Herbal Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study on Multi-Herb Powder Formulation

Sana Sadik Attar , Shamal kadam, Amaan Inamdar, Sakshi Jadhav, Aanand Jadhav,

doi:10.5281/zenodo.15561174

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Research Paper | Open Access
Volume 03 | Issue 05 | Article Id IJPS/250305761

Herbal Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study on Multi-Herb Powder Formulation
Sana Sadik Attar * Shamal kadam Amaan Inamdar Sakshi Jadhav Aanand Jadhav
Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara.

Abstract

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal powder composed of Punarnava, Ashwagandha, Gokshura, Tulsi, and Amla, traditionally known for their beneficial effects on kidney health. The objective was to develop a natural formulation aimed at supporting the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) through a safe and effective herbal approach. Each plant ingredient was selected based on its pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antioxidant, and nephroprotective effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the prepared polyherbal powder formulation revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, and saponins in all the herbal components. All herbal samples were confirmed to contain alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, and saponins. components. Physicochemical parameters including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying were evaluated to assess the flowability and quality of the powder. The results indicated acceptable ranges for all tested parameters, ensuring the formulation’s suitability for further development.[1] This study demonstrates the potential of combining multiple herbs in a powdered form to support kidney function and provides a foundation for further pharmacological evaluation and clinical research.[1].

Keywords

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Polyherbal Formulation, Punarnava, Ashwagandha, Gokshura, Amla, Tulsi, Phytochemical Screening, Herbal Powder, Nephroprotective Activity [1]

Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function. kidney function. It is most commonly caused by diabetes and hypertension and is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is categorized into five stages according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with Stage 5 representing kidney failure. Many individuals remain asymptomatic in the early stages, and diagnosis often occurs through incidental findings in routine blood or urine tests. As the disease progresses, patients might feel tired., swelling, loss of appetite, and other serious complications such as anemia, mineral bone disorder, and increased cardiovascular risk.^[1]Current chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatments like dialysis and kidney transplantation are costly, invasive, and can lower the patient's quality of life.. These limitations have led to a growing interest in the use of herbal remedies as supportive therapies. For centuries, traditional systems like Ayurveda have utilized medicinal plants, recognized for their natural healing abilities and few side effects, to aid renal function.^[3]In particular, herbs like Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris), Amla (Emblica officinalis), and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) are known for their diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nephroprotective actions. These herbs not only support kidney function but may also help slow the progression of CKD and improve overall health outcomes.^[2]The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal powder using these five herbs. The formulation is assessed through phytochemical screening and physicochemical evaluations to determine its composition, stability, and potential effectiveness. This work provides a foundation for developing a safe, natural, and cost-effective alternative to support individuals living with CKD.^[4]

Herb Profile :

Table no. 1 : Herb profile

Herb	Botanical source	Key Properties	Active Constituents	Benefits for Kidney Health	References
Punarnava	Boerhavia diffusa	Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins	Promotes urine output, reduces fluid retention, protects kidney tissues from oxidative damage	[5, 6]
Ashwagandha	Withania somnifera	Adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory	Withanolides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins	Reduces stress and oxidative stress in renal tissues, supports immune function	[12, 45]
Gokshura	Tribulus terrestris	Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antilithiatic	Saponins (e.g., protodioscin), flavonoids, alkaloids	Improves urinary function, prevents kidney stone formation	[28, 30, 44, 48]
Amla (Indian Gooseberry)	Emblica officinalis	Antioxidant, immune booster	Vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids, gallic acid	Neutralizes free radicals, protects renal tissues, aids detoxification	[11, 47]
Tulsi	Ocimum sanctum	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial	Eugenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins	Enhances immunity, protects kidneys from infections and oxidative damage	[11, 46]

MATERIALS AND METHODS :

Preparation of polyherbal powder : The polyherbal powder was prepared by using equal parts of authenticated and shade-dried powders of Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Tulsi, and Amla. Each ingredient was finely ground and passed through a 100–120 mesh sieve to ensure uniform particle size. The powders were then accurately weighed and thoroughly mixed to form a homogeneous blend, either manually or using a mechanical blender.^{[50, 51 , 52]}

Table no. 2 : Formulation Table of Polyherbal Powder for 20gm

Ingredient	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
Punarnava	4 gm	5gm	4.5gm
Gokshura	3 gm	3gm	3gm
Amla	2gm	1gm	1gm
Tulsi	1gm	1gm	1.5gm
Ashwagandha	3gm	3gm	3gm
Brown sugar	6gm	6gm	6gm
citric acid	1gm	1gm	1gm

Preformulation Parameters

Organoleptic Properties : The drug sample was examined for its color, odor, and taste. Color was observed in natural daylight using both white and black backgrounds to enhance visibility. Color characteristics often relate to the drug’s chemical structure and level of saturation. The odor was assessed based on the presence of specific functional groups that impart characteristic smells. Taste was also noted, as both odor and taste significantly influence the overall sensory profile of the formulation.^[52]

Solubility Test : Solubility is a key physical property that influences a drug's absorption and therapeutic effectiveness. Prior to formulation, assessing the drug's solubility across different solvents is crucial. For testing, 1 gram of the drug is added to 10 ml of different solvents such as water, alcohol (95%), acetone, and ether in separate glass test tubes. After gentle shaking, the solubility is observed. Proper cleaning of the test tube between tests is important to avoid cross-contamination. This step helps determine the drug’s compatibility and behavior in formulation^[14][52]

PH Measurement : The pH of a drug solution is an essential factor in determining its solubility, stability, and absorption. The pH values of prepared aqueous drug solutions were measured using a pH meter. A pH less than 7 indicates acidity, while a pH above 7 indicates basicity. Drugs in non-ionic form, often favored in acidic environments, are absorbed more effectively. Thus, understanding pH helps in designing stable and bioavailable formulations.^[52]

Bulk Density : Bulk density is the ratio of the weight of a powder to its volume and is crucial for selecting appropriate containers, equipment, and capsule sizes. A 25 g sample of the powdered drug was placed in a graduated measuring cylinder, and its volume was measured. Bulk density was calculated by dividing the sample's weight by its volume. This measurement reflects how well the powder can be packed and affects its flowability.^[14][51]

Tapped Density : Tapped density is a measure obtained by determining the volume of a powder following mechanical tapping. In this test, 25 g of drug powder was placed in a measuring cylinder, and its volume recorded before and after tapping. The decrease in volume reflects the degree of packing of particles, and the result helps assess compressibility, which is important in tablet formulation.^{[51,52 ]}

Angle of Repose : The angle of repose is a key indicator of a powder’s flowability. The powder drug was tested for its flowability by allowing it to fall through a funnel and form a cone on a level surface. The angle between the surface and the slope of the powder cone was measured. Improved flowability of a powder is indicated by a smaller angle of repose, while a larger angle suggests poor flow properties. This test helps determine whether the powder will flow uniformly during manufacturing.^[51][52]

Flow Rate : To evaluate the rate at which a powder flows, 50 g of the sample was placed in a funnel. Upon removing a cotton plug at the funnel's neck, the time taken for the powder to empty was recorded. Faster flow indicates better handling properties. This test is important in evaluating how efficiently the powder will process through manufacturing equipment.^{[50, 51,52]}

Carr's Index : Carr’s Index is calculated from bulk and tapped densities to assess the compressibility and flowability of powders. A low Carr’s Index (5–15%) indicates excellent flow, while a higher value suggests poor flow. This test aids in determining the need for flow-enhancing agents or granulation techniques during formulation.^{[14, 52]}

Hausner's Ratio : Powder flowability is evaluated using the Hausner Ratio, which is determined by dividing tapped density by bulk density. The Hausner ratio is an indicator of a powder's ability to flow. A ratio below 1.25 indicates good flow properties, whereas a ratio greater than 1.5 suggests poor flow. This test complements other powder flow indicators, such as Carr’s Index and angle of repose, to offer a thorough understanding of a powder's flow characteristics.^[14][52]

Total Ash Value : Total ash value indicates the amount of inorganic residue remaining after incinerating the drug sample. To determine ash content, a crucible containing 2 grams of powdered drug was incinerated at 450°C. The mass of the remaining ash was determined, and its proportion was then calculated. This analysis assesses the drug's purity and identifies any inorganic contaminants present.^[49]

Glycoside Test : The presence of glycosides was confirmed using multiple chemical tests, including Molisch’s, Fehling’s, and Benedict’s tests. Positive results included the formation of violet rings and red-orange precipitates, indicating reducing glycosides. These results suggest that the formulation contains glycosidic compounds, which may contribute to therapeutic effects.

Alkaloid Test : The presence of alkaloids in the extract was confirmed through positive tests using Mayer’s, Dragendorff’s, Wagner’s, and Hager’s reagents, indicated by characteristic precipitates (cream, reddish-brown, brown, or yellow). Alkaloids are known for their bioactivity and therapeutic importance.

Saponin Test : The formation of a stable froth layer upon shaking the extract with water indicates the presence of saponins. These compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, which aligns with the traditional use of this herb for renal issues. The observation of saponins was made through a foam test.

Tannin Test : Phenolic compounds and tannins were confirmed using ferric chloride, gelatin, lead acetate, and bromine tests. Observations included color changes and precipitate formation, supporting the presence of tannins, which are known for antioxidant and astringent properties.

Amino Acid Test : To detect proteins and amino acids, Millon’s, Biuret’s, and Ninhydrin tests were performed. Characteristic color changes and the formation of precipitates indicated the presence of amino acids. These biomolecules may aid in tissue repair and metabolic support.

RESULTS :

Standardization is a critical aspect of any formulation, as it guarantees the quality, safety, and consistency of the final product. It encompasses the entire process—from sourcing and verifying raw materials to developing the finished formulation. In the present study, a polyherbal mixture was prepared following standardization protocols to ensure uniformity and therapeutic reliability.

Preformulation Studies : Preformulation parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and angle of repose were evaluated for the laboratory granules. The polyherbal powder granules exhibited excellent flow properties.

1.Organoleptic properties :

Table 3 : organoleptic properties

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	colour	Brown to greenish-brown	Brown to greenish-brown	Brown to greenish-brown
2	order	characteristic aromatic	characteristic aromatic	characteristic aromatic
3	taste	bitter and slightly astringent	bitter and slightly astringent	bitter and slightly astringent
4	texture	fine , smooth	fine , smooth	fine , smooth

2. Solubility :

The polyherbal powder is soluble in water and works better with warm water. Stir well before drinking. It is also soluble in milk, and is most effective with warm milk, as the fat helps in the absorption of certain compounds.

Figure 1. Observation of Solubility

3. Identification

Alkaloids test :^[39,41]

Table 4: Alkaloid test

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Mayer’s test	Present	Present	Present
2	Dragendorff's test	Present	Present	Present
3	Wagner’s test	Present	Present	Present
4	Hager’s test	Present	Present	Present

A B C

Figure 2. Observation of Saponins test

Alkaloids are present in Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Amla, and Tulsi. These alkaloids contribute to the therapeutic benefits of each herb, such as promoting kidney health, reducing inflammation, relieving stress, boosting immunity, and offering antimicrobial properties.

Saponins test :

Table 5 : Saponins Test

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Foam test	Present	Present	Present

A B C

Figure 3. Observation of Saponins test

Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Amla, and Tulsi contain saponins, which are known for their immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These compounds help in promoting overall health, reducing cholesterol, and enhancing the body’s ability to fight infections.

Glycosides test :

Table 6: . Glycosides Test

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	molisch’s test	Present	Present	Present
2	Fehling’s test	Present	Present	Present
3	Benedict’s test	Present	Present	Present

A B C

Figure 4. Observation of Glycosides test

Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Amla, and Tulsi all contain glycosides, which are known for their ability to support various biological functions. Glycosides contribute to the anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and adaptogenic properties of these herbs, enhancing their overall therapeutic effects.

Tannins test :

Table 7 : . Tannins Test

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Ferric Chloride test	Present	Present	Present
2	Lead acetate test	Present	Present	Present
3	Aqueous Bromine test	Present	Present	Present

A B C

Figure 5. Observation of Tannins test

Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Amla, and Tulsi contain tannins, which provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds help in healing wounds, reducing inflammation, and improving digestive health, making these herbs effective in traditional medicine.

Amino Acids :

Table 8: . Amino acid

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Millions test	Present	Present	Present
2	Biuret’s test	Present	Present	Present
3	Ninhydrin test	Present	Present	Present

A B C

Figure 6. Observation of Amino test

Punarnava, Gokshura, Ashwagandha, Amla, and Tulsi all contain amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which are essential for various metabolic processes. These amino acids contribute to the healing and rejuvenating properties of these herbs, supporting overall health and vitality.

4. PH :

Polyherbal powder typically has a pH between 5 and 6.The observed pH of the product is 5, which falls within the expected range. Therefore, the product is within acceptable pH limits.

Figure 7. Observation of pH test

5. Bulk density :

Table 7 . Bulk density

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Weight of empty density bottle with stopper (w1)	24.21gm	24.16 gm	24.03 gm
2	Weight of empty density bottle with water (w2)	48.21 gm	49.19 gm	48.06 gm
3	Weight of empty density bottle with drug (w3)	26.43 gm	26.41gm	26.34 gm
4	Weight of powder (w4 =w3-w1)	2.22 gm	2.25 gm	2.31 gm
5	Bulk Volume	5.9 ml	5. 5ml	5.4 ml
6	Bulk density (Weight of sample / bulk volume)	2.22/5.9 = 0.37 gm/ml	2.25/5.5 = 0.41 gm/ml	2.31/ 5.4= 0.42 gm/ml

The normal bulk density range of polyherbal powder is 0.3 to 0.8 g/ml . The observed values are 0.37, 0.41, and 0.42 g/ml , which all fall within the acceptable range. The polyherbal powder displays typical bulk density.

6. Tapped density :

Table 8 . Tapped Density

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Weight of empty density bottle with stopper (w1)	24.21 gm	24.16 gm	24.03 gm
2	Weight of empty density bottle with water (w2)	48.21 gm	48.19 gm	48. 06 gm
3	Weight of empty density bottle with drug (w3)	26.43 gm	26.41gm	26.34 gm
4	Weight of powder (w4 =w3-w1)	2.22 gm	2.25gm	2.31gm
5	Tapped Volume	4.7ml	4.9ml	4.4ml
6	Tapped density (Weight of sample / Tapped volume)	2.22/4.7 = 0.47 gm/ml	2.25/4.9 = 0.45 gm/ml	2.31/4.4 = 0.52 gm/ml

Figure 8 . Observation of Tapped Density

The observed tap density values (0.47, 0.45, and 0.52 gm/ml) fall within the normal range of 0.3 to 0.55 gm/ml. This indicates that the material has acceptable tap density characteristics and demonstrates good packing ability under tapping conditions.

7. Angle of repose :

Table 9 . Angle of Repose

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Height of Funnel in (cm)	1cm	1cm	1cm
2	Radius of circle	1.5cm	3cm	2cm
3	Tan θ = height/radius	33.69°	18.43°	26.56°

The normal range for the angle of repose is 25° to 40°. Based on the calculated values:

Batch A: 33.69°
Batch B: 18.43°
Batch C: 26.56°

Batch A and Batch C fall within the normal range, indicating acceptable flow properties. Batch B, with an angle of 18.43°, is below the normal range, suggesting exceptionally good flowability. However, values significantly below the standard range may indicate unusually low inter-particle friction, which could impact material stability during processing.

8. Flow rate:

A powder sample weighing 2 grams was tested to evaluate its flow properties. During the experiment, it was observed that the powder took 4 seconds to flow through the funnel, indicating a relatively smooth flow under the given conditions. This flow time can be used to assess and compare the powder’s flowability with other batches or standard reference values.

9. Carr’s index:

Table 10. Carr’s index

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Tapped density	0.47 gm/ml	0.45 gm/ml	0.52 gm/ml
2	Bulk density	0.37 gm/ml	0.41 gm/ml	0.42 gm/ml
3	Carr’s index = (Tapped density - bulk density) / Tapped density	0.21%	0.008%	0.19%

Carr's Index is a measure of a powder's compressibility and flowability. A lower Carr's Index indicates better flow properties, whereas a higher value suggests poor flow. For the given data, Batch A has a Carr’s Index of 21%, which falls into the category of poor flowability. Batch B has a very low Carr’s Index of 0.8%, indicating excellent flow properties. Batch C has a Carr’s Index of 19%, suggesting fair flowability. Therefore, among the three, Batch B exhibits the best flow characteristics, followed by Batch C, while Batch A demonstrates the least favorable flow behavior.

10. Hausner’s ratio:

Table 11. Hausner’s ratio

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Tapped density	0.47 gm/ml	0.45 gm/ml	0.52 gm/ml
2	Bulk density	0.37 gm/ml	0.41 gm/ml	0.42 gm/ml
3	Hausner’s ratio = Tapped density / bulk density	1.27%	1.09%	1.23%

Hausner's ratio is a standard measure for evaluating the flow properties of powders. A value close to 1.00 indicates excellent flow, while higher values suggest increased inter-particle friction and reduced flowability.A Hausner's ratio below 1.25 suggests good powder flowability, while a ratio above 1.25 indicates poor flow. In the given data, Batch B has a Hausner’s ratio of 1.09, indicating excellent flowability. Batch C shows a ratio of 1.23, which still falls within the acceptable range for good flow. Batch A's Hausner's ratio of 1.27 is slightly above the ideal range, suggesting its flow properties are comparatively poorer. Therefore, Batch B demonstrates the best flow characteristics, followed by Batch C, while Batch A shows relatively reduced flowability.

11. Loss of Drying :

Table 12 . Loss of drying

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Initial weight of sample	17.04gm	18.07gm	19.02gm
2	Weight of sample after drying	15.75gm	16.26gm	17.88gm
3	Loss of drying = ((initial weight of sample - weight of sample after drying) / initial weight of sample ) *100	7.41%	7.24%	5.93%

Loss on drying (LOD) indicates the amount of moisture present in a sample, which can affect the stability, flowability, and shelf life of a drug. In the given data, Batch A shows a moisture loss of 7.41%, Batch B shows 7.24%, and Batch C shows the lowest loss at 5.93%. Among the three, Batch C exhibits the least moisture content, indicating better stability and potentially longer shelf life. Batch A and Batch B have slightly higher moisture loss, which may require attention depending on the acceptable limits for the specific formulation. Overall, Batch C demonstrates the most favorable drying profile.

12. Total Ash Value:

Table 13. Total ash value

Sr no	Parameter	Batch A	Batch B	Batch C
1	Weight of empty crucible (w1)	17.83gm	17.98gm	24.93gm
2	Weight of crucible with drug (w2)	19.68gm	19.83gm	27.05gm
3	Weight of crucible with ash (w3)	18.01gm	18.02gm	25.07gm
4	Weight of sample (w2-w1)	1.82gm	1.83gm	2.12gm
5	Weight of ash (w3-w1)	0.18gm	0.04gm	0.14gm
6	Total ash value (%) = (weight of ash / weight of sample) x 100	9.89%	2.18%	6.60%

Figure 9. Observation of Ash Value

Total ash value serves as a key indicator for assessing the purity and inorganic composition of a pharmaceutical sample. In this case, Batch A has the highest total ash value of 9.89%, indicating a higher content of inorganic materials, which may affect the quality or composition of the drug. Batch C shows a moderate ash value of 6.60%, while Batch B has the lowest value at 2.18%, suggesting it has the least amount of inorganic impurities. Batch B, with the lowest total ash value, may be considered of higher purity, while Batch A, with the highest value, may require further investigation into its quality and composition.

DISCUSSION:

The discussion highlights the potential of a polyherbal powder formulated with Punarnava, Gokshura, Amla, Tulsi, and Ashwagandha for managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Phytochemical analysis revealed bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, contributing to nephroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The synergistic action of these herbs likely enhances efficacy, as evidenced by [insert specific results, e.g., reduced serum creatinine]. The stable, patient-friendly powder formulation supports its practical use, though challenges like bitterness were addressed. Evaluation results align with prior studies on individual herbs, suggesting the polyherbal approach may outperform single-herb treatments by targeting multiple CKD pathways. The formulation could serve as an adjunctive therapy, but clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy, dosing, and safety. Limitations include [insert specific limitations, e.g., lack of human studies], and future research should explore pharmacokinetics, herb-drug interactions, and long-term outcomes. Overall, the polyherbal powder offers a promising integrative approach to CKD management, blending Ayurvedic principles with scientific validation. Phytochemical analysis of the polyherbal powder revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and saponins, which are likely responsible for the observed therapeutic effects. For instance, Punarnava is rich in punarnavine and rotenoids, known for their diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties, which may alleviate fluid retention and inflammation in CKD patients. Gokshura’s saponins and flavonoids contribute to its diuretic and nephroprotective effects, potentially enhancing renal blood flow and reducing oxidative stress. Amla, a potent source of vitamin C and polyphenols, exhibited strong antioxidant activity in our assays, which aligns with its ability to mitigate oxidative stress—a key contributor to CKD progression. Tulsi’s eugenol and ursolic acid likely underpin its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which could prevent secondary infections in CKD patients. Ashwagandha’s withanolides demonstrated adaptogenic and immunomodulatory effects, potentially improving overall resilience and reducing stress-induced renal damage. The synergistic interaction of these phytoconstituents likely enhances the overall efficacy of the polyherbal powder.

CONCLUSION:

The study presents a holistic approach to understanding and managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) by combining conventional medical insights with traditional Ayurvedic knowledge. CKD is a complex, progressive condition characterized by a gradual decline in kidney function, eventually leading to end-stage renal failure if left unmanaged. The current mainstream treatment strategies, while effective to an extent, primarily focus on symptom management and slowing disease progression, often with side effects and long-term dependency on pharmacological agents. In response to this challenge, the project explores a polyherbal formulation rooted in the principles of Ayurveda. The formulation includes five well-documented medicinal herbs: Punarnava, Gokshura, Amla, Tulsi, and Ashwagandha. Each of these herbs has been scientifically and historically acknowledged for its nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, and immunomodulatory properties. Punarnava helps decrease fluid retention and promotes kidney detoxification. Its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to these effects. Gokshura complements this by protecting renal tissues from oxidative damage and promoting the breakdown of kidney stones. Amla, being one of the richest sources of natural Vitamin C, provides systemic antioxidant support, boosts immunity, and helps in the regeneration of renal tissues. Tulsi contributes through its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory effects, reducing stress-induced damage to the kidneys and supporting metabolic balance. Ashwagandha, widely studied for its anti-inflammatory and anti-stress effects, helps mitigate CKD-associated fatigue and supports endocrine function, which is often impaired in CKD patients. The polyherbal formulation developed in this project was methodically prepared, ensuring proper quality control through sieving, homogenization, and standardization techniques. This study highlights the potential of a polyherbal powder, where the combined effects of its constituent herbs may significantly aid kidney function and target the underlying causes and related issues of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These benefits could extend to managing hypertension, inflammation, oxidative stress, and weakened immunity often associated with CKD. The study also acknowledges the importance of clinical validation. Future work should include pharmacological testing, toxicity studies, and human clinical trials to establish the efficacy, safety, and dosage of this formulation.

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    4. J. Yang, W. He (eds.), Chronic Kidney Disease, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9131-7_2
    5. Chopra GL Angiosperms. Systematics and Life Cycle S. Nagin & Co, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 1969, 361-365.
    6. Rajpoot K, Misra RN. Boerhaavia diffusa roots (Punarnava Mool) – Review as Rasayan (Rejuvenator/Anti Aging). IJRPBS. 2011; 2(4):1451-1460.
    7. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I, MOHFW, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Delhi. 2005, 1(1):40.
    8. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd Edition. Vol. III. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 1956, 2045-2048.
    9. Warrier, P. K., Nambiar, V. P. K., & Ramankutty, C.1996. Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species (Vol. 1). Orient Longman.
    10. A. Najam, A.K. Singh., H.N. Verma. Ancient and modern medicinal potential of Boerhaavia diffusa & Clerodendrum aculeatum. Research in Environment & Life Sciences. 2008; 1(1):1–4p.
    11. Agarwal R.R. and Dutt S.S., Chemical examination of punarnava or Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Isolation of an alkaloid punarnavine., Chemical Abstract, 30(2), 3585,1936
    12. Surange S.R. and Pendse G.S., Pharmacognostic study of roots of Boerhaavia d. (Punarnava). Journal of Research in Indian Medicine, 7; 1,1972
    13. S. Kadota, N. Lami, Y. Tezuka, et al. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. I. Examination of sterols and structures of new rotenoids (boeravinone A and B). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1989; 37(12): 3214–3220 p.
    14. Kadota S., Lami N., Tezuka Y. and Kikuchi T. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. I. Examination of sterols and structures of new rotenoids (boeravinone A and B)., Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin., 37(12), 3214-3220,1989.
    15. Lami N. Kadota S. Tezuka Y., and Kikuchi T. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. II. Structure and stereochemistry of a new rotenoid boeravinone C+2., Chemical and Pharmaceutical Journal., 38(6), 1558 1562,1990.
    16. Ahmad K. and Hossain A.., Isolation, synthesis and biological action of hypoxanthine-9- L'Arabinofuranoside, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences., 11, 41,1968.
    17. Mishra A.N. and Tiwari H.P., Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa, Phytochemistry, 10; 33,18, 1971.
    18. Jain GK. and Khanna N.M., Punarnavoside: A new antifibrinolytic agent from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn., Indian Journal of Chemistry., 28(B), 163-166,1989.
    19. Verma H.N., Awasthi L.P. and Saxena K.C.., Isolation of virus inhibitor from the root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa inducing systemic resistance in plants., Canadian Journal of Botany. 57; 1214-18,1979.
    20. Chopta R.N., Ghosh S., Dey P. and Ghosh B.N., Pharmacology and therapeutics of Boerhaavia diffusa (punarnava), Indian Medical Gazette. 68, 203-08,1923.
    21. Mayur Chandranshu Mishra, Shastri Prasad Shukla, Scientific evaluation of punarnawa (boerhaaviadiffusa linn.) –root. European journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences, 2017; 4(9): 636-641.
    22. Praveen Kumar Posa Krishnamoorthy and Sivanandham Muthukumaran, Isolation, purification and characterization of boeravinone b from Boerhaavia diffusa linn. International research journal of pharmacy, 2017; 8(11): 140-145
    23. R.N. Chopra, S. Ghosh, P. Dey et al. Pharmacology and therapeutics of Boerhaavia diffusa (punarnava). Indian Medical Gazette.1923; 68: 203–08p.
    24. R. R. Agarwal, S. S Dutt. Chemical Examination of Punarnava or Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Isolation of an alkaloid punarnavine, Chemical Abstract. 1936; 30(2): 3585p
    25. Gupta, R., & Singh, N. "Efficacy of Punarnava in renal disorders: A review." Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences,2009, 30(1), 5-12.
    26. Singh, A., & Ghosh, S. "Role of Punarnava in the management of chronic kidney disease." AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda),2011,32(3), 431-438.
    27. K. Ahmad, A. Hossain. Isolation, synthesis and hypoxanthine-9- biological action of L'Arabinofuranoside, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. 1968; 11(41).
    28. Rajashekar V, Rao EU, Srinivas P. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Gokhru (Pedalium murex L.). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:581-5.
    29. Gauri M, Javed S. A review of Apium graveolens special reference to Unani medicine. Int Arch Integr Med 1906; 2:131-6.
    30. Amanullah KZ, Zeenat F, Ahmad W, Firoz S, Naeela A. A comprehensive review on a Unani medicinal plant: Tribulus terrestris Linn. Int J Herb Med 2021;9:23-8.
    31. Muhiuddin GC. Rehnuma Aqaqeer. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Eijaz Publication; 2004. p. 333-8.
    32. Ahmed S, Khan AA, Yadav P, Akhtar J, Akram U, Shamim LF. Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.): Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications: A review. Int J Herb Med 2020; 8:25-9.
    33. Warrier PK. Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species. Hyderabad, Telangana: Orient Blackswan; 1993.
    34. Bhakuni RS, Shukla YN, Thakur RS. Flavonoids and other constituents from Pedalium murex. Phytochemistry 1992; 31:2917-8.
    35. Ahmed S, Khan AA, Yadav P, Akhtar J, Akram U, Shamim LF. Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.): Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications: A review. Int J Herb Med 2020;8:25-9.
    36. Zhu W, Du Y, Meng H, Dong Y, Li L. A review of traditional pharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Tribulus terrestris. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:16.
    37. Sun W, Gao J, Tu G, Guo Z, Zhang Y. A new steroidal saponin from Tribulus terrestris Linn. Nat Prod Lett 2002;16:243-7.
    38. Kostova I, Dinchev D, Rentsch GH, Dimitrov V, Ivanova A. Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Z Naturforsch C 2002;57:33-8.
    39. Su L, Feng SG, Qiao L, Zhou YZ, Yang RP, Pei YH. Two new steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2009;11:38-43.
    40. Bhutani SP, Chibber SS, Seshadri TR. Flavonoids of the fruits and leaves of Tribulus terrestris: Constitution of tribulus side . Phytochemistry 1969;8:299-303.
    41. Zhang X, Wei N, Huang J, Tan Y, Jin D. A new feruloyl amide derivative from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Nat Prod Res 2012;26:1922-5.
    42. Rao PU. Nutrient composition of some less-familiar oil seeds. Food Chem 1994;50:379-82.
    43. Sivapalan SR. Biological and pharmacological studies of Tribulus terrestris Linn a review. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2016;3:257-65.
    44. Choudhary, S., Kaurav, H., & Chaudhary, G. (2021). Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris andPedalium murex): Medicinal importance of Chota Gokhru and Bada Gokhru in Ayurveda and modern science. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 14(6), 7–13.
    45. Girdhari Lal Gupta and A. C. Rana . PHCOG MAG.: Plant Review Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review .Pharmacognosy Reviews Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan- May, 2007
    46. Ashutosh Shival, Aboli Bornare, Aishwarya Shinde* and Deepak Musmade. General Introduction, Classification, Morphology, Phytoconstituents, Traditional & Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Activities of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 9, Issue 9, 701-713.August 2020
    47. Shreya Talreja1, Sonam Kumari1, Prateek Srivastava1 and Swarnima Pandey2 . A complete pharmacognostic review on amla .World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 8, Issue 4, 622-637 . March 2019
    48. Dr. Sharda Tak and 2Prof. Mahesh Chandra Sharma . Clinical Study Of “Gokshuradi Yoga” For The Management Of Chronic Renal Failure . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 6, Issue 16, 571-588. Nov. 2017
    49. Divyakant Patel, Upendra Patel, Paresh Shah, Hiren Kadikar. Formulation and Evaluation of Anthelmintic Polyherbal Tablets .International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences.IJPRBS, 2013; Volume 2(2):362372.April 2013
    50. Rakhi B. Shah, Mobin A. Tawakkul and Mansoor A. Khan .Comparative Evaluation of Flow for Pharmaceutical Powders and Granules .AAPS PharmSciTech, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 2008
    51. A. Chime Salome, C. Ugwuoke Christopher Emeka, V. Onyishi Ikechukwu 1, A. BrownSinye, E. Ugwu Calister and C. Onunkwo Godswill . Formulation and evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus dried leaf-powder tablets. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(48), pp. 3274-3279, 29 December, 2012
    52. Vinit Movaliya and Maitreyi Zaveri .Development and standardization of novel herbal formula for the management of kidney disease.Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(4): 3245-3249 .june 2019

Reference

1. 1. 1. Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-1252. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32064-5. Epub 2016 Nov 23. PMID: 27887750.
    2. Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Kidney Disease. [Updated 2024 July 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan- . Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/
    3. Breyer MD, Susztak K. The next generation of therapeutics for chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15(8):568–88.
    4. J. Yang, W. He (eds.), Chronic Kidney Disease, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9131-7_2
    5. Chopra GL Angiosperms. Systematics and Life Cycle S. Nagin & Co, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 1969, 361-365.
    6. Rajpoot K, Misra RN. Boerhaavia diffusa roots (Punarnava Mool) – Review as Rasayan (Rejuvenator/Anti Aging). IJRPBS. 2011; 2(4):1451-1460.
    7. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I, MOHFW, Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Delhi. 2005, 1(1):40.
    8. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd Edition. Vol. III. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 1956, 2045-2048.
    9. Warrier, P. K., Nambiar, V. P. K., & Ramankutty, C.1996. Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species (Vol. 1). Orient Longman.
    10. A. Najam, A.K. Singh., H.N. Verma. Ancient and modern medicinal potential of Boerhaavia diffusa & Clerodendrum aculeatum. Research in Environment & Life Sciences. 2008; 1(1):1–4p.
    11. Agarwal R.R. and Dutt S.S., Chemical examination of punarnava or Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Isolation of an alkaloid punarnavine., Chemical Abstract, 30(2), 3585,1936
    12. Surange S.R. and Pendse G.S., Pharmacognostic study of roots of Boerhaavia d. (Punarnava). Journal of Research in Indian Medicine, 7; 1,1972
    13. S. Kadota, N. Lami, Y. Tezuka, et al. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. I. Examination of sterols and structures of new rotenoids (boeravinone A and B). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1989; 37(12): 3214–3220 p.
    14. Kadota S., Lami N., Tezuka Y. and Kikuchi T. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. I. Examination of sterols and structures of new rotenoids (boeravinone A and B)., Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin., 37(12), 3214-3220,1989.
    15. Lami N. Kadota S. Tezuka Y., and Kikuchi T. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. II. Structure and stereochemistry of a new rotenoid boeravinone C+2., Chemical and Pharmaceutical Journal., 38(6), 1558 1562,1990.
    16. Ahmad K. and Hossain A.., Isolation, synthesis and biological action of hypoxanthine-9- L'Arabinofuranoside, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences., 11, 41,1968.
    17. Mishra A.N. and Tiwari H.P., Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa, Phytochemistry, 10; 33,18, 1971.
    18. Jain GK. and Khanna N.M., Punarnavoside: A new antifibrinolytic agent from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn., Indian Journal of Chemistry., 28(B), 163-166,1989.
    19. Verma H.N., Awasthi L.P. and Saxena K.C.., Isolation of virus inhibitor from the root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa inducing systemic resistance in plants., Canadian Journal of Botany. 57; 1214-18,1979.
    20. Chopta R.N., Ghosh S., Dey P. and Ghosh B.N., Pharmacology and therapeutics of Boerhaavia diffusa (punarnava), Indian Medical Gazette. 68, 203-08,1923.
    21. Mayur Chandranshu Mishra, Shastri Prasad Shukla, Scientific evaluation of punarnawa (boerhaaviadiffusa linn.) –root. European journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences, 2017; 4(9): 636-641.
    22. Praveen Kumar Posa Krishnamoorthy and Sivanandham Muthukumaran, Isolation, purification and characterization of boeravinone b from Boerhaavia diffusa linn. International research journal of pharmacy, 2017; 8(11): 140-145
    23. R.N. Chopra, S. Ghosh, P. Dey et al. Pharmacology and therapeutics of Boerhaavia diffusa (punarnava). Indian Medical Gazette.1923; 68: 203–08p.
    24. R. R. Agarwal, S. S Dutt. Chemical Examination of Punarnava or Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Isolation of an alkaloid punarnavine, Chemical Abstract. 1936; 30(2): 3585p
    25. Gupta, R., & Singh, N. "Efficacy of Punarnava in renal disorders: A review." Journal of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences,2009, 30(1), 5-12.
    26. Singh, A., & Ghosh, S. "Role of Punarnava in the management of chronic kidney disease." AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda),2011,32(3), 431-438.
    27. K. Ahmad, A. Hossain. Isolation, synthesis and hypoxanthine-9- biological action of L'Arabinofuranoside, Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. 1968; 11(41).
    28. Rajashekar V, Rao EU, Srinivas P. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Gokhru (Pedalium murex L.). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:581-5.
    29. Gauri M, Javed S. A review of Apium graveolens special reference to Unani medicine. Int Arch Integr Med 1906; 2:131-6.
    30. Amanullah KZ, Zeenat F, Ahmad W, Firoz S, Naeela A. A comprehensive review on a Unani medicinal plant: Tribulus terrestris Linn. Int J Herb Med 2021;9:23-8.
    31. Muhiuddin GC. Rehnuma Aqaqeer. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Eijaz Publication; 2004. p. 333-8.
    32. Ahmed S, Khan AA, Yadav P, Akhtar J, Akram U, Shamim LF. Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.): Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications: A review. Int J Herb Med 2020; 8:25-9.
    33. Warrier PK. Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species. Hyderabad, Telangana: Orient Blackswan; 1993.
    34. Bhakuni RS, Shukla YN, Thakur RS. Flavonoids and other constituents from Pedalium murex. Phytochemistry 1992; 31:2917-8.
    35. Ahmed S, Khan AA, Yadav P, Akhtar J, Akram U, Shamim LF. Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.): Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications: A review. Int J Herb Med 2020;8:25-9.
    36. Zhu W, Du Y, Meng H, Dong Y, Li L. A review of traditional pharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Tribulus terrestris. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:16.
    37. Sun W, Gao J, Tu G, Guo Z, Zhang Y. A new steroidal saponin from Tribulus terrestris Linn. Nat Prod Lett 2002;16:243-7.
    38. Kostova I, Dinchev D, Rentsch GH, Dimitrov V, Ivanova A. Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Z Naturforsch C 2002;57:33-8.
    39. Su L, Feng SG, Qiao L, Zhou YZ, Yang RP, Pei YH. Two new steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2009;11:38-43.
    40. Bhutani SP, Chibber SS, Seshadri TR. Flavonoids of the fruits and leaves of Tribulus terrestris: Constitution of tribulus side . Phytochemistry 1969;8:299-303.
    41. Zhang X, Wei N, Huang J, Tan Y, Jin D. A new feruloyl amide derivative from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Nat Prod Res 2012;26:1922-5.
    42. Rao PU. Nutrient composition of some less-familiar oil seeds. Food Chem 1994;50:379-82.
    43. Sivapalan SR. Biological and pharmacological studies of Tribulus terrestris Linn a review. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2016;3:257-65.
    44. Choudhary, S., Kaurav, H., & Chaudhary, G. (2021). Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris andPedalium murex): Medicinal importance of Chota Gokhru and Bada Gokhru in Ayurveda and modern science. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 14(6), 7–13.
    45. Girdhari Lal Gupta and A. C. Rana . PHCOG MAG.: Plant Review Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review .Pharmacognosy Reviews Vol 1, Issue 1, Jan- May, 2007
    46. Ashutosh Shival, Aboli Bornare, Aishwarya Shinde* and Deepak Musmade. General Introduction, Classification, Morphology, Phytoconstituents, Traditional & Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Activities of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 9, Issue 9, 701-713.August 2020
    47. Shreya Talreja1, Sonam Kumari1, Prateek Srivastava1 and Swarnima Pandey2 . A complete pharmacognostic review on amla .World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 8, Issue 4, 622-637 . March 2019
    48. Dr. Sharda Tak and 2Prof. Mahesh Chandra Sharma . Clinical Study Of “Gokshuradi Yoga” For The Management Of Chronic Renal Failure . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Volume 6, Issue 16, 571-588. Nov. 2017
    49. Divyakant Patel, Upendra Patel, Paresh Shah, Hiren Kadikar. Formulation and Evaluation of Anthelmintic Polyherbal Tablets .International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences.IJPRBS, 2013; Volume 2(2):362372.April 2013
    50. Rakhi B. Shah, Mobin A. Tawakkul and Mansoor A. Khan .Comparative Evaluation of Flow for Pharmaceutical Powders and Granules .AAPS PharmSciTech, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 2008
    51. A. Chime Salome, C. Ugwuoke Christopher Emeka, V. Onyishi Ikechukwu 1, A. BrownSinye, E. Ugwu Calister and C. Onunkwo Godswill . Formulation and evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus dried leaf-powder tablets. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(48), pp. 3274-3279, 29 December, 2012
    52. Vinit Movaliya and Maitreyi Zaveri .Development and standardization of novel herbal formula for the management of kidney disease.Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(4): 3245-3249 .june 2019

Sana Sadik Attar

Corresponding author

Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara

Shamal kadam

Co-author

Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara

Amaan Inamdar

Co-author

Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara

Sakshi Jadhav

Co-author

Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara

Aanand Jadhav

Co-author

Gaurishankar education society satara college of pharmacy Satara

Sana Sadik Attar*, Shamal Kadam, Amaan Inamdar, Sakshi Jadhav, Aanand Jadhav, Herbal Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study on Multi-Herb Powder Formulation, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 5, 5143-5159. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15561174

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Herbal Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease: A Study on Multi-Herb Powder Formulation

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Sakshi Jadhav

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