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CSMU School of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University, Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410221, India
Arthritis and gout are examples of chronic inflammatory disorders that represent significant global health?challenges that require effective long-term management. Based on this review, the therapeutic prospect of advanced phytotherapeutic formulations derived from ancient ethnomedicinal plants is appraised focusing on the anti-inflammatory properties of Costus?lappa (Costus root), Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus oil), and Withania?coagulans. Phytotherapeutic?interventions require the standardization of herbal formulations and strict quality control. Such natural remedies are extensively documented and with precise research could offer replacement for inflammation treatment along?with of hope for billions battling them. As shown in our analysis of preclinical and limited clinical studies, they are effective in modulating cytokine production and?major pathways of inflammation. These results underscore the importance of performing rigorous research and well-designed clinical?trials to substantiate these potential therapeutic advantages and ensure safety.
Millions of people around the world suffer from arthritis, gout, and other?inflammatory diseases, representing a major global health burden. Traditional therapies provide partial relief at best, come with a host of unwanted side effects, and have?limits to their effectiveness, especially when it comes to chronic use. This includes investigating?
potential novel therapeutic avenues with natural origins.Herbal medicines have been?used in traditional medicine for inflammatory disease treatment. Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory Potential?of a New Phytotherapeutic Formulation Containing Three Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine.
? Paneer doda: A medicinal herb reputed for its anti-inflammatory?properties owing to the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids.
? ? Costus root: A traditional remedy showing reported anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties which is attributed mainly to the compounds costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone
The study postulates that the?combined synergistic effect of all three of these plant extracts will demonstrate an improved anti-inflammatory activity to that of their individual components.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Materials: -
Costus root (aka?Saussurea lappa) is similarly used for different inflammatory diseases in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Early studies indicate?that Costus root may have anti-inflammatory [1] and analgesic [2] effects. One study looked into the?anti-inflammatory properties of Costus root extract in adjuvant arthritis induced rats. The findings suggested that the extract markedly alleviated inflammation, enhanced joint function, and?lowered inflammatory marker levels [4]. In addition, costus root is thought to reduce uric acid levels by some traditional practitioners, making it potentially helpful for gout?management. Researchers are exploring traditional medicine in?their search for new, long-lasting and side effect-minimizing anti-inflammatory drugs. Such exploration has?the potential to revolutionize treatment approaches and improve patient outcomes. [5, 6]. Saussurea lappa root is a common medicinal plant that can be used as a remedy for?various diseases. Studies indicate that they have anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anticancer, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties, indicating their traditional medicinal?applications. [10,11]
? ? Anti-Inflammatory Action:
|
Scientific Classification |
|
|
Kingdom |
plantae |
|
Clade |
Tracheophytes,Angiosperm,Monocots,Commelinids |
|
Order |
Zingiberales |
|
Family |
Costaceae |
|
Genus |
Costus |
|
Synonyms |
1.Cadalvena fenzi 2.Gissanthe salisb 3.Jacuanga T.Lestib |
Costus Root
2)Withania coagulans (Paneer Doda):
A plant used in various ailments,including inflammation, in traditional?medicine includes Withania coagulans, otherwise, known as paneer doda[3]. While there is little data specifically about it for gout and arthritis anti-inflammatory actions, some studies?note that it can modify inflammatory pathways, which may or may not include anti-inflammatory effects. More research is needed to determine its efficacy and safety in the treatment of gout and arthritis,?as well as the exact bioactive compounds responsible for these benefits.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Withania coagulans fruits demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema model suggesting that it may serve as a novel?therapeutic agent in some inflammatory disorders. (Rajurkar et al 2001)[9]
The alcoholic extract of Withania coagulans showed an intense anti-inflammatory action in acute inflammation induced?by egg albumin, indicating that it could be a very potent therapeutic agent. (Budhiraja et al 1977)[7]
