(syrup) = weight of liquid under test volume of liquid under test

Viscosity: -

Thoroughly clean Ostwald viscometer with warm chromic Acid and if necessary used.

1. An organic solvent such as acetone.

2. Mount viscometer in vertical position on suitable stand.

3. Fill water in dry viscometer up to mark G.

4. Count time required, in second for water to flow from mark A to mark B.

5. Repeat step 3 at least three times to obtained accurate reading.

6. Rinse viscometer with test liquid and then fill up to mark A, find out the time required for liquid to flow to mark B.

Turbidity Test: -

It is used to determine the concentration of suspended particle in a sample of water by measuring the incident light scattered at right angle from the sample. The scattered light is captured by photodiode which produce an electronic signal that is converted to turbidity.

Determination Of PH: -

Placed an accurately measured amount 10 ml of the final syrup in a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up the volume up to 100 ml with distilled water. The solution was sonicated for about 10 minutes. pH was measured with the help of digital pH meter.

Stability Testing: -

Stability testing of the prepared herbal syrup was performed on keeping the samples at accelerated temperature conditions. Nine portions of the final syrup (1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B and 3C), were taken in amber colored glass bottles and were kept at accelerated temperature at 4⁰C, Room temperature and 47⁰C respectively. The samples were tested for all the physicochemical parameters, turbidity and homogeneity at the interval of 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr to observe any change. 

Market Formulation Surve: -

Particularly in the pharmaceutical or wellness supplement industries, current market research and published references do not show that herbal formulations combining Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and bamboo shoots combined as a single marketed product are widely available. The majority of marketed goods are either based on Tulsi alone (as teas, extracts, or capsules for respiratory and immune health) or bamboo shoot alone (as ferments, pickles, canned bamboo shoots, and culinary products).

CONCLUSION: -

Bamboo shoot and Tulsi possess significant bioactive compounds that demonstrate notable antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific studies validate their traditional use as natural remedies for reducing inflammation and fever. These plants hold promise for development into effective herbal formulations in medicine and health promotion. Further research and standardized processing methods could enhance their therapeutic applications.

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