1Department of Pharmacognosy, Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Eklahare, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
2Department of Pharmacognosy, K. V. N. Naik SP Sanstha's Institute of pharmaceutical Education and Research, Canada Corner, Nashik, 422002, Maharashtra, India
Tridax procumbens Linn., a member of the Asteraceae family, has attracted significant attention for its broad spectrum of medicinal properties. Traditionally used in various cultures for treating ailments such as fever, wounds, and digestive disorders, the plant is now the focus of modern pharmacological research. Studies have demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects. This review explores the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, traditional uses, safety profile, and potential applications of Tridax procumbens. It also addresses the challenges and future directions for its integration into pharmaceutical formulations. Through this detailed exploration, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the plant's medicinal value and its prospects in modern medicine [1,2].
3.1 Significance of Herbal Medicine
Herbal medicines have gained considerable recognition in modern pharmacology due to their therapeutic efficacy and minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs. The global shift toward natural remedies in health and wellness is exemplified by the increasing demand for plant-based treatments, which is reflected in the resurgence of Tridax procumbens as a medicinal plant [3,4].
3.2 Role of Tridax procumbens in Traditional and Modern Medicine
For centuries, Tridax procumbens has been integral to traditional healing systems such as Ayurveda in India and African medicine, where it has been used for a variety of health conditions. The plant’s applications in modern medicine have expanded significantly with the advent of scientific studies validating its traditional uses [5,6].
3.3 Purpose of the Review
The purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth evaluation of Tridax procumbens by analyzing its botanical, chemical, pharmacological, clinical, and safety aspects. Additionally, this paper will explore its potential in pharmaceutical formulations, emphasizing its therapeutic value and areas for future research [7,8].
4. Botanical Description and Distribution
4.1 Morphological Features
Tridax procumbens is a perennial herb typically growing to a height of 30-60 cm. It has a creeping, prostrate stem and simple, ovate leaves that are arranged alternately. The plant produces small, yellow flowers with a daisy-like structure, which are the key identification features. The plant's seeds are fine and achenes, dispersing easily via wind, contributing to its widespread presence [9,10].
4.2 Geographical Distribution
The plant is native to tropical regions but has since spread to temperate climates. It is found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Tridax procumbens is commonly seen in disturbed habitats such as roadsides, agricultural fields, and wastelands, where it thrives in both dry and humid environments [11] [12].
4.3 Ecological Significance
Tridax procumbens plays an important ecological role by stabilizing soil in disturbed environments. Its resilience to poor soil conditions and ability to flourish in urban settings make it a pioneer species, helping to support local biodiversity [13] [14].
5. Taxonomy and Classification
5.1 Taxonomical Classification. - The plant belongs to the family Asteraceae, one of the largest families in the plant kingdom. The taxonomical hierarchy is as follows:
|
Rank |
Classification |
|
Kingdom |
Plantae |
|
Subkingdom |
Viridiplantae |
|
Infrakingdom |
Streptophyta |
|
Division |
Tracheophyta (vascular plants) |
|
Class |
Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) |
|
Order |
Asterales |
|
Family |
Asteraceae (Compositae) |
|
Genus |
Tridax |
|
Species |
Tridax procumbens Linn. |
5.2 Related Species and Distinctions
The genus Tridax shares similarities with other species within the Asteraceae family, such as Echinacea and Chamomile, which also exhibit medicinal properties. However, Tridax procumbens is unique in its particular pharmacological profile, especially its strong wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects [17] [18].
6. Phytochemical Profile
6.1 Flavonoids
Flavonoids are a key class of compounds found in Tridax procumbens. They include quercetin and luteolin, which are known for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These compounds help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and the risk of chronic diseases [19,20].
6.2 Alkaloids
The plant contains alkaloids like Tridaxine and nicotine, contributing to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimalarial effects. Alkaloids have been shown to inhibit microbial growth and relieve pain, which makes them useful in treating infections and inflammatory conditions [21,22].
6.3 Terpenoids
β-sitosterol and caryophyllene, two terpenoids found in the plant, contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds also play a role in enhancing the plant's immune-boosting properties and are involved in modulating cellular mechanisms [23,24].
6.4 Tannins and Saponins
These bioactive compounds contribute to the plant's wound-healing properties. Tannins exhibit astringent effects, helping to tighten tissues, while saponins possess antimicrobial properties and support immune health [25,26].
6.5 Phytochemical Extraction Methods
Phytochemicals are extracted using various methods such as maceration, solvent extraction, and more recently, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to enhance yield and purity. These methods are critical in isolating the active compounds for pharmacological and clinical studies [27,28].
Phytochemical Profile chart
|
Phytochemical Class |
Key Compounds |
Pharmacological Actions |
Therapeutic Applications |
|
Flavonoids |
Quercetin, Luteolin, Apigenin |
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective |
Anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiovascular protection, cancer therapy |
|
Alkaloids |
Tridaxine, Pseudoephedrine |
Analgesic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic |
Pain relief, antimicrobial agents, potential anticancer therapy |
|
Carotenoids |
β-carotene, Lutein |
Antioxidant, pro-vitamin A activity, anti-mutagenic |
Eye health, immune modulation, cancer prevention |
|
Tannins |
Gallotannins, Ellagitannins |
Astringent, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory |
Wound healing, oral and gastrointestinal infections |
|
Saponins |
Triterpenoid saponins |
Hypocholesterolemic, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic |
Cholesterol management, immune boosting, anticancer formulations |
|
Steroids |
β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol |
Anti-inflammatory, hormone regulation |
Anti-inflammatory medications, hormone-related disorders |
|
Essential Oils |
Terpenoids, Monoterpenes |
Antimicrobial, antiseptic, wound healing |
Topical antiseptics, antimicrobial creams |
|
Phenolic Compounds |
Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid |
Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective |
Liver protection, neurodegenerative disorder prevention |
|
Polysaccharides |
Glycans, Plant mucilage |
Immunostimulant, anti-fatigue, regenerative |
Chronic fatigue, immune-deficiency conditions |
|
Glycosides |
Flavone glycosides |
Antioxidant, cardioprotective |
Cardiovascular health, diabetes care |
7. Pharmacological Activities of Tridax procumbens Linn
7.1 Anti-inflammatory Properties
Tridax procumbens has shown remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in multiple in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and reduces the activity of COX and LOX enzymes, which are central in the inflammatory process. These findings make it a promising candidate for treating conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [29,30].
7.2 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
The plant's antimicrobial effects are attributed to its flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Studies have shown its activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, Tridax procumbens has antifungal properties, notably against Candida albicans, making it valuable in treating infections [31,32].
7.3 Antioxidant Activity
The flavonoids and phenolic compounds in Tridax procumbens contribute significantly to its antioxidant activity. The plant scavenges free radicals and protects against oxidative damage to cells, making it useful in preventing chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases [33,34].
7.4 Hepatoprotective Effects
Animal studies have demonstrated that Tridax procumbens protects against liver damage induced by toxic substances like CCl4. The plant promotes liver regeneration by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing liver enzyme markers, highlighting its potential as a hepatoprotective agent [35,36].
7.5 Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration
The plant accelerates wound healing by promoting collagen formation and enhancing epithelialization. Tridax procumbens extracts have been used topically to treat burns, cuts, and ulcers, with studies showing faster healing times and reduced infection rates [37,38].
7.6 Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties
Tridax procumbens exhibits hypoglycemic effects by stimulating insulin release and enhancing insulin sensitivity. The plant also helps lower lipid levels, making it a promising adjunct in managing diabetes and hyperlipidemia [39,40].
7.7 Anticancer Potential
Preliminary studies suggest that Tridax procumbens has anticancer properties. The plant induces apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspases and modulating the cell cycle. Studies on breast, liver, and colon cancer cells show promising results, but more research is needed for clinical applications [41,42].
7.8 Immunomodulatory Effects
Tridax procumbens has been shown to enhance immune function, promoting the activity of phagocytic cells and increasing the production of antibodies. This makes the plant useful in boosting immunity, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems [43,44].
Pharmacological Activities chart
|
Activity |
Experimental Model |
Mechanism of Action |
Therapeutic Application |
|
Anti-inflammatory |
Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats |
Inhibits COX/LOX pathways, suppresses TNF-α, IL-6, and NO production |
Arthritis, chronic inflammation, pain relief |
|
Antimicrobial |
Agar diffusion against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans |
Disrupts microbial membranes, inhibits DNA/protein synthesis |
Wound care, infections, oral hygiene |
|
Antioxidant |
DPPH, FRAP, ABTS assays |
Scavenges ROS, boosts SOD, CAT, GPx enzyme activity |
Aging, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases |
|
Hepatoprotective |
CCl4 and paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats |
Reduces liver enzymes (ALT, AST), prevents lipid peroxidation |
Hepatitis, liver toxicity |
|
Wound Healing |
Excision and incision wound models |
Enhances epithelialization, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis |
Burns, cuts, ulcers |
|
Antidiabetic |
STZ-induced diabetic rats |
Stimulates insulin release, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase |
Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome |
|
Hypolipidemic |
HFD-induced hyperlipidemic models |
Decreases cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides; increases HDL |
Hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular risk |
|
Anticancer |
MCF-7, HeLa, A549 cell lines |
Induces apoptosis, ROS generation, downregulates Bcl-2, upregulates caspases |
Breast, cervical, and lung cancer research |
|
Immunomodulatory |
Macrophage and lymphocyte activation assays |
Enhances phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation |
Immune deficiency, vaccine adjuvant |
|
Antipyretic |
Yeast-induced fever in rats |
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis |
Fever, febrile conditions |
|
Analgesic |
Hot plate and tail-flick models in mice |
Modulates central and peripheral pain pathways |
Pain management |
|
Antimalarial |
Plasmodium berghei-infected mice |
Inhibits parasite replication |
Malaria management (experimental) |
|
Insecticidal |
Mosquito larvicidal assays (Aedes aegypti) |
Interferes with larval development and respiration |
Vector control, eco-friendly pesticides |
8. Traditional Uses and Ethnopharmacology
Tridax procumbens has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. In Ayurveda, it is used to treat digestive disorders, skin conditions, and infections. In Africa, it is used for managing hypertension, malaria, and respiratory ailments. Ethnopharmacological studies reveal the wide-ranging applications of the plant in various cultures and its integral role in folk medicine [45,46].
9. Role in Modern Pharmaceutical Formulations
9.1 Topical Formulations
Tridax procumbens is used in the formulation of topical creams, ointments, and gels to treat wounds, burns, and skin infections. The plant’s antimicrobial and healing properties make it a natural choice for skin-care products [47,48].
9.2 Oral Formulations
Extracts of Tridax procumbens are incorporated into capsules and syrups for their hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. These formulations are being tested for their potential in managing diabetes, liver disorders, and inflammatory conditions [49,50].
9.3 Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
The use of nanoparticles, liposomes, and other drug delivery systems is enhancing the bioavailability of Tridax procumbens compounds. These technologies improve the therapeutic efficacy of the plant’s active constituents by protecting them from degradation and ensuring targeted delivery [51,52].
10. Toxicological Profile and Safety Assessments
10.1 Acute Toxicity
Studies on the acute toxicity of Tridax procumbens indicate that the plant has a low toxicity profile. No significant adverse effects have been observed at normal therapeutic doses in both in vitro and animal studies [53,54].
10.2 Long-Term Safety
Long-term studies show that chronic use of Tridax procumbens does not lead to toxicity or organ damage. The plant does not cause significant changes in blood chemistry or organ function, making it safe for prolonged use in therapeutic settings [55,56].
REFERENCES
Yash Chaudhari*, Shubham Gurule, Sujit Gosavi, Jayesh Waghode, Pratik Bhabad, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Tridax Procumbens Linn: A Comprehensive Review, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 5, 1307-1319. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15367571
10.5281/zenodo.15367571