Constituents of Withania coagulans are reported to contain potent anti-inflammatory withanolide, which alter the production?of acute inflammatory markers. (Budhiraja et al 1984) [8]
? ? Anti-Inflammatory Activity:
|
Scientific Classification |
|
|
Kingdom |
plantae |
|
Clade |
Angiosperm,Tracheophytes,Eudicots,Asterids |
|
Order |
Solanales |
|
Family |
Solanaceae |
|
Genus |
Withania |
|
Synonyms |
Puneeria coagulans Stocks |
|
Binomial name |
Withania Coagulans |
Paneer Doda (Withania Coagulans)
3) Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus Oil):
Eucalyptus oil is extracted from the leaves of eucalyptus trees, and is known?for its {musculoskeletal [19], rheumatoid arthritis [19], neuropathic[17]8, respiratory[18]} amelioration. According to Brazilian?folk medicine, eucalyptus essential oil is an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent[20]. 1,8-cineole, its main ingredient often referred to as eucalyptol, has?repeatedly shown strong anti-inflammatory properties in various studies. As per the studies, eucalyptol interferes with significant, pain mediating?pathways and efficiently down-regulates the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-? and IL-1? [15]. Sadlon and McKay cite applications?of eucalyptus oil for musculoskeletal pain and respiratory infectionsª. Zymosan-induced arthritis in mice was improved by an oral administration of?1,8-cineole (400 mg/kg), which decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and joint pain. [12]
The hTRPA1?inhibitory and hTRPM8/hTRPV3 stimulant actions of 1,8-cineole suggest that its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects correlate with these mechanisms. [13]
In a monosodium urate (MSU)-induced inflammatory and pain model of gout arthritis in mice, the?anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) were evaluated. Furthermore, it diminished the infiltration of inflammatory cells,?pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in ankle tissues, and suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and TRPV1 expression. [14]
|
Scientific Classification |
|
|
Kingdom |
plantae |
|
Clade |
Angiosperm,Tracheophytes,Eudicots,Rosids |
|
Order |
Myrtales |
|
Family |
Myrtaceae |
|
Subfamily |
Myrtoideae |
|
Tribe |
Eucalypteae |
|
Genus |
Eucalypus |
|
Synonyms |
|
Eucalyptus Leaf
Methodology: -
Extraction: The extraction will be done using 80% Methanol?as solvent by Soxhlet extraction. The extracts will be evaporated under low pressure through a rotary?evaporator.
Formulation: Based on preliminary studies, extracts of Paneer doda, Costus root and Eucalyptus leaf will be combined in a pre-determined?ratio to prepare a standardized formulation.
HPLC Analysis: HPLC analysis shall be separated on?suitable reverse-phase C18 column and on this reactant, we will used gradient mobile phase. Characterization?will be performed using standards of known bioactive compounds (e.g. flavonoids, terpenoids).
In vitro Assay: We?will stimulate RAW 264.7 macrophages using LPS for inducing inflammation. In this regard, at different concentrations?this formulation will be tested for inhibition of NO production which will be measured using Griess reagent.
In vivo Assay: The?rats will be subjected to carrageenan-induced paw edema. Dosage: The formulation will be given orally in ascending doses and?the anti-edema activity will be performed by estimating changes of paw volume using a plethysmometer.
Data Analysis: Statistical analysis: All data will be analyzed by appropriate statistical methods (such as SPSS, ANOVA and t-tests) to identify significant differences?between groups.
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the various research and review papers we found that the phytotherapeutic compounds hold a profound promise for establishing?anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory ailments. The potential suicide herbaceous of Eucalyptus?spp., Costus lappa and Withania coagulans need to be verified by scientific studies as well for the clinically proven efficacy, mechanism of action and safety. The concerns related to standardization and quality?control must be addressed to formulate effective interventions. Paneer doda, Costus root and Eucalyptus leaf are traditionally used for inflammatory?disorders. The study concerns with, determining?the antiinflammatory potential of the newly formulated containing these plant extracts ultimately, could be useful for establishment of safe and effective phytotherapeutics for arthritis and similar ailments.
REFERENCES
Tisha Gupta*, Sourabh Yadav, Satyam Pandey, Investigation of the Anti-inflammatory Potential of Novel Phytotherapeutic Formulations for the Management of Arthritis, Gout, and Inflammation, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 2, 1548-1553. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14888824
10.5281/zenodo.14888824
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