Phytopharmacological Activity of Solanum Suranttense: A Review

Abstract

Medicinal plants possess the ability to generate a diverse range of compounds that exhibit significant biological effects. Studies on medicinal plants have revealed a wide range of bioactive connections, showcasing their potential for effective therapeutic applications. For several years, solanum surattense has been widely used in traditional medicine. The availability of thorough literature indicates the presence of phytochemical connections from various plant parts such as roots, trunks, leaves, fruits, and seeds, and reports a wide range of pharmacological activities such as liver prosecutors, cardiac degradation, anti-urgent and mosquito plants. Extensive research on plant chemical components has led to the identification and isolation of the alkaloid and steroid compounds solasonoin, solamargin, campesterol, and diosgenin. The effectiveness of thermal insulation compounds in therapeutic activities has been proven from a standard viewpoint. Current research on t. The pharmacological activities of Suratense support the scientific validation of traditional claims and usage in treating various illnesses. The ongoing evaluation aims to gather comprehensive data on the pharmacological actions that serve as a foundation for further exploration of potential therapeutic benefits, including immune modulation, anti-fatty activity, and anti-amphylactic activity. Additionally, they are also crucial in sexual behaviors that require folklore.

Keywords

Solanum Surattense; Phytochemicals; Pharmacological Activity; Traditional Medicinal.

Introduction

Ethno medicinal usage

Antibacterial activity

Many studies have been carried out with the aim of highlighting the capacities of plant extracts to prevent the growth of the bacterial organisms. Leaf extract of S. surattense exert the remarkable effect on bacterial strains. Sheeba (2010) reported a significant antibacterial effect of ethanol extracts of S. surattense leaf against eight bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (11.23 mm), Streptococus (9.22 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16.25 mm), Escherichia coli (14.19 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.16 mm), Salmonella typhi (1.16 mm) Vibrio cholera (10.17 mm). No effect observed with Shigella dysentriea (Sheeba, 2010). Fruits extracts of S. surattense exhibited potential effect in preventing the following bacterial strains, Minimum and maximum zones of inhibition observed with Micrococcus luteus (3.6, 12.7 mm) S. aureus (3.9, 14.0 mm) E. coli (8.6, 17.8 mm), S. typhi (6.5, 15.7 mm), M. varians (7.4, 10.3 mm) Pasteurella multifida (12.5, 20 mm) V. cholera (0 mm) (Abbas et al., 2014). Antibacterial efficiency of plant extracts was similar to the efficiency of standard drug ampicillin. Previous studies have reported that the antibacterial activity of S. xanthocarpum leaves against the five bacterial stains such as P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. aureus, E. coli, and Corynebacterium diphtheria (Nithya et al., 2018). Among the solvent extracts, ethyl acetate extracts exhibit moderate and broad spectrum activity against P. aeruginosa (8 ± 1.2 mm) and S. aureus (7 ± 1.0 mm), respectively, and does not show inhibitory activity for S. typhi. Other solvent extractions, such as chloroform, hexane and acetone exhibited that the very least antibacterial activity against the S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. diphtheriae.

Antifungal activity

Solanum surattense extract are evaluated for antifungal effectiveness and a wide range of zone of inhibition has been evidenced against many of the fungal stains such as Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, and A. Fumigatas. Singh et al. (2007) reported antifungal efficiency of isolated steroidal glycosides (carpestroal) on T. viride and A. niger. Trichoderma viride exhibited the highest susceptibility and showed the highest growth inhibition antifungal effect of plant extracts were similar to that of standard drug amphotericin-B. In comparison with the fruit extracts, it is less than the effect of standard drug because of the low dose of antifungal components.

Antioxidant activity

Antioxidants are capable of damaging the reactive oxygen species (ROS), that cause oxidative damage. Free radicals react with the bio molecules like DNA, proteins lipids and produce the toxic effects. So far, a large number of plants reported to possess anti-oxidant potential due to rich phytochemical constituents like phenols and Flavonoids. Yadav et al. (2014) reported the total phenolic and flavonoid content from leaf [25.91 gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg b.w] [17.7 Quercitien (QE)], stem (5.879 GAE/mg b.w) (3.129 QE), and fruit (4.975 GAE/mg b.w) (5.208 QE) phenol quantity expressed as GAE and flavonoid content as Quercitien. The leaf contains high quantity of phenols and flavonoid than the stem and fruits. Muruhan et al. (2013) evaluated the ROS scavenging efficiency of S. surattense leaf extracts against 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, revealed that the plant extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity at all test doses in a dose-dependent manner. Fruit extracts also reported to possess appreciable amount of radical scavenging activity (about 80%) at the lowest test conc. (250 µg/ml). No enhanced activity was observed at increased test dose conc. 500 and 1,000 µg/ml, due to saturation effect (Rehman Shah et al., 2013). Similar findings also noticed from anti-oxidant studies of S. surattense fruit extracts (Kumar and Pandey, 2014).  Poongothai et al. (2014) reported that S. surattense leaf extracts enhanced the level of anti-oxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase in alloxan-induced animal models. Plant extracts increased the anti-oxidants to normal level and the efficiency was similar to standard drug glibenclamide. Remarkable anti-oxidant potentiality of S. surattense leaf extracts might be attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids compounds in high quantity (Poongothai et al., 2014). All these findings confirm S. surattense to be an ideal choice to pursue the further exploration in developing the effective natural anti-oