Formulate And Evaluate Hand Sanitizer Containing Cow Urine (Gomutra) As Main Ingredient

As we know skin is the most exposed part of the body to the environmental pollution sunlight and also pathogens, especially hand skin. Therefore, hand hygiene is most important major to avoid the contamination and to avoid transmission of harmful germs and to prevent infection. Therefore, the spread of microorganism and germs can be prevented by the frequent use of hand washes and the hand sanitizer at all time washing hand is not possible so using hand sanitizer become important aspect. in the all formulation of sanitizer available in market they use number of chemicals and alcohol are mainly use which shows very good antimicrobial activity but they show plenty of side effect like it is carcinogenic it causes the hand irritation redness and it cannot be use for small children and we overcome with all this side effect cause by the alcohol and we successfully replace the alcohol in the chemical sanitizer with cow urine . Replacement of alcohol with some other herbal ingredient itself it is big task and we have done the same we come up with the pure  herbal sanitizer which is purely herbal, free from all the chemicals and alcohol though it is free from alcohol it shows a very good an timicrobial activity as chemical hand sanitizer shows. Antimicrobial activity tested against gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria some fungi .  hand sanitizer contains cow urine and various herbal plant extraction example Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, aloe vera, leaves of carica papaya and petals of various flowers like rose flowers the most important ingredient is amrut dhara contain Bhimsen Kapoor, mentha [pudina flowers], ajwain flowers . it  is liquid type of hand sanitizer. Several studies suggested that sanitizer with at least70%alcohol were suggested to kill 99.9%of germs on hands but it is very sensitive for small babies and older patients too as in hand sanitizer it is formulated using herbal plants and cow urine which show no side effect and which not sensitive to skin and can be use by children and older patients. It is purely herbal sanitizer .  Cow urine, often referred to as "gomutra" in the ancient Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, has long been a subject of intrigue and study due to its rich composition and potential health benefits. In the realm of traditional medicine, cow urine is considered a treasure trove of therapeutic properties, encompassing a wide array of advantages that range from antifungal and immunostimulant effects to its role as a bioenhancer, antioxidant, and even a potential anticancer agent [1].One of the primary aspects that captivates researchers and practitioners alike is the intricate composition of cow urine. This biological fluid contains a diverse blend of constituents, including urea, uric acid, creatinine, and various essential minerals. It is this intricate mix that sets the stage for its multifaceted health benefits. First and foremost, cow urine's antifungal properties are of significant interest. The presence of certain compounds, such as urea, has demonstrated inhibitory effects against fungal growth. This suggests a potential role in addressing fungal infections, which continue to be a global health concern. Additionally, cow urine's reputation as a bioenhancer is well-founded. Its ability to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of drugs and herbal remedies is valued in the field of Ayurvedic medicine. This quality can lead to more efficient therapeutic interventions, providing an attractive avenue for further exploration.Moreover, cow urine serves as an immuno stimulant, capable of fortifying the body's immune system. This immunomodulatory effect holds promise for bolstering the body's defenses against various infections and diseases.Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of cow urine cannot be understated. By combating harmful free radicals, it may contribute to the reduction of oxidative stressrelated ailments, potentially promoting overall health.Lastly, emerging research suggests that cow urine may harbor anticancer properties. Certain compounds within it have exhibited potential in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, opening new avenues for cancer research and treatment.In this comprehensive review, we delve deeper into the detailed composition of cow urine and explore its multifaceted benefits as an antifungal agent, bioenhancer, immunostimulant, antioxidant, and potential anticancer therapeutic agent[x]. While acknowledging its historical significance in traditional medicine, we also consider the evolving scientific perspective on this intriguing natural substance.

Literature Review: - 

??Summary of Previously Published Work Related to the Topic

Hand sanitizers have become a critical tool in maintaining hygiene, particularly in preventing the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are widely used but can cause skin dryness and irritation with prolonged use. This has sparked interest in developing natural, plant-based alternatives that offer antimicrobial properties while being gentle on the skin. Among the natural ingredients, Cow urine (Gomutra) has a long history of use in Ayurveda for its purported medicinal and antimicrobial properties. Studies have explored the benefits of Gomutra, and various other plant extracts such as Tulasi (Holy Basil), Neem, Papaya leaves, Aloe Vera, Rose petals, Bhimsen Kapoor, Ajwain leaves, and Pudina (Mint), which are known for their antibacterial, antifungal, and skin-nourishing properties.

Cow Urine (Gomutra) Research has shown that Gomutra possesses a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which have demonstrated antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. A study by Pillai et al. (2011) explored the antimicrobial activity of Gomutra against a variety of pathogens and found that it showed significant inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, Gomutra has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which could benefit the skin, providing additional advantages in a hand sanitizer formulation (Sharma et al., 2014).

2. Tulasi (Holy Basil) Tulasi is a well-known herb in traditional medicine, especially in Ayurvedic treatments. It is rich in essential oils and has demonstrated antibacterial and antiviral activities. A study by Bhargava et al. (2013) demonstrated that Tulasi oil has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties, particularly against S. aureus and E. coli. Additionally, Tulasi has anti-inflammatory properties that make it beneficial for soothing and nourishing the skin.

3.Neem Leaves Neem is another potent herb known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies by Jain et al. (2009) have demonstrated that Neem extracts can inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and possess antifungal properties as well. Neem's high content of azadirachtin and nimbidin is largely responsible for its antimicrobial effects.

4.Papaya Leaves Papaya leaves have been studied for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, with evidence suggesting that papaya leaf extracts can inhibit the growth of bacteria like E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Research by Huang et al. (2015) showed that papaya leaf extracts possess promising antibacterial activity, which may help in reducing microbial load on the skin.

5. Aloe Vera Aloe Vera is renowned for its soothing and moisturizing properties. It also possesses antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. A review by Rattan et al. (2016) highlighted that Aloe Vera gel contains compounds such as acemannan, which have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity  against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Its inclusion in hand sanitizers can help prevent skin irritation caused by overuse of alcohol-based products.

6.Bhimsen Kapoor (Camphor) Bhimsen Kapoor, also known as camphor, is commonly used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Studies suggest that camphor has antibacterial effects and can be used in formulations for soothing and preventing infection on the skin (Gautam et al., 2013).

7.Ajwain Leaves and Pudina (Mint) Both Ajwain leaves and Pudina leaves are known for their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Ajwain contains compounds like thymol, which are effective against a range of pathogens, while Pudina has menthol, which has cooling and soothing effects on the skin and acts as a natural antimicrobial agent. Studies such as those by Khan et al. (2012).

Key Findings and Conclusions from Past Research

??Gomutra has significant antimicrobial properties, showing effectiveness against a variety of bacteria and fungi (Pillai et al., 2011). It also offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, which are ideal for a skin-friendly sanitizer.

? Tulasi, Neem, and Aloe Vera have well-documented antimicrobial properties and are commonly used in formulations for their skin-healing effects (Bhargava et al., 2013; Jain et al., 2009; Rattan et al., 2016).

? Papaya leaves, Ajwain, and Pudina also exhibit strong antimicrobial effects, making them useful in enhancing the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer (Huang et al.,2012).

? The combination of these natural ingredients could provide a multifaceted approach to antimicrobial action, while reducing the harsh side effects of alcohol-based sanitizers, such as skin dryness and irritation.

??Identification of Research Gaps Despite the promising antimicrobial properties of the individual ingredients, there is a lack of studies that specifically combine Gomutra with other plant-based ingredients to create a hand sanitizer formulation. Some of the gaps include:

1. Formulation stability: Limited research on the long-term stability of natural hand sanitizers, particularly those involving Gomutra as a primary ingredient.

2. Comprehensive clinical testing: While individual components have been tested for their antimicrobial properties, the combined effects of Gomutra and the other herbal ingredients in hand sanitizers remain understudied.

3. Consumer acceptance: There is a lack of studies addressing consumer acceptance of Gomutra-based hand sanitizers, particularly in non-traditional markets outside of India.

4. Effectiveness compared to alcohol-based sanitizers: Few studies have compared the overall antimicrobial efficacy and skin compatibility of Gomutra-based hand sanitizers with alcohol-based alternatives in real-world settings.

Drug Content profile: - Main drug: - Cow urine [Gomutra]

Others –

1. Leaves of Osmium Sanctum.

2. Leaves of Azadirachta Indica.

3.Papaya Leaves. Aloe Vera.

4.Patelof Flowers [ rose.]

5.Amrut Dhara [ Bhimsen Kapoor, ajwain leaves, pudina leaves)

6. Turati.

1.Cow urine [Gomutra]:-

Cow urine, known as "gomutra" in traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), has garnered attention for its diverse health benefits. This unique substance boasts a complex composition, containing elements like urea, uric acid, creatinine, and several minerals. Its therapeutic potential is multifaceted.Firstly, cow urine serves as a potent antifungal agent. Its components, particularly urea, exhibit inhibitory effects against fungal growth, making it valuable in addressing fungal infections. Furthermore, cow urine acts as a bioenhancer, enhancing the bioavailability and effectiveness of various drugs and herbal remedies. This attribute makes it a valuable component in Ayurvedic formulations.Additionally, it acts as an immunostimulant, bolstering the body's immune system. This quality can aid in preventing and combating various infections and diseases.Cow urine also shows promise as an antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, potentially reducing the risk of oxidative stress-related ailments.Lastly, preliminary research suggests that cow urine may possess anticancer properties, with certain compounds demonstrating potential in inhibiting cancer cell growth.In conclusion, cow urine's rich composition offers a range of health benefits, including antifungal, bioenhancing, immunostimulant, antioxidant, and potential anticancer properties. While further research is needed to fully explore its therapeutic potential, it remains a subject of interest in the field of alternative medicine. Cow urine is valued for its therapeutic properties and is integrated into various drug formulations. It serves as a natural disinfectant and purifier, with a shelf life of approximately 5 years, making it a highly effective antiseptic compared to synthetic alternatives. This highlights that cow urine, primarily composed of water (95%), urea (2.5%), and a blend of minerals, salts, hormones, and enzymes (2.5%), is not a toxic waste. In rural Indian communities, it has been employed for wounds, skin conditions, and bathing, underscoring its traditional medicinal significance. Ancient Indian scriptures and modern research support its rational use in addressing respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular issues, and even cancer. Traditional practices incorporate cow urine as medicine, either independently or in synergy with specific drugs, offering a diverse range of therapeutic applications.

Composition of cow urine:

Cow urine is a complex mixture composed of various organic and inorganic compounds. It contains water as the primary component, making up about 95% of its composition. The remaining 5% comprises a diverse array of substances, including minerals, enzymes, hormones, and other organic compounds. Minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are present in varying concentrations. These play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Additionally, trace elements like iron, copper, zinc, and manganese are found in smaller quantities but are still essential for plants.

Water-95%   

Urea-2.5%

Enzymes – 2.5%

Pharmaceutical Benefits of Gomutra or Cow Urine :-

It is an anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, bio-enhancer anti-cancer agent.

Check out these health benefits of gomutra, since it is used in ayurvedic treatment also, some other benefits are given below:

1. Cow Urine is used in the Ayurvedic treatment of cancer and leprosy.
2. Anemia can be treated using a mixture containing Triphala (Ayurvedic herbal Rasayana formula made of three equal parts of Bibhitaki, Haritaki, and Amalaki), Cow milk, and Gomutra. The mixture is known as Mahayograj Guggul.
3. Cow Urine is used in the treatment of fever. A mixture that contains Gomutra along with ghee, yogurt, and black pepper is used. Sore throats can be treated by gargling a mixture of cow urine distillate along with honey and turmeric powder.
4. Another benefit of cow urine is that a mixture of daruharidra and gomutra can be used to treat epilepsy.
5. In Nigeria, convulsions in children are treated using a concoction made of garlic, tobacco, rock salt, cow urine, and lemon basil juice.
6. Gomutra is also helpful in the treatment of peptic ulcers, asthma, and certain liver ailments.
7. Some Indian scientists from CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) received a US Patent for a mixture of cow urine distillate, which acts as an antibiotic. The purpose of cow urine is to behave like a bio-enhancer, which promotes the antimicrobial functions of antifungal and antibiotic agents.
8. A US patent was acquired in 2010 by a research department of Deolapar and the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) for a drug based on gomutra, which validated its claims of being an anti-cancer drug. The mixture is claimed to prevent DNA damage caused by oxidation.

Fig No. 02 Tulsi

Classification: -

Scientific name: Ocimum tenuiflorum

Family: Lamiaceae

Genus: Ocimum

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Lamiales

Biological Source: -

Tulsi consists of the fresh and dried leaves of ocimum species like ocimum sanctum L. and ocimum bacilicum l. etc 

Part used: - Leaves 

Colour: - Green 

Chemical Constituents: -

The main chemical constituents of Tulsi are; oleanolic acid , ursolic acid , Rosmarinus acid , Eugenol , Carvaacrol , Linalool , and beta caryophyllene . 

Uses:-

1. Tulsi can help cure fever.
2. Tulsi leaves are used to treat skin problems like acne, blackheads and premature ageing . 
3. Tulsi is used to treat insect bites 
4. Fights against acne.
5. Reduce pigmentation.
6. Soothes skin condition like eczema.

2. Leaves of Azadirachta Indica. (Neem Leaves)

Fig No. 03 Neem Leaves

Classification: -

Scientific name: Azadirachta Indica

Family: Meliaceae 

Genus: Azadirachta

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Sapindales 

 Biological Source :- Neem consist of the fresh or dried leaves and seed oil of

Azadirachta indica J. Juss 

Part used :- Leaves 

Colour :- Green 

Chemical constituents:-

Flavonoids , Alkaloids , Azadirone , Nimbin , Nimbidin , Terpenoids ,Steroids , Margosicacid , Vanilic acid , Glycosides , Bsitosterol , Nimbectin , Kaempeerol , Quercursertin are present in Neem Leaf .

Uses:-

1.Antiviral and Antifungal

2.Antiseptic .

3.Soap making 

4.Blood purifying properties

3.Papaya Leaves and Aloe Vera.

Papaya Leaves

Fig no. 04 Papaya Leaves

Classification:-

Scientific name: Carica papaya 

Family: Caricaceae .

Genus: Carica

Kingdom: Plantae Order: Violales 

Biological Source :-  Cacica papaya is  a herbaceous succulent plant popularly known as pawpaw , and belongs to the caricaceae family 

Part used :- Leaves 

Colour :- Green 

Chemical constituents :- Carpaine , Stigmasterol , Campesterol , Cycloartenol , Nictoflorin , Ioliolide , Isoquercetin , Methyl gallate , Papain , Citropten .

Uses :-

1. Papaya leaves are potential natural anti- bacteria
2. Papaya leaves contain active ingredient alkaloid carpain , which is a vegetable insecticide .
3. Supporting skin and hair health leaf contain antibacterial and antifungal activity present of papain enzyme and its potential in maling hand

Aloe Vera

Fig No. 05 Aloe Vera

Classification: -          

Scientific name: Aloe  

Family: Asphodelaceae.

Genus: Aloes.

Kingdom: Plantae Order: Asparagales.

Biological Source :-  Aloe is the dried juice collected by incision , from the bases of the leaves of various species of Aloe. 

Chemical constituents:- Anthraquinone , Catechin , Sinapinic acid , Myeicetin , Aloin , Cinnamic acid ,Vanillic acid , Catechol , Emodin .

Uses :-

1.Aloe vera is a wholesome ingredient with antioxidant and moisturizing  properties

2. Hand sanitizer with Aloe vera soothes skin while it cleanses .

3.it is soothing to the skin and helps bind ingredients together to maintain freshness and eae of use .

4.Patels of Flowers [ rose, plumeria].

Rose.

Fig No. 06. Patels of Rose

Classification :-

Scientific name: Rosa rubugunosa 

Family: Rosaceae.

Genus: Rosa.

Kingdom: Plant .

Order: Rosales.

Biological Source :-  Rosa is genus of over 100 species of perennial shrubs in the rose family (rosaceae)

Chemical constituents:- Rubixanthin , Geraniol , Phenethyl alcohol , Citronellol , Nerol , Rose oxide , Eugenol , Benzyl acetate .

Uses: - Fragrances to mask odor of Hand sanitizer

5.Amrut dhara [ Bhimsen Kapoor, ajwain leaves, pudina leaves)

Amrut dhara which contain mixture of Bhimsen Kapoor, ajwain flowers and pudina flowers [mentha]. Whole three ingredient placed in airtight container untill it liquify.

Bhimsen Kapoor

Fig NO. 07 Bhimsen Kapoor

Bhimseni Camphor is considered the purest form of camphor .   spread a wonderful fragrance through the atmosphere. The benefits of Bhimseni Kapoor are versatile due to its antibacterial , anti-inflammatory , antifungal , and anti – anxiety properties . It serves as a versatile remedy, treating various skin problems, providing pain relief, and aiding with breathing issues. Bhimseni kapoor is derived from tree named Cinnamomum Camphora or Kapoor tree. It is also Pacha i.e edible camphor. Bhimseni camphor would beprecisely white in appearance.

Ajwain Leaves:

Fig NO. 08 Ajwain Leaves

Classification: -          

Scientific name: Trachyspermum ammi

Family: Apiaceae.

Genus: Trachyspermum ammi

Kingdom: Plantae.

Order: Apiales.

Biological Source: - Ajwain is the dried ripe seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague

Chemical constituents: - Terpinen -4-ol, carvacrol , p-cymene , Thujene, sabinene , monoterpene .

Uses :- 1. It is particularly beneficial for those with sensitive or irritated skin , as it can help reduce redness .

2. Cleansing skin

3. Reduceacne

Pudina leaves

Fig NO. 09 Pudina Leaves

Classification: -          

Scientific name: Mentha spicata 

Family: Lamiaceae.

Genus: Mentha 

Kingdom: Plantae.

Order: Lamiales.

Biological Source:- 

Pudina consist of dried leaves and flowering tope of Mentha spicata Linn.

Chemical Constituent;-

 Eriocitrin , rosmarinic , hesperidin , small quantities of pebrellin , gardenin B and apigenin.

Use: -

A natural remedy to treat acne, suntan and many more.

Procedure 

MATERIALS AND METHODS: -

Drug  

1. Leaves of Osmium Sanctum. 
2. Leaves of Azadirachtolides. 
3. Papaya Leaves. 
4. Aloe Vera. 
5. Patelof Leaves [ rose]. 
6. Amrut Dhara [ Bhimsen Kapoor, ajwain Leaves, pudina Leaves 
7. Turati. 

Bacterial Strains 

1. Escherichia coli [gram-ve] 
2. Staphylococcus aureus [gram +ve] 
3. Lactobacillus [gram +ve] 

Fungi Strains 

1. Aspergillus Niger 
2. Trichoderma 

 Extraction 

Extraction of phytoconstituent done directly by taking the fine paste of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Azadirachta indica and papaya leaves,aloe pulp and Patel of flowers was taken as it is . 

Formulation   

Boiled cow urine for 10 min the addition of paste of various leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica,carica papaya and aloe  pulp and petals of rose directly add into mixture, allow the mixture boiled untill it become half. after that allow the mixture for cooling same time add turati into that, before starting the formulation prepare amrut dhara which contain mixture of Bhimsen Kapoor, ajwain leaves  and pudina leaves  [mentha]. Whole three ingredient placed in airtight container untill it liquify .then filter the mixture using the cotton cloth and last adding amrut dhara in that mixture and shake well.sanitizer is ready for evaluation. Also, we perform comparative study of herbal,chemical and  sanitizer and among that It shows most prominent activity and shows no bacterial grow

Fig No. 10 Procedure for Formulate and Evaluate Hand Sanitizer Containing Cow Urine (Gomutra)