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Abstract

Herbal medicine, also known as phytotherapy or botanical medicine, leverages the healing potential of herbs to prevent, alleviate, or treat a wide range of health conditions. Unlike conventional pharmaceuticals synthesized in laboratories, herbal remedies are derived directly from nature, embodying a holistic approach to health that aligns with the interconnectedness of the human body and the environment. Persea americana, also known as avocado belonging to the family lauraceae, is a native plant. It is found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Southern Asiaas well as in Central America and Mexico. It is used as a traditional medicinal plant which can be used to treat different diseases such as parasitic infection, diarrhoea, ulcer, etc. Different parts of the plant contain different chemical constituents such as tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that avocado fruits, seeds, pulp and leaves have anti-ulcer, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant and many other activities.

Keywords

Persea Americana, P. Americana, Avocado, Avocado Fruit

Introduction

Herbs and herbal medicine have been integral components of human healthcare for millennia, tracing back to ancient civilizations where the healing power of plants was revered and harnessed. From the soothing properties of chamomile to the immune-boosting effects of echinacea, herbs have played diverse roles in promoting health and well-being across cultures and generations1. Herbs, often referred to as botanicals or medicinal plants, encompass a vast array of plant species valued for their therapeutic properties. These botanical wonders offer a rich reservoir of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and polyphenols, which exert various physiological effects when consumed or applie2. Various parts of the plant Persea americana and avocado plant have been used since ancient times to treat various diseases. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of avocado leaves and seeds have been used in traditional medicine due to their anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic, and hypoglycemic properties in which some of the pharmacological activities have not yet been discovered. These properties may be due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Various studies have shown the presence of flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids3. It is the dicotyledonous tree of family Lauraceae4. Trees of avocado plants are found in Central America and Mexico. It is presently cultivated in different countries like Brazil and India. The avocado fruit is found in Southern America which is considered to be the most nutritious of all fruits. Along with its unique texture, exquisite taste, aroma and nutritional profile it also has numerous health benefits. Due to these properties, avocado has worldwide recognition and its consumption has seen a considerable growth in the last few years5. Over 500 species of avocado plants have been found, one of which is a Fuerte and Mexican-Guatemalan hybrid which has a good appearance. Avocados contain lutein carotenoids, alpha carotene, beta carotene, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin and various other carotenoids present in small quantities. These lipophilic carotenoids may have potential anti-carcinogenic effects, as reported6. Avocados are a Native American fruit belonging to Lauraceae's family. Avocados are derived from the Aztec word "ahucatl." It has various medicinal purposes because of its high nutritional content and therapeutic properties7.

Plant Profile7



       
            Screenshot 2024-05-16 162814.png
       

    


Synonyms5

Laurus Persea L., Persea Drymifolia Sachlet. Cham, Persea Gratissima Gaertn.f., Persea Nubigena.

Vernacular name5



       
            Screenshot 2024-05-16 162719.png
       

    


Biological Description-

P. americana is a large tree with a height of 9-20 cm. The tree has shiny elliptical leaves that are 10-20 cm long and have 4-8 leaves. Flowers are yellowish green with 1-1.3 cm in diameter. The various skin have varied thickness and texture.It is considered as evergreen though in some varieties it loses its leaves before flowering for a short time5.It has an olive-green peel along with a thick pale-yellow pulp8. The skin of an avocado varies in thickness and texture5.

Fruit

The fruit is a berrywith a weight of 2.3 kg. It has a single seed which is surrounded by a buttery pulp5. IT has no petals but contains 9 stamens arranged in series of 3. It also has an acellular ovary8. The shape of the fruit is spherical or pyriform.The colors of a mature fruit are green, black, purple or reddish5. The fruit's length lies between 7-19cm and a diameter of 7-9 cm9.



       
            Picture1.jpg
       

   Figure 1: Avocado Tree


Figure 2: Avocado Fruit.


       
            Picture2.jpg
       

    


Leaves

Leaves are 10-20 cm long and of various shapes such as elliptic, oval, and lanceolate. The young leaves are often pubescent and reddish, and the mature leaves are smooth, leathery and dark green5.



       
            Picture3.jpg
       

    

Figure 3 : Avocado Leaf


Flowers

The flowers of avocado plant are yellowish green in color with a diameter of 1-1.3cm. The tree bears many flowered inflorescences in a pseudo-terminal position5.

Seed

The seeds of avocado vary, such as broadly ovated, base flattened and conical apexes, base flattened and rounded apexes, cordiform and ellipsoid. In some seeds cotyledons are also attached to the seeds. The seed has a weight of 25-125g. The diameter of the seed cavity ranges from 4-10cm and the length of the seed ranges from 2-8cm5,10.

Trunk

The circumference of the trunks ranges from 46.30 – 283.10cm9.

Phytochemical Composition

There are various types of phytoconsituents identified in avocado plants. Various types of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and tannins are present in different parts of the plant such as leaves, fruits, seeds, etc. The fruit is rich in oleic acids and palmitic acids. The seed extract contains palmitic, linoleic, stearic, palmitoleic, alpha linoleic acids11. The avocado fruit contains saturated, unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, A, E, K, thiamine B1, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, zinc, potassium12.Avocados are high in fatty acids, namely linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, linolenic, capric, and myristic acids9.

Some specific Phytoconstituents present:



       
            Screenshot 2024-05-16 162958.png
       

    


Phenols


       
            Screenshot 2024-05-16 163118.png
       

    


Carbohydrates


       
            Screenshot 2024-05-16 163049.png
       

    


Pharmacological Activity

  1. Anti-oxidant activity

Avocados serve as a plausible source of natural anti-oxidants. The peel of the fruit contains superoxide dismutase (SOD) which is considered as a important source of anti-oxidant20. The presence of persenone A and B in avocado fruit clarifies its anti-oxidant property8.Persea americana is a potent agent against liver diseases and other conditions related to oxidative stress due to the presence of its anti-oxidant property and hepatoprotective action against acute paracetamol toxicity11.

  1. Anti-inflammatory activity

Isolated lipids from P. americana fruit and seed demonstrated significant potential for anti-inflammatory effects, nevertheless the extent of this potential differs. This anti inflammatory is due to the presence of a high percentage of hydrocarbons, sterols and unsaturated fatty acids11. 1600 mg/kg of extract provided an inhibition that was equivalent to 100 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid (57.2% and 58.0%, respectively). The extract at 800 mg/kg exhibited the same 87.0% inhibition as morphine (2 mg/kg). The extract significantly impeded both stages in a dose-dependent way. In phase II of the test, the extract (800 mg/kg) produced a stronger inhibition of (77.1%) than acetylsalicylic acid (68%)21.

  1. Anti-diabetic activity

The primary objective of treating hyperglycemia is the treatment of diabetes mellitus. One of the most significant and beneficial approaches is to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by impeding the digestion and absorption of glucose22.It has been documented that avocado seed extracts can improve diabetes while decreasing blood sugar.A 14-day course of ethanolic seed extract (450 or 900 mg/kg bw) has been found to decrease blood glucose levels by 47–55% in diabetics caused by alloxan23. After 21 days of treatment with aqueous seed extract (300 or 600 mg/kg bw), plasma glucose concentrations decreased by 73 and 78%, respectively24.

  1. Anti-convulsant activity

Different phytochemicals found in plants have the potential to be potent anticonvulsants. Some plants have demonstrated anticonvulsant properties: Annona diversifolia (Plamitone), B. diffusa (Liriodendrin), P. caerulea (chrysin), P. americana (leaf aqueous extract), and A. suaveolens (essential oil). Thus, these plants could be used as an AED alternative25. The mice's susceptibility to PTZ, PCT, and BCL-induced seizures may have been mitigated or diminished by the P. americana leaf aqueous extract via escalating, or presumably by inhibiting, the brain's GABAergic activity and/or neurotransmission26.

 

 

 

  1. Anti-ulcer activity

The main objective of the study was to have a look at P. americana leaf extract in aqueous form to assess its antiulcer activities. The plant's aqueous leaf extract was administered orally to groups of albino rats before the administration of the ulcer-causing medications ethanol and indomethacin. In rats with ulcers caused by ethanol and indomethacin, the extract exhibited significant and dose-dependent anti-ulcer efficacy27

  1. Anti-mycobacterial activity

Avocado plants are known to have antimycobacterial activity. The CHCl3 extract of avocado seed inhibits the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, MDR M. tuberculosis SIN 4. The hexanic and NaOH extract from stems and leaves inhibits the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosis H37Ra strains28.

  1. Osteoarthritis

A combination of avocado and soy oil called piascledine has been associated with the condition's treatment. Multiple investigations have been performed that suggest the potential effect of medicine in decreasing fibronectin formation while promoting the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycan. But it also lessened the release and activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinases, which are essential for the development of osteoarthritis29.

  1. Anti-cancer

The sole way that avocado seed and peel extracts have been shown to protect against cancer is by activating caspase-3, caspase-7, and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. Furthermore, the administration of 100?g/ml of avocado seed methanolic extract has been shown to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds have been reported to be higher in the peel than in the seeds30.

  1. Hypotensive activity

Hypertension is treated in Nigeria with extracts from the seeds of avocados (Persea americana). Four weeks after NaCl-induced hypertension rats were treated, an aqueous seed extracted from Fuerte avocados (200-600 mg/kg bw) effectively lowered blood pressure. At dosages of 500mg/kg bw and above, a decrease in serum levels of low density lipoprotein-associated cholesterol (LDL-C), total serum cholesterol (TC), and plasma triglycerides (TG) was also noted8. In rats with hypertension, 200–600 mg/kg bw aqueous avocado seed extract dose-dependently lowered blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, urea, and salt levels after five weeks9. Heart rate (reduction of 9.3-19.7%) and mean arterial pressure (reduction of 37-43%) were the results of a 10-day acute administration of aqueous seed extract (260 mg/kg bw) in rats provoked with hypertension using acetylcholine31.

  1. Anti-diarrhoeal activity

Studies have demonstrated the anti-diarrheal effects of bioactive compounds present in avocado seeds. Rats with castor oil-induced diarrhea received chloroform-methanolic extracts from these seeds, which significantly and dose-dependently decreased the amount of moisture in their feces32.

CONCLUSION

Avocado i.e. Persea Americana is a deciduous tree having wide-range of disease management activities. Traditionally as well as scientifically various experiments has confirmed that avocado has potential role in diseases cure. In light of the review, it can be inferred that P. americana possesses significant advantageous biological activities. Further investigations can confirm these findings in a therapeutic context.

REFERENCE

  1. Naveen KL, Bhattacharjee A, Hegde K, Shabarayanbsp A. A Detailed Review on Pharmacological Profile of Mentha piperita. RJPS 2020;10(1):7-11.
  2. Naveen K, Bhattacharjee A. Medicinal herbs as neuroprotective agents. WJPPS. 2021 Jan 27;10(4):675-89.
  3. Yamassaki FT, Campestrini LH, Zawadzki-Baggio SF, Maurer JB. Avocado leaves: Influence of drying process, thermal incubation, and storage conditions on preservation of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. International journal of food properties. 2017 Dec 29;20(sup2):2280-93.
  4. Nirpal KJ , Thange T , Wamane V. A review on avocado. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews.2022;3(6):4557-69.
  5. Yasir M, Das S, Kharya MD. The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2010 Jan;4(7):77.
  6. Crane E, Walker P. Pollination directory for world crops.  International Bee Research Association; 1984.
  7. Gupta SK, Singhal P, Singh A, Chauhan R, Kumar B. Nutritional and pharmceuticalbenifits of avocado plant. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2018 Nov 10;9(02):4-11.
  8. Padilla-Camberos E, Martínez-Velázquez M, Flores-Fernández JM, Villanueva-Rodríguez S. Acute toxicity and genotoxic activity of avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill., cv Hass). The Scientific World Journal. 2013 Jan 1;2013:1-5.
  9. Abraham JD, Abraham J, Takrama JF. Morphological characteristics of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in Ghana. African Journal of Plant Science. 2018 Apr 30;12(4):88-97.
  10. Dabas D, M Shegog R, R Ziegler G, D Lambert J. Avocado (Persea americana) seed as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. Current pharmaceutical design. 2013 Oct 1;19(34):6133-40.
  11. Alkhalaf MI, Alansari WS, Ibrahim EA, ELhalwagy ME. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of avocado (Persea americana) fruit and seed extract. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2019 Oct 1;31(4):1358-62.
  12. Hurtado-Fernández E, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Avocado fruit—Persea americana. InExotic fruits 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 37-48). Academic Press.
  13. Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Perera S, Low M, Basu A, Devi OA, Barooah MS, Li CG, Papoutsis K. The odyssey of bioactive compounds in avocado (Persea americana) and their health benefits. Antioxidants. 2019 Sep 24;8(10):426.
  14. Adikaram NK, Ewing DF, Karunaratne AM, Wijeratne EM. Antifungal compounds from immature avocado fruit peel. Phytochemistry. 1992 Jan 1;31(1):93-6.
  15. Chen CY, Chen CH, Wong CH, Liu YW, Lin YS, Wang YD, Hsui YR. Cytotoxic constituents of the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium. Journal of natural products. 2007 Jan 26;70(1):103-6.
  16. Ramos-Jerz MD, Villanueva S, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Deters AM. Persea americana Mill. seed: fractionation, characterization, and effects on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013 Oct;2013.
  17. Santana I, Castelo-Branco VN, Guimarães BM, de Oliveira Silva L, Peixoto VO, Cabral LM, Freitas SP, Torres AG. Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil enriched in phenolic compounds and tocopherols by expeller-pressing the unpeeledmicrowave dried fruit. Food chemistry. 2019 Jul 15;286:354-61.
  18. Sephton HH, Richtmyer NK. The isolation of D-erythro-L-galacto-nonulose from the avocado, together with its synthesis and proof of structure through reduction to D-arabino-D-manno-nonitol and D-arabino-D-gluco-nonitol. Carbohydrate Research. 1966 Aug 1;2(4):289-300.
  19. Sephton HH, Richtmyer NK. Isolation of D-erythro-L-gluco-Nonulose from the Avocado1. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1963 Sep;28(9):2388-90.
  20. Sunday CU, Ndidiamaka HO, Ugochukwu DD, Njideka IA. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Pear Peel (Persea americana) Extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022;34(28A):22-29.
  21. Kavaz D, OGBONNA C. Comparative study of biological activity and chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic plant extracts of Persea americana leaves in-vitro. AvrupaBilimveTeknolojiDergisi. 2019 Dec 12(17):261-70.
  22. Ojo OA, Amanze JC, Oni AI, Grant S, Iyobhebhe M, Elebiyo TC, Rotimi D, Asogwa NT, Oyinloye BE, Ajiboye BO, Ojo AB. Antidiabetic activity of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) in diabetic rats via activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Scientific reports. 2022 Feb 21;12(1):2919.
  23. Sakshi P, Raibarinder S, Harsh P, Ramica S. Potential Role of Avocado (Persea americana) . Glob J Pharmaceu Sci. 2023; 10(5): 555797.
  24. Edem DO. Antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanolic extracts of alligator pear seed (Persea americana mill) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline 2010; 1: 901-8.
  25. Srinivasan NI, Roy AN. Anticonvulsant properties of some medicinal plants: A review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017 Feb 1;10(2):109-11.
  26. Ojewole JA, Amabeoku GJ. Anticonvulsant effect of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)(Avocado) leaf aqueous extract in mice. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2006 Aug;20(8):696-700.
  27. Ukwe CV, Nwafor SV. Anti-ulcer activity of aqueous leaf extract of Persea americana (family-Lauraceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2004;3(1):91-5.
  28. Jiménez-Arellanes A, Luna-Herrera J, Ruiz-Nicolás R, Cornejo-Garrido J, Tapia A, Yépez-Mulia L. Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of Persea americana seeds. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2013 Dec;13:1-5.
  29. Raymond Chia TW, Dykes GA. Antimicrobial activity of crude epicarp and seed extracts from mature avocado fruit (Persea americana) of three cultivars. Pharmaceutical biology. 2010 Jul 1;48(7):753-6.
  30. Lee SG, Yu MH, Lee SP, Lee IS. Antioxidant activities and induction of apoptosis by methanol extracts from avocado. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;37(3):269-75.
  31. Anaka ON, Ozolua RI, Okpo SO. Effect of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) on the blood pressure of Sprague-Dawley rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009 Oct 1;3(10):485-90.
  32. Nagaraj M, Sandhya V, Supriya G, Manju R, Pranitha Kumari PK, Shivaji Bole SB, Lalitha V, Kiran B. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of avocado (Persea gratissima Gaertner.) seed extract. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2010;9(6):695-8.

Reference

  1. Naveen KL, Bhattacharjee A, Hegde K, Shabarayanbsp A. A Detailed Review on Pharmacological Profile of Mentha piperita. RJPS 2020;10(1):7-11.
  2. Naveen K, Bhattacharjee A. Medicinal herbs as neuroprotective agents. WJPPS. 2021 Jan 27;10(4):675-89.
  3. Yamassaki FT, Campestrini LH, Zawadzki-Baggio SF, Maurer JB. Avocado leaves: Influence of drying process, thermal incubation, and storage conditions on preservation of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. International journal of food properties. 2017 Dec 29;20(sup2):2280-93.
  4. Nirpal KJ , Thange T , Wamane V. A review on avocado. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews.2022;3(6):4557-69.
  5. Yasir M, Das S, Kharya MD. The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2010 Jan;4(7):77.
  6. Crane E, Walker P. Pollination directory for world crops.  International Bee Research Association; 1984.
  7. Gupta SK, Singhal P, Singh A, Chauhan R, Kumar B. Nutritional and pharmceuticalbenifits of avocado plant. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2018 Nov 10;9(02):4-11.
  8. Padilla-Camberos E, Martínez-Velázquez M, Flores-Fernández JM, Villanueva-Rodríguez S. Acute toxicity and genotoxic activity of avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill., cv Hass). The Scientific World Journal. 2013 Jan 1;2013:1-5.
  9. Abraham JD, Abraham J, Takrama JF. Morphological characteristics of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in Ghana. African Journal of Plant Science. 2018 Apr 30;12(4):88-97.
  10. Dabas D, M Shegog R, R Ziegler G, D Lambert J. Avocado (Persea americana) seed as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. Current pharmaceutical design. 2013 Oct 1;19(34):6133-40.
  11. Alkhalaf MI, Alansari WS, Ibrahim EA, ELhalwagy ME. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of avocado (Persea americana) fruit and seed extract. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2019 Oct 1;31(4):1358-62.
  12. Hurtado-Fernández E, Fernández-Gutiérrez A, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Avocado fruit—Persea americana. InExotic fruits 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 37-48). Academic Press.
  13. Bhuyan DJ, Alsherbiny MA, Perera S, Low M, Basu A, Devi OA, Barooah MS, Li CG, Papoutsis K. The odyssey of bioactive compounds in avocado (Persea americana) and their health benefits. Antioxidants. 2019 Sep 24;8(10):426.
  14. Adikaram NK, Ewing DF, Karunaratne AM, Wijeratne EM. Antifungal compounds from immature avocado fruit peel. Phytochemistry. 1992 Jan 1;31(1):93-6.
  15. Chen CY, Chen CH, Wong CH, Liu YW, Lin YS, Wang YD, Hsui YR. Cytotoxic constituents of the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium. Journal of natural products. 2007 Jan 26;70(1):103-6.
  16. Ramos-Jerz MD, Villanueva S, Jerz G, Winterhalter P, Deters AM. Persea americana Mill. seed: fractionation, characterization, and effects on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013 Oct;2013.
  17. Santana I, Castelo-Branco VN, Guimarães BM, de Oliveira Silva L, Peixoto VO, Cabral LM, Freitas SP, Torres AG. Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil enriched in phenolic compounds and tocopherols by expeller-pressing the unpeeledmicrowave dried fruit. Food chemistry. 2019 Jul 15;286:354-61.
  18. Sephton HH, Richtmyer NK. The isolation of D-erythro-L-galacto-nonulose from the avocado, together with its synthesis and proof of structure through reduction to D-arabino-D-manno-nonitol and D-arabino-D-gluco-nonitol. Carbohydrate Research. 1966 Aug 1;2(4):289-300.
  19. Sephton HH, Richtmyer NK. Isolation of D-erythro-L-gluco-Nonulose from the Avocado1. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1963 Sep;28(9):2388-90.
  20. Sunday CU, Ndidiamaka HO, Ugochukwu DD, Njideka IA. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Pear Peel (Persea americana) Extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022;34(28A):22-29.
  21. Kavaz D, OGBONNA C. Comparative study of biological activity and chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic plant extracts of Persea americana leaves in-vitro. AvrupaBilimveTeknolojiDergisi. 2019 Dec 12(17):261-70.
  22. Ojo OA, Amanze JC, Oni AI, Grant S, Iyobhebhe M, Elebiyo TC, Rotimi D, Asogwa NT, Oyinloye BE, Ajiboye BO, Ojo AB. Antidiabetic activity of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) in diabetic rats via activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Scientific reports. 2022 Feb 21;12(1):2919.
  23. Sakshi P, Raibarinder S, Harsh P, Ramica S. Potential Role of Avocado (Persea americana) . Glob J Pharmaceu Sci. 2023; 10(5): 555797.
  24. Edem DO. Antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanolic extracts of alligator pear seed (Persea americana mill) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline 2010; 1: 901-8.
  25. Srinivasan NI, Roy AN. Anticonvulsant properties of some medicinal plants: A review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017 Feb 1;10(2):109-11.
  26. Ojewole JA, Amabeoku GJ. Anticonvulsant effect of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)(Avocado) leaf aqueous extract in mice. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2006 Aug;20(8):696-700.
  27. Ukwe CV, Nwafor SV. Anti-ulcer activity of aqueous leaf extract of Persea americana (family-Lauraceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2004;3(1):91-5.
  28. Jiménez-Arellanes A, Luna-Herrera J, Ruiz-Nicolás R, Cornejo-Garrido J, Tapia A, Yépez-Mulia L. Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of Persea americana seeds. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2013 Dec;13:1-5.
  29. Raymond Chia TW, Dykes GA. Antimicrobial activity of crude epicarp and seed extracts from mature avocado fruit (Persea americana) of three cultivars. Pharmaceutical biology. 2010 Jul 1;48(7):753-6.
  30. Lee SG, Yu MH, Lee SP, Lee IS. Antioxidant activities and induction of apoptosis by methanol extracts from avocado. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;37(3):269-75.
  31. Anaka ON, Ozolua RI, Okpo SO. Effect of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) on the blood pressure of Sprague-Dawley rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009 Oct 1;3(10):485-90.
  32. Nagaraj M, Sandhya V, Supriya G, Manju R, Pranitha Kumari PK, Shivaji Bole SB, Lalitha V, Kiran B. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of avocado (Persea gratissima Gaertner.) seed extract. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2010;9(6):695-8.

Photo
Ananya Bhattacharjee
Corresponding author

Associate Professor, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim-737136.

Photo
Nihar Ranjan Sarmah
Co-author

Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim-737136.

Photo
Preety Rani Gupta
Co-author

Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim-737136.

Photo
Raksha Sharma
Co-author

Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim-737136.

Photo
Tashi Narbu Moktan
Co-author

Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, Sikkim-737136.

Nihar Ranjan Sarmah, Preety Rani Gupta, Raksha Sharma, Tashi Narbu Moktan, Ananya Bhattacharjee, Persea Americana Mill: A Brief Pharmacological Review, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 5, 705-712. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11203438

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Comparative Analysis Of Drug Labeling Requirements In The USA And India: Regul...
Surbhi H. Makvana, Shrikalp Deshpande, Maitreyi Zaveri, ...
Clinical Trial Design In Drug Enhance Safety And Efficacy...
Sourabh Patil, Shreyash Koli, Suvarna Deshmukh, Tejas Kapase , Sachin Navale, Nilesh Chougule, ...
Development and Characterization of a Cream Formulation Incorporating Vran Ropan...
Pallavi Nagorao Somthane, Vedantika Ramesh Salunkhe , Anand Anil Jadhav, Manoj Marotrao Shinde , Sa...
Comparative Analysis Of Drug Labeling Requirements In The USA And India: Regul...
Surbhi H. Makvana, Shrikalp Deshpande, Maitreyi Zaveri, ...