Formulation And Evaluation of Herbal Cream Containing Cassia Fistula Linn Flower (Aragwadha Pushpa) For Acne

Acne is a widespread skin condition affecting adolescents and young adults globally, with common symptoms like inflammation, pustules, and come dones. The causes are complex, involving hormonal shifts, excess sebum production, and bacterial growth, particularly of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Although conventional treatments such as antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, and retinoids are available, they often bring side effects like dryness, irritation, and antibiotic resistance over prolonged use. This has increased interest in natural alternatives that offer effective acne management without adverse effects.

One such promising natural remedy is Cassia fistula, also known as Indian laburnum or Aragwadha in Ayurveda. Historically valued for its therapeutic benefits, Cassia fistula is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and chrysophanic acid, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. These properties make Cassia fistula an effective agent against acne-causing bacteria and inflammation. The plant's flowers, in particular, have been incorporated in traditional skincare for treating various skin ailments, as they reduce inflammation, control bacterial growth, and support the skin’s natural healing processes.

Studies have shown that Cassia fistula exhibits significant antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, two bacteria involved in acne development. Its anti-inflammatory effects also help reduce redness and swelling in acne lesions. Furthermore, chrysophanic acid, a bioactive component of Cassia fistula, functions as both an anti-inflammatory and mild exfoliant, assisting in unclogging pores and thus preventing new breakouts. Formulating Cassia fistula in a cream base offers an effective topical approach, allowing direct delivery of active compounds to the skin. Combining it with natural ingredients like almond oil and beeswax enhances the cream’s properties. Almond oil provides essential fatty acids that nourish and moisturize, while beeswax helps stabilize the formula and forms a barrier to lock in moisture and aid in skin repair. This formulation aims to treat acne and promote skin health, appealing to consumers seeking gentle, nature-based skincare solutions. This study aims to develop and evaluate an herbal cream with Cassia fistula flower extract to assess its potential as a natural acne treatment. By harnessing Cassia fistula's antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, this research seeks to provide a safe, effective, and affordable alternative for acne management that aligns with consumer demand for plant-based skincare.

Materials:

Authentication

The plant material collected was identified and authenticated by Dr. M Devika, Principal, Sarada Vilas College, Krishnamurthypuram, Mysuru.

Methodology:

Here's the revised version with the group perspective:

Collection and Preparation of Cassia Fistula Flower Powder:

Fresh Cassia fistula flowers were collected and carefully cleaned to remove any dirt. They were then dried in a shaded area to preserve their natural active compounds. Once dried, the flowers were ground into a fine powder and sieved to achieve a uniform texture, suitable for use in the cream formulation.

Preparation of the Oil Phase: 

The oil phase was prepared by weighing out beeswax and almond oil, which were then melted together in a water bath at 70°C. The mixture was stirred continuously until it was fully melted and homogeneous, then removed from the heat and allowed to cool slightly for the next steps.

Preparation of the Water Phase and Emulsification:

Borax was dissolved in distilled water to create a borax solution. This solution was carefully added to the melted oil phase while stirring steadily. The emulsification process created a smooth, creamy consistency, ensuring the stability of the final product.

Incorporation of Active Ingredients:

A paste was prepared by mixing Cassia fistula flower powder with warm water. This paste was then added to the emulsified base. The mixture was thoroughly stirred to ensure that the active ingredients were evenly distributed throughout the cream.

Addition of Preservatives and Rose Water:

A blend of methylparaben and propylparaben was added to the cream to prevent microbial growth and ensure its safety. Rose water was incorporated to provide a natural fragrance and enhance the cream's appeal. The ingredients were mixed well to ensure a smooth and well-balanced product.

Packaging and Storage:

The finished cream was transferred into clean, airtight containers and labeled with the necessary product details. The containers were then stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, to preserve the cream's freshness and ensure its stability over time.

EVALUATION:

Sensory Evaluation:

A group of testers evaluated the cream's color, odor, texture, and skin feel. Each property was rated on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (excellent). This helped gauge the cream's overall appeal and user experience.

Spreadability Test:

The spreadability of the cream was tested by applying a known weight on a specified amount of cream and measuring the resulting spread area. The spreadability was calculated as the spread area in mm?2;, providing an indication of how easily the cream could be applied.

Microbial Limit Test:

To ensure the cream’s safety, tests for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were conducted using selective media. The samples were incubated and monitored for any bacterial growth, confirming that the cream met safety standards.

Viscosity Measurement:

Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield Viscometer with spindle no. 1 at 25°C, taking readings at different speeds. This test ensured that the cream had the right consistency and spreadability, making it easy to apply smoothly.

Percentage Yield: 

The percentage yield of the cream was determined by comparing the final product weight to the total weight of raw materials used. This value helped assess the efficiency of the formulation process, ensuring consistency and quality in the final product.

pH Measurement:  

The pH of the cream was measured using a digital pH meter. A sample was placed in a beaker, and the glass electrode was inserted to record the pH. This test was performed three times, with the average value ensuring the cream was compatible with skin pH.

Physical Test:

The physical properties of the cream, including its color, odor, and consistency, were visually examined. The color and texture were tested by applying the cream to the skin, while the odor was assessed by mixing the cream in water and observing the fragrance.

Antimicrobial Efficacy:

The cream was tested for antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the agar well diffusion method. Significant zones of inhibition were observed, indicating effective antibacterial properties.

RESULTS:

pH measurement:

The cream maintained a stable pH of 5.5-6.5 over three months, indicating skin compatibility.

Table 2: pH mearement

The cream's spreadability ranged from 620 to 700 mm?2;, demonstrating excellent ease of application. This range ensures that the cream glides smoothly on the skin, allowing for an even and comfortable spread, making the product pleasant and easy to use.

Table 3: Spreadability measurements

       
           
       
Figure 2: Spreadability

The cream exhibited a viscosity range of 12,000 to 20,000 centipoise, which is within the optimal range, ensuring that the cream is sufficiently thick for stability while maintaining a smooth texture for effortless application.

Table 4: Viscosity measurements

       
           
       
Figure 3: Viscosity

The cream formulations yielded 87.2% to 94.5%, indicating a successful formulation process. Formulation F3 had the highest yield, showing effective ingredient utilization.

Table 5: Percentage yield

       
           
       
Antimicrobial Activity

The cream demonstrated considerable antibacterial effects against acne-causing bacteria, with zones of inhibition measuring 12-15 mm against Propionibacterium acnes and 10-12 mm against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Microbial Limit Test 

Tests confirmed the absence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, verifying that the cream is safe and meets microbial safety standards.

Table 6: Microbial limit test