Pharmacological Evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Renu Lata, Megha Mittal, Dr. Aakash Jain, Dr. Jasmine Jain, Dr. Hema Choudhry, Dr. Parveen Parihar, Sarila, Manisha, Ayushi Maloo,

doi:10.5281/zenodo.17646062

Review Paper | Open Access
Volume 03 | Issue 11 | Article Id IJPS/250311341

Pharmacological Evaluation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Renu Lata* Megha Mittal Dr. Aakash Jain Dr. Jasmine Jain Dr. Hema Choudhry Dr. Parveen Parihar Sarila Manisha Ayushi Maloo
¹ Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur,
² Sunrise University Rajasthan,
^{3,4,5,6,7,8,9} Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be) University

Abstract

The current review includes extensive information about the chemical components, bioactivities of active compounds, pharmacological effects, medicinal applications, and micro propagation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, as well as the importance of further exploring available information. Night jasmine, or Parijat, is the common name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. We have also emphasized that more vast research is required to properly explore this miraculous medicinal plant, which is inexpensive and widely available. It is a very valuable medicinal herb of India that has been grown for both ornamental and medicinal purposes. Researchers have been looking into new active principles derived from time-tested plants that were used as medicinal solutions by indigenous peoples for centuries. Almost every part of the plant has medicinal value and is thus extensively researched and can thus be commercially exploited. The shrub grows naturally in the world's tropical and subtropical regions and is one of the most important medicinal herbs in India. It is now considered as a significant source of several innovative products for the development of medicines for various diseases (like Alzheimer’s), as well as for the advancement of some manufactured goods. The plant has a long history in pharmacology thanks to early research. Due to its pharmacological qualities, the plant Nyctanthes arbour tristis has been the subject of much investigation.

Keywords

Nyctanthes arbor –tristis; arbortristosides A, B, C

Introduction

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) is known as 'Night Jasmine' or 'Harsinghar' (Hindi) because its blossoms have a powerful and pleasant aroma that lasts all night. After midnight, the blossoms begin to fall, and by daybreak, the plant has become bland .The Greek words 'Nykhta' (Night) and 'anthos' (flower) were combined to create the generic name 'Nyctanthes.' The particular name 'arbor-tristis,' which means 'the sorrowful tree,' is said to be derived from the tree's dreary appearance throughout the day. (Reema Srivastava, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention, 2018). Conventional medicine is a medication or treatment that is based on the traditional usage of plants, animals, or their products, other natural substances (including certain inorganic compounds), cultural traditions, and physical manipulations, including disease. (Hetal Bhalakiya, Tradtional medicinal uses, phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities of nycanthes arbortris , 2019) . The plant, which may reach a height of 20 to 25 feet, is native to India, where it grows wild in the sub-Himalayan region and is also grown as an attractive plant in Indian gardens. The whole plant is frequently used as a component of traditional home medicines for ailments including cancer, fever, sciatica, anorexia, expectorant, fever, diabetes, etc. (Ranjana Dubey, 2019) Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is used as a laxative, diuretic, anti-venom, digestive, mild bitter tonic, and expectorant in Ayurveda, Siddha-Ayurveda, and Unani medicine. (Jaspal Singh, 2021). The pigment nyctanthin is found in the bright orange corolla tube of Nyctanthes flowers, and Buddhist monks used it to colour their robes. Flower is described in Ayurveda as astringent, stomachic, and carminative, as well as stimulating menstruation. Flower extracts were studied for a variety of qualities. The antimalarial cyclohexyl ethanoid rengyolone, which is active against Plasmodium falciparum, was isolated from an ethanol extract of flowers using activity-guided fractionation. A pure compound, NCS-2, isolated from chloroform extract, on the other hand, is larvicidal against early instars of the common filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antifungal properties are found in a variety of floral extracts. The flower 115 yielded a benzofuranone 3, 3a, 7, 7a-tetrahydro-3a hydroxy-6(2H)-benzofuranone with high antibacterial action against both gramme positive and gramme negative microorganisms Flower extract has a higher anti-diabetic efficacy than leaf extract. Similarly, flower has immunostimulant qualities, and ethanol extract therapy eradicated entamoeba histolytica infections in rat caecum. (Tom K M, 2016) The plant showed antiviral activity against Semliki Forest virus and Encephalomyocarditis virus while leaves were used to reduce the enlargement of the liver spleen. The plant is very famous for its pharmacological properties from antique science. General research has been done on the plant Nyctanthes arbor tristis because of its pharmacological properties. (RAHUL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA, 2022)

2. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

(Reema Srivastava, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention, 2018), (Himanshi Rawat1, 2021), (Jaspal Singh, 2021).

3. DIFFERENT NAMES OF PLANT

The plant is known as Harsinghar (Unani), Pavazha motif (Siddha), Paarijaata, Shephaali, Shephaalikaa, Mandaara (Ayurvedic) Harsingar, Parja, Har, Siharu, Saherwa, Seoli, Nibari, Shefali (Hindi), Parijatha, Parijata, Parijataka, Sephalika, Tree of Sorrow, Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine. (English), Sephalika, Harsingar, Sephalika, Seoli, Sheoli, (Bengali), Jayaparvati, Parijatak, (Gujarati), Parijata, Harashingar ,Goli, (Kannada), Pardic, Parijatak, Parzonto, Parzot,(Konkani), Pavilamalli, Parijatam, Pavizhamalli, parijatakom ,Mannapu, (Malayalam), Khurasli, Parijataka, Purijat, Kharbadi, Kharassi, (Marathi), Shingadahar, Harashingar, Gangaseuli, Jharasephali, Godokodiko, Gunjoseyoli, Singaraharo (Oriya) , Harsinghar (Punjabi), Manjhapu, Pavala- Malligai Pavazha-Malligai (Tamil) Swetasarasa, Paghada, Karchia, Karuchiya, Kapilanagadustu, Pagadamalle, Parijat, Sepali (Telugu), Gulejafari, Harsingar (Urdu) , Coral Jasmine (Filipino), Srigading (Sundanese, Javanese),(Indonesian), Salikaa (Lao), Seri Gading (Mlay), Karanikaa (Thai), Iai Tau, (Vietnamese). (Jaspal Singh, 2021), (Yadav, 2020), (Hetal Bhalakiya, Tradtional medicinal uses, phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities of nycanthes arbortris , 2019)

4. MORPHOLOGY

Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis a massive shrub with quadrangular branches and flaky, rough, grey bark, Linn can reach a height of 10 meters. The leaves are simple, decussately opposite, rough, hairy, 6–12 cm long, 2–6, 5 cm wide, and have an entire border. The blooms are often seen in groups of two to seven at the terminal points of the branches or in the axils of the leaves. These have an orange-red centre to their 5-8 lobed white corolla and a fragrant, sessile, companulate calyx. The disgrace is unclearly bifid, and two stamens are placed close to the tip of the corolla tube. The snow-white petals, which are used in devotion, have dew drops resting on them. Fruits are dark, flat, compressed capsules that range in form from heart-shaped to circular, with two parts, each carrying a single seed. Testa are thick, the outer layer of big transparent cells is extensively vascularized, and seeds are exalbuminous. Radicals are inferior and cotyledons are flat. (Champa Rani, 2012)

5. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

It may be found in India's outer Himalayas, Jammu, Nepal, and Tripura, and blooms from July to October. (Reema Srivastava1, 2018) It's also common in Bangladesh, the Indo-Pak subcontinent, and South-East Asia, both tropical and sub-tropical. It is found across the Indo-Malayan area, including the Terai regions, as well as Burma and Ceylon. It grows as undergrowth in dry deciduous woods and tolerates mild shade. Thailand is also home to this species. (Hetal Bhalakiya, Tradtional medicinal uses, phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities of nycanthes arbortris , 2019) .

6. MEDICINAL USES

For many years, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis has been employed by indigenous peoples in India (Orissa and Bihar), as well as in the Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine. Different sections of the plant have been studied for their medicinal effects. Seeds are used as an anthelminthic, in alopecia, bilious pyrexia, and for treating scurfy scalp affections, piles, and skin problems in powdered form.

7. PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins were found in phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins in the leaf, fruit, and seeds of NA. The biggest classes of compounds generated by this plant are secondary metabolites such as glycosides and alkaloids. (Indu Mittal, 2021) (Table 1). In vitro, extracts from the seeds, flowers, and leaves have immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antileishmanial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. A glycoside and two alkaloids, one soluble in water and the other in chloroform, are found in the bark. Alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides are found in its roots. NA's stem includes naringenin, 4'-0-B-glucapyranosyl-cc-xylopyranoside, and B-sitosterol glycosides. (Reema Srivastava, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention, 2018). Flower extracts, on the other hand, have hepatoprotective action against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats and a membrane-protective function against H2O2-induced damage in chick cells. The orange-colored calyx has more antioxidant activity than the other sections, and crocetin, a carotenoid aglycone with strong membrane stabilizing properties, was extracted from it.. (Tom K M, 2016) . Polysaccharides, iridoid glycosides, henylpropanoid glycosides, ß-sitosterol, ß-amyrin, hentri-acontane, benzoic acid, glycosides, nyctanthoside-a iridoid, nyctanthic acid, Friedelin and lupeol and oleanolic acid, irido. This plant also yielded iridoid glucosides (arbortristosides- A, B, and C) and 6-ßhydroxyloganin. Phytochemical analyses indicated the existence of tertiary alkaloids, primarily 7-(-anilino-p-nitrobenzyl)-8-quinolinol and quaternary alkaloids belonging to protoberberines and aporphines, as well as quaternary alkaloids belonging to protoberberines and aporphines. Tannic acid, methyl salicylate, amorphous glucosides, mannitol, resin, ascorbic acid, carotene, and traces of a volatile oil were discovered in the leaves. Essential oils, colouring matter (nyctanthin), mannitol, tannin, and glucose are all found in flowers. Alkaloids, tannins, and glucosides make up the roots. (Milind M. Meshram Swatee B. Rangari Shashank B Kshirsagar Suraj Gajbhiye, 2012)

8. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Table 1: Chemical constituents of Nyctanthes arbortristis

PLANT PART	CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS		REFERENCES
Leaves	D-mannitol, β--sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, nicotiflorin, oleanolic acid, nyctanthic acid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid.	β--sitosterole friedeline	(Jaspal Singh, 2021) (Himanshi Rawat1, 2021) (Indu Mittal, 2021)
Flowers	Essential oil, nyctanthin, d-mannitol, tannin and glucose, carotenoid, glycosides viz β-monogentiobioside ester of α-crocetin (or crocin-3), β-monogentiobioside-β-D monoglucoside ester of α-crocetin, β-digentiobioside ester of α-crocetin		(Jaspal Singh, 2021)
Seeds	Arbortristoside A&B, Glycerides of linoleic oleic, lignoceric, stearic, palmitic and myristic acids, nyctanthic acid, 3-4 secotriterpene acid.	Arbortristoside A Arbortristoside B Arbortristoside C Arbortristoside D Arbortristoside E	(Himanshi Rawat1, 2021), (Jaspal Singh, 2021)
Stem	Glycoside-naringenin-4’-0-β-glucapyranosyl-α-xylopyranoside and β-sitosterol	β-sitosterol	(Himanshi Rawat1, 2021), (Jaspal Singh, 2021)
Flower Oil	α-pinene, p-cymene, 1- hexanol methyl heptanone, phenyl acetaldehyde, 1-deconol and anisaldehyde. 6-o-trans-cinnamoyl-7-o-acetyl-6β-hydroxyloganin	6-o-trans-cinnamoyl-7-o-acetyl-6β-hydroxyloganin Arborside C 6β-hydroxyloganin	(Himanshi Rawat1, 2021), (Jaspal Singh, 2021)
Bark	Glycosides and alkaloids		(Jaspal Singh, 2021)

9. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND MECHANISM PRESENT IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF NIGHT JASMINE AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Pharmacological Activity	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis	Chemical constituents	Extracts/ pure compounds	In vitro /In vivo study	Mechanism
Antipyretic	Leaves	D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthicacid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid.	Water-soluble	In vivo (Albino rats)	Showed antipyretic effect in various type of fevers
	Leaves, Seed, Flower, Stem, and Root	Glycoside-naringenin-4?-0-β-glucapyranosyl-α-xylopyranosideandβ-sitosterol	50% ethanolic	In vivo (Balb/c mice)	Arbor-tristosides of ethanolic extracts of seeds showed significant activity
	Leaves		Aqueous	In vivo (mice)	Can be applied as an anti-immunosuppressive agent.
Anti-inflammatory Analgesic	Stem Bark		Methanolic	In vivo (adult albino rats)	Extract prevents the nociceptive component, which may be the cause of inhibition of prostaglandins and related products. The exact mechanism of action required to be studied
	Leaves	D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthicacid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid.	95 % ethanolic	In vivo (albino rats and mice)	Justified its use in various inflammatory conditions as per the Ayurvedic system of medicine
	Leaves		90% ethanolic	In vivo (Rats)	Showed promising result in the acute model than the chronic model. Further Human trials required to prove safety and efficacy for long term use
	Flowers	D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthicacid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid.
Antibacterial activity	Leaves and Bark			In vitro	Potential antimicrobial activity reported
	Flower		Ethanolic extract	In vitro	Moderate activity exhibited
	Leaves	D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthicacid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid.	Ethanolic, Methanolic, Petroleum ether, and Aqueous extracts	In vitro	Petroleum ether extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens
	Whole plant material		Aqueous, Ethanol, Benzene, Petroleum ether, and Chloroform extracts	In vitro	Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a panel of bacteria
	Fruit		Petroleum ether and Methanolic extracts	In vitro	The methanolic extract showed the best antibacterial activity
	Flower		Alcoholic extract utilized for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles	In vitro	Showed antibacterial and cytotoxic activities
	Bark		Ethanolic	In vivo (Male Wistar Albino rats)	Showed safe and strong activity
	Leaves		Ethanolic	In vitro	Showed moderate activity against S. aureus. Hence, active bio-active compounds need to be isolated and also checked for In vitro and In vivo toxicity
	Seeds	Arbortristoside A&B, Glycerides of linoleic oleic, lignoceric, stearic, palmitic and myristic acids, nyctanthic acid, 3-4 secotriterpene acid
Hepatoprotective,	Flower		Ethanolic and Aqueous	In vivo (Wistar rats)	The probable mechanism of action was proposed against CCl4-induced liver toxicity. The active component responsible for hepatoprotection need to be isolated and synthesized for pharmaceuticals
	Leaves	D-mannitol, β-sitosterole, Flavanol glycosides-Astragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthicacid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid	Ethanol, Aqueous, Methanolic	In vivo (Albino Wistar rats)	Hepatoregenerative potential exhibited by protecting against membrane fragility and preventing the decline of glutathione level
	Flower		Petroleum ether, Chloroform, and Ethyl acetate extracts	In vitro	Chloroform and Ethyl acetate extracts showed effective activity
	Leaves		Methanolic	In vitro	Showed significant activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella paratyphi A
	Leaves, Flower, Fruits, and Seeds		Ethyl acetate and Chloroform extracts	In vitro	Both extracts showed better efficacy for gram harmful bacteria than gram-positive.
	Leaves		Ethanolic	In vitro	Maximum antibacterial activity exhibited and so this extract would become a part of the study for bioactive drug development
	Stem bark		Petroleum ether, Chloroform, and Ethanol extracts	In vitro	Chloroform extract showed significant activity
	Root barks		Aqueous, Ethanolic, Petroleum ether, and Chloroform extracts	In vitro	Showed significant bacterial activity
Anti-viral	Seeds		n-Butanol fraction of 50% ethanolic extract, Arbortristoside A, and Arbortristoside C, Butanol fraction	In vitro & In vivo (Swiss albino mice)	Arbortristoside A (Iridoid glycoside) possesses antiviral activity against enveloped virus
	Leaves		Ethanolic	In vivo (Swiss albino Rats)	Both cellular and humoral immunity stimulation were reported. Elucidation of the exact mechanism is in progress
	Leaves		Aqueous	In vivo (Swiss albino male mice)	Flavonols glycoside of N. arbor influences humoral and cell-mediated immune system of mice. Mechanism of immunomodulatory and probable use in immunocompromised individuals are to be investigated
Antidiabetic activity	Leaves Root, Leaves and flower		50% Ethanolic, Chloroform, Methanol,	In vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats	The antidiabetic effect is possibly due to the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts which neutralize the oxidative stress in diabetic condition
Antidiarrheal activity	Bark		80% methanolic	In vitro	Cure of dysentery
Antifilarial activity	Leaves		Ursolic acid	In vitro	May serve as a promising agent in the treatment of Bancroftian filariasis
	Leaves, Fruits		99% ethanolic	In vitro	Leaves extract showed effective activity against malaria
	Flower	Essential oil, nyctanthin, d-mannitol, tannin and glucose, carotenoid, β-monogentiobioside-β-D mono glucoside ester of α-crocetin, glycosides viz β-monogentiobioside ester of α-crocetin(orcrocin-3), β-di gentiobioside ester of α-crocetin	(Ethanolic) Rengyolone 1 and its acetate derivative	In vitro	Possessed ant plasmodial activity. This compound further needs to be studied in vivo for its pharmaceutical approach
	Stem bark, Leaves, Root, Seed, and Flower		50% ethanolic	In vitro and In vivo (Mouse	Leaves extract showed both in vitro and in vivo activity, whereas root and seed extracts showed only in vitro but not in vivo
	Leaves		Herbal Formulation preparation (250mg powder/5 ml suspension)	In vivo (Human trial)	Great improvement in the vital signs of malaria within the first week of treatment. This may prove beneficial in the long run
	Leaves		Fresh paste of leaves	In vivo (Human trial)	Showed significant activity against malaria and good tolerability. A standardized formulation need to be prepared
	Leaves		Ethanolic	In vitro	Hypothetically leaves of this plant possess the said activity because of iridoid glycosides present in leaves. Further continuous investigation to be done for new antimalarial drug discovery

10. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Table: Pharmacological activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn

SR. NO	ARBOR-TRISTOSIDE	PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY	REFERENCES
1.	Genetic fidelity	In full-strength MS media with 1650 mg/l NH4NO3, 1900 mg/l KNO3, and 87.64mM sucrose in the presence of 5 mg/l BAP, the most axillary shoots grew. The maximum direct shoot induction rate, mean number of shoots per explant, and average shoot length were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 5mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). High-frequency regeneration from seedling-derived nodal segments was accomplished on MS media supplemented with 5 mg/l BAP..	(Awadhesh Kumar Mishra, 2019)
2.	Anti-inflammatory activity	In various autoimmune and inflammatory illnesses, TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 are well-known pro-inflammatory cytokines, while IL-10 is a well-known anti-inflammatory cytokine. Adjuvant induced arthritic mice were given a water soluble ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis (leaf) and Crocus sativus (stigma) orally for 47 days at doses of 23.72 and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively.	(Brijesh Rathore, 2017)
3.	Anti -inflammatory and antioxidant, anticancer activity	At 40 g/mL, isolated betulinic acid demonstrated considerable percentage inhibition on COX-1 (99.43%), COX-2 (92.63%), 5-LOX (84.43%), NO (97.43%), TNF (93.67%), HepG2 cell cytotoxicity (99%), and percentage free radical scavenging effect (79.18%). With an IC50 of 18.03 g/mL, methanol and n-butanol extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis leaves demonstrated reduced percentage inhibition (50%) of anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and weaker DPPH scavenging effects. The crude ethyl acetate extract has an IC50 of 145.48 g/mL. The melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LC-MS data were all used to identify the isolated molecule as betulinic acid, and all of these results were matched to published data.	(Birendra Nath Karan, 2018)
4.	Hepatotoxicity Activity	Extract dose of 500 mg/kg, body weight significantly declined the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and TBL at (p < 0.001), approximately compound silymarin and reversed the levels of LPO, GSH, SOD, CAT as compared to silymarin dose. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin levels were estimated at dosages of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, body weight (TBL).	(Sachin Chaudhary, April 29, 2018.)
5.	Antimalarial activity	The leaf extract has antimalarial activity (NAT IC50 of 24.92 g/ml and chloroquine IC50 of 21.73 g/ml). Two previous investigations found that the antimalarial activity of the leaf paste had pharmacological effects in clinical trials. The pharmacological activity appears to be produced by the iridoid glycosides found in the ethanolic extract. Saponins, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, and glycosides were found in an ethanolic extract of NAT leaves, according to phytochemical analysis.	(Dr. Debasis Bisoi, 2020)
6.	Arthritis activities	The main ingredients of ethyl acetate extract may be divided into three categories: terpenes, terpenoids, fatty acids, and iridoid glycosides. In ethyl acetate extract, GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of terpenes, terpenoids, fatty acids, and iridoid glycosides. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis alleviated experimental rheumatoid arthritis, with ethyl acetate extract having the most inhibitory efficacy, according to recent research. Iridoid glycosides have been found in benzoic and cinnamic acid esters in N. arbor-tristis leaf extracts. Arborside-A, Arborside-B, and Arborside-C were previously found as iridoid glycosides in the leaf extract of N. arbortristis. C isoarborside, C isoarborside, C isoarborside, C is Comparative investigation revealed that ethyl acetate extracts inhibited paw edema the most.	(Maliha Uroos, 2017)
7.	Sedative, Analgesic and Cytotoxic activities	At dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the extracts demonstrated antinociceptive action in mice when tested using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced paw licking test (p.o.). At dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg, both extracts demonstrated strong sedative depression properties in a thiopental sodium-induced sleeping duration trial and an open field test (p.o The sedative, analgesic, and cytotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract (NAE) and methanol extract (NAM) of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. leaves were investigated in this work.	(Ashfia Fatima Khan*, 2017)
8.	Anti-hemorrhoid activity	Its effectiveness was further proven by a reduction in rat ileum spasticity (in vitro), rectoanal coefficient (1.11 0.03), necrosis (1.78 0.03), and congestion (1.06 0.08). When compared to the usual medicine hydrocortisone (0.93 0.03), inflammation due to hemorrhoid’s was shown to decrease at both provided levels, however it was found to be more significant at 100mg/Kg (0.76 0.05).	(Das et al., 2021)
9.	Antifungal activity, Antibacterial activity	The stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Harsingar) was studied phytochemically, and 21a-hydroxyfriedel-4-(23)-en-3-one, b-sitosterol, 1-triacontanol, friedel-1-ene-3-one, pelargonic acid, and lignoceric acid were isolated. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest percent growth inhibition against the Mycogone perniciosa fungus, at 83.96 and 82.29 percent, respectively. At a concentration of 2000 g/mL, extract/fractions of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis stem were tested for antifungal efficacy against two plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria with 11- and 3.50-mm inhibitory zones. Rhizoctonia solani and Mycogone perniciosa, as well as three phytopathogenic bacteria (Rhizoctonia solani, Mycogone perniciosa, and Bacillus thuringiensis).	(Sumona Kumari, 2017)
10.	Wound healing activity	Both types of wounds showed good wound healing potential after treatment with gel containing crocetin phytosomes, as the epithelization period was significantly (P 0.001) reduced in the excision wound model from 26 to 9 days, and the breaking strength of repaired skin was significantly (P 0.001) increased in the incision wound model from 328.8 to 857.0 gm, as compared to the control group. The gel, which contained phytosomes equivalent to 1% w/w crocetin, was subsequently tested for wound healing activity in Wister albino rats by applying it to incision and excision wounds.	(Manasi Varadkar, 2021)
11.	Anti-virus Activity (SARS-CoV-2)	Humans are in a state of terror as a result of the worldwide SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Covid-19 viruses infect specific human cells via the cell-surface receptor ACE2 and quickly begin viral replication inside the human body. Antibodies can inhibit the virus from entering the cell by attaching to the spike head and preventing it from connecting with the ACE2 receptor. Many different forms of research will be conducted in order to discover the specific vaccination that will stop the virus from spreading. However, no vaccination or particular treatment has yet to be developed, which is a major source of concern throughout the world. During this pandemic, strengthening the immune system is the most effective strategy to combat the virus. Ayurveda has been acknowledged as the finest immunity booster for animals and mammals since ancient times. With significant compounds like Withaferins, various alkaloids, steroids, and amino acids, herbal plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Withania somnifera have strong immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, oxidant inhibition, and carcinopreventive activities. This article is based on a brief description of the medicinal plants' pharmacological characteristics, active components, and prospective therapeutic uses.	(Padhy, 2020)
12	Bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity.	Pretreatment of nodal explants in liquid MS media with 100 M N-phenyl-N′-benzothiazol-6-yl-urea for 4 days resulted in the greatest number of shoots (17.40 1.02) per explant, with an average shoot length of 5.96 0.08% cm at the end of 8 weeks. Preincubating the cut-end of shoots for 1 week in half-strength MS medium containing 6 M indole-3-butyric acid, followed by implantation into half-strength MS media, resulted in an average of 6.20 0.049 roots per shoot. The genetic fidelity of these in vitro-generated plantlets was confirmed using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) marker analysis, which was followed by comparisons of bioactive metabolites (ursolic acid, rengyolone, arbortristoside-A, and nyctanthoside), antioxidant-rich phytochemicals, and radical scavenging activities. This improved in vitro culture approach should help conserve N. arbor-tristis germplasm while also meeting the demands of the herbal industry in the synthesis of medicinal compounds.	(Panigrahi, Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity, 2019)

11. SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY

There are no documented negative effects when taken in the prescribed amount, however the bitter taste of the leaves may produce nausea and vomiting in some people. It can lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients, so keep an eye on them. Acute toxicity has been documented in various clinical investigations, and a high dosage can have unfavourable consequences. (Abha Tripathi, 2021)

12. CONCLUSION

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a valuable medicinal plant that contains a variety of beneficial metabolites, including alkaloids, phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and saponins. Anticancer activity, antiparasitic activity, antimalarial activity, immunostimulant activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity: antiviral activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-allergy activity, anti-histaminic and anti-tryptaminergic activity, anti-aggressive activity, anti-filarial activity, anti-leishmanial activity, antioxidant activity, antiarthritic activity are all preliminary pharmacological research

The determination of biochemical parameters such as brain AChE activity, GSH estimation, MDA estimation, and NO estimation aided the in-vivo investigation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The potential of this plant in the treatment of a variety of ailments makes it a clinically interesting plant. Indeed, the moment has arrived to put decades of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis expertise to good use through current drug research methodologies.

REFERENCE

Abha Tripathi, S. K. (2021). Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review. International iournal of creative research thoughts , 09 (01), 3406-3410.
Ashfia Fatima Khan*, S. A. (2017). Sedative, Analgesic and Cytotoxic activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) , 12 (03), 01-07.
Association, A. (2021). 2021 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia , 17 (3), 327-406.
Awadhesh Kumar Mishra, K. N. ( 2019, 02 11). Factors affecting the efficiency of in vitro regeneration from seedling-derived nodal explantsexplantsgenetic fidelity. PLANT BIOSYSTEMS - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEALING WITH ALL ASPECTS OF PLANT BIOLOGY .
Birendra Nath Karan, T. K. (2018, April 19). Betulinic Acid, the first lupane-type triterpenoid isolated via bioactivity-guided fractionation, and identified by spectroscopic analysis from leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: its potential biological activities in vitro assays. Natural Product Research .
(Ranjana Dubey, 2019), Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets containing hydro alcoholic dried leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis, The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(6): 89-92.
(RAHUL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA, 2022), Abortitristoside A and Desrhamnosylverbanscoside: The Potential COX-2 Inhibitor From the Leaves of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis as Anti-inflammatory Agents Based on the in-vitro Assay, Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction
(Champa Rani, 2012), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Night Jasmine): A sacred ornamental plant with immense medicinal potentials, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 11 (3), July 2012, pp. 427-435
Brijesh Rathore, F. M. ( 2017). CROCUS SATIVUS AND NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS EXTRACT MODULATES ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS. International journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 08 (02), 768-774.
Dr. Debasis Bisoi, D. A. (2020). Night Jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortistis) having in vitro antimalarial activity from the leaves – a confirmation from ethnobotanical studies and traditional uses. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine , 07, 6412-6423.
Hetal Bhalakiya, N. R. (2019, march). TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRIS. Research juornal of Life Science,Bioinformatics , Pharmaceutical and chemical science , 1003-1023.
Hetal Bhalakiya, N. R. (2019). TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRIS. Research journal of Life Science bioinformatics, pharmaceutical and chemical sciences , 05 (02), 1003-1023.
Himanshi Rawat1, Y. V. (2021). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A traditional herbal plant with miraculous potential in medicine. International Journal of Botany Studies , 06 (03), 427-440.
Indu Mittal, D. M. (2021). A REVIEW ON HOLY IMPROVING PLANT NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS LINN (NIGHT JASMINE) WITH MONSTER THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES. International Journal of Modern Pharmaceutical Research , 05 (03), 198-203.
Jaspal Singh, A. P. (2021). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: a comprehensive review. WORLD JOURNAL OF CURRENT MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH , 03 (04), 74-78.
Maliha Uroos, Z. A.-u.-R. ( 2017, june 6). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Ameliorated FCA-Induced Experimental Arthritis: A Comparative Study among Different Extracts. Hindawi (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine) , 13.
Manasi Varadkar, C. G. ( 2021, october 04). Preparation and evaluation of wound healing activity of phytosomes of crocetin from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine .
Manjulatha Khanapur, R. K. ( 2014, may 20). In Vitro Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Phytochemical Study in Different Extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis Flowers. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International , 01-10.
Milind M. Meshram Swatee B. Rangari Shashank B Kshirsagar Suraj Gajbhiye, M. R. (2012). NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA. international journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 03 (08), 2432-2440.
Milind M. Meshram*1Swatee B. Rangari 2Shashank B Kshirsagar 1Suraj Gajbhiye 3, M. R. (2012). NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA. international journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 03 (08), 2432-2440.
Naznin Ara Khatune, M. A. ( 2000). Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers. Fitoterapia , 72, 412-414.
P.P. Gupta, R. S. (1993). ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM. International Journal of Pharmacognosy , 33 (1), 70-72.
Padhy, M. (2020). A Review on Medicinal Plants Withania somnifera and Nyctanthes arbortristis: Boosting of Immune System During SARS-CoV-2. Nano bio science , 09 (04), 1538 - 1546.
Panigrahi, S. C. (2019, August 16). Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity. Cellular & Developmental Biology .
Panigrahi, S. C. (2019 , july 04). Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant .
Reema Srivastava, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. journal of science and technical research , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
Reema Srivastava, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
Reema Srivastava1, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. journal of science and technical research , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
S. Vajravijayan, N. N. (2020, september 01). Isolation and characterization of an iridoid,Arbortristoside-C from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., a potential drug candidate for diabetestargeting α-glucosidase. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics .
Sachin Chaudhary, R. K. (April 29, 2018.). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Nyctanthes arbor tristis. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research , 205-215.
Sanjita Das, D. S. (2007, 2007 15). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of arbortristoside-A. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 198-203.
Sumona Kumari, R. S. (2017, january 31). . Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and effect of different fractions on phytopathogens. Asian journal of chemistry , 787-791.
Tom K M, B. P. (2016). A Review of Phytopharmacological Studies on Some Common Flowers. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical , 07 (03), 171-180.
V. MATHURAM, A. K. ( 1989). A REINVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF ARBORTRISTOSIDES A AND B FROM NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS. Journal of Natural Products , 54 (01), 257-260.
Vaibhav Mishra, ,. A. (2013). Phytomedicine , 20, 1055-1063.
Yadav, N. V. (2020). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis – A Review. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) , 07 (05), 269-283.
(Sumona Kumari, 2017), Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and effect of different fraction on phytopatogens. Asian journal of chemistry, Vol.29, No.4 (2017) ,787-791.
(Manasi Varadkar, 2021), Preparation and evaluation of wound healing activity of phytosomes of crocetin from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rats; A Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine.
(Padhy, 2020), A Review on Medicinal Plants Withania somnifera and Nyctanthes arbortristis: Boosting of Immune System During SARS-CoV-2, A journal of Nano bio science, Volume 9, Issue 4, 2020, 1538 - 1546.
(Panigrahi, Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity, 2019), Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity,16 August 2019.
(Panigrahi, Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity, 2019 )
(P.P. Gupta, 1993), ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM NYCTANTHUS ARBORTRIST, International Journal of Pharmacognosy 1995, Vol. 33, NO. 1, pp. 70-72.
(V. MATHURAM, 1989), A REINVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF ARBORTRISTOSIDES A AND B FROM NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS, Journal of natural products, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 257-260, Jan-Feb 1991.
(Sanjita Das, 2007), Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of arbortristoside-A, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2008) 198–203.
(Manjulatha Khanapur, 2014), In Vitro Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Phytochemical Study in Different Extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis Flowers, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Bio Med Research International, Volume 2014.
(Naznin Ara Khatune, 2000), Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers, Fitoterapia 72 Ž2001. 412_414
(Vaibhav Mishra, 2013), Arbortristoside-A and 7-O-trans-cinnamoyl-6 _-hydroxyloganin isolated from Nyctanthes arbortristis possess anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing properties, Phytomedicine 20 (2013) 1055– 1063
(S. Vajravijayan, 2020), Isolation and characterization of an iridoid, Arbortristoside-C from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., a potential drug candidate for diabetes targeting α-glucosidase, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.
(Milind M. Meshram Swatee B. Rangari Shashank B Kshirsagar Suraj Gajbhiye, 2012), NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA international journal of pharmaceutical science and resesarch, Meshram et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(8): 2432-2440.
(Yadav, 2020), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis – A Review, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Vol. 07(5), ISSN 2349- 5162
(Abha Tripathi K.A., 2021), Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review, Volume 9, Issue 1 January 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882.

Reference

Abha Tripathi, S. K. (2021). Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review. International iournal of creative research thoughts , 09 (01), 3406-3410.
Ashfia Fatima Khan*, S. A. (2017). Sedative, Analgesic and Cytotoxic activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) , 12 (03), 01-07.
Association, A. (2021). 2021 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia , 17 (3), 327-406.
Awadhesh Kumar Mishra, K. N. ( 2019, 02 11). Factors affecting the efficiency of in vitro regeneration from seedling-derived nodal explantsexplantsgenetic fidelity. PLANT BIOSYSTEMS - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEALING WITH ALL ASPECTS OF PLANT BIOLOGY .
Birendra Nath Karan, T. K. (2018, April 19). Betulinic Acid, the first lupane-type triterpenoid isolated via bioactivity-guided fractionation, and identified by spectroscopic analysis from leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: its potential biological activities in vitro assays. Natural Product Research .
(Ranjana Dubey, 2019), Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets containing hydro alcoholic dried leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis, The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(6): 89-92.
(RAHUL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA, 2022), Abortitristoside A and Desrhamnosylverbanscoside: The Potential COX-2 Inhibitor From the Leaves of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis as Anti-inflammatory Agents Based on the in-vitro Assay, Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction
(Champa Rani, 2012), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Night Jasmine): A sacred ornamental plant with immense medicinal potentials, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 11 (3), July 2012, pp. 427-435
Brijesh Rathore, F. M. ( 2017). CROCUS SATIVUS AND NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS EXTRACT MODULATES ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IN EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS. International journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 08 (02), 768-774.
Dr. Debasis Bisoi, D. A. (2020). Night Jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortistis) having in vitro antimalarial activity from the leaves – a confirmation from ethnobotanical studies and traditional uses. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine , 07, 6412-6423.
Hetal Bhalakiya, N. R. (2019, march). TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRIS. Research juornal of Life Science,Bioinformatics , Pharmaceutical and chemical science , 1003-1023.
Hetal Bhalakiya, N. R. (2019). TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRIS. Research journal of Life Science bioinformatics, pharmaceutical and chemical sciences , 05 (02), 1003-1023.
Himanshi Rawat1, Y. V. (2021). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A traditional herbal plant with miraculous potential in medicine. International Journal of Botany Studies , 06 (03), 427-440.
Indu Mittal, D. M. (2021). A REVIEW ON HOLY IMPROVING PLANT NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS LINN (NIGHT JASMINE) WITH MONSTER THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES. International Journal of Modern Pharmaceutical Research , 05 (03), 198-203.
Jaspal Singh, A. P. (2021). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: a comprehensive review. WORLD JOURNAL OF CURRENT MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH , 03 (04), 74-78.
Maliha Uroos, Z. A.-u.-R. ( 2017, june 6). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Ameliorated FCA-Induced Experimental Arthritis: A Comparative Study among Different Extracts. Hindawi (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine) , 13.
Manasi Varadkar, C. G. ( 2021, october 04). Preparation and evaluation of wound healing activity of phytosomes of crocetin from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine .
Manjulatha Khanapur, R. K. ( 2014, may 20). In Vitro Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Phytochemical Study in Different Extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis Flowers. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International , 01-10.
Milind M. Meshram Swatee B. Rangari Shashank B Kshirsagar Suraj Gajbhiye, M. R. (2012). NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA. international journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 03 (08), 2432-2440.
Milind M. Meshram*1Swatee B. Rangari 2Shashank B Kshirsagar 1Suraj Gajbhiye 3, M. R. (2012). NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA. international journal of pharmaceutical science and research , 03 (08), 2432-2440.
Naznin Ara Khatune, M. A. ( 2000). Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers. Fitoterapia , 72, 412-414.
P.P. Gupta, R. S. (1993). ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM. International Journal of Pharmacognosy , 33 (1), 70-72.
Padhy, M. (2020). A Review on Medicinal Plants Withania somnifera and Nyctanthes arbortristis: Boosting of Immune System During SARS-CoV-2. Nano bio science , 09 (04), 1538 - 1546.
Panigrahi, S. C. (2019, August 16). Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity. Cellular & Developmental Biology .
Panigrahi, S. C. (2019 , july 04). Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant .
Reema Srivastava, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. journal of science and technical research , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
Reema Srivastava, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
Reema Srivastava1, D. T. (2018). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: A Wonder Indian Herbal Drug Needs Healthcare Attention. journal of science and technical research , 05 (03), 4527-4530.
S. Vajravijayan, N. N. (2020, september 01). Isolation and characterization of an iridoid,Arbortristoside-C from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., a potential drug candidate for diabetestargeting α-glucosidase. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics .
Sachin Chaudhary, R. K. (April 29, 2018.). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Nyctanthes arbor tristis. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research , 205-215.
Sanjita Das, D. S. (2007, 2007 15). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of arbortristoside-A. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 198-203.
Sumona Kumari, R. S. (2017, january 31). . Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and effect of different fractions on phytopathogens. Asian journal of chemistry , 787-791.
Tom K M, B. P. (2016). A Review of Phytopharmacological Studies on Some Common Flowers. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical , 07 (03), 171-180.
V. MATHURAM, A. K. ( 1989). A REINVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF ARBORTRISTOSIDES A AND B FROM NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS. Journal of Natural Products , 54 (01), 257-260.
Vaibhav Mishra, ,. A. (2013). Phytomedicine , 20, 1055-1063.
Yadav, N. V. (2020). Nyctanthes arbor-tristis – A Review. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) , 07 (05), 269-283.
(Sumona Kumari, 2017), Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and effect of different fraction on phytopatogens. Asian journal of chemistry, Vol.29, No.4 (2017) ,787-791.
(Manasi Varadkar, 2021), Preparation and evaluation of wound healing activity of phytosomes of crocetin from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rats; A Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine.
(Padhy, 2020), A Review on Medicinal Plants Withania somnifera and Nyctanthes arbortristis: Boosting of Immune System During SARS-CoV-2, A journal of Nano bio science, Volume 9, Issue 4, 2020, 1538 - 1546.
(Panigrahi, Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity, 2019), Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity,16 August 2019.
(Panigrahi, Genetic homogeneity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plantlets of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and comparative evaluation of bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity, 2019 )
(P.P. Gupta, 1993), ANTIALLERGAICC TIVITYOF ARBQRTRISTOSIDFREOSM NYCTANTHUS ARBORTRIST, International Journal of Pharmacognosy 1995, Vol. 33, NO. 1, pp. 70-72.
(V. MATHURAM, 1989), A REINVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF ARBORTRISTOSIDES A AND B FROM NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS, Journal of natural products, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 257-260, Jan-Feb 1991.
(Sanjita Das, 2007), Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of arbortristoside-A, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2008) 198–203.
(Manjulatha Khanapur, 2014), In Vitro Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, and Phytochemical Study in Different Extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis Flowers, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Bio Med Research International, Volume 2014.
(Naznin Ara Khatune, 2000), Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers, Fitoterapia 72 Ž2001. 412_414
(Vaibhav Mishra, 2013), Arbortristoside-A and 7-O-trans-cinnamoyl-6 _-hydroxyloganin isolated from Nyctanthes arbortristis possess anti-ulcerogenic and ulcer-healing properties, Phytomedicine 20 (2013) 1055– 1063
(S. Vajravijayan, 2020), Isolation and characterization of an iridoid, Arbortristoside-C from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., a potential drug candidate for diabetes targeting α-glucosidase, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.
(Milind M. Meshram Swatee B. Rangari Shashank B Kshirsagar Suraj Gajbhiye, 2012), NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS A HERBAL PANACEA international journal of pharmaceutical science and resesarch, Meshram et al., IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(8): 2432-2440.
(Yadav, 2020), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis – A Review, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Vol. 07(5), ISSN 2349- 5162
(Abha Tripathi K.A., 2021), Medicinal Properties of Harsingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.): A Review, Volume 9, Issue 1 January 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882.

Renu Lata

Corresponding author

Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur,

Megha Mittal

Co-author

Sunrise University, Rajasthan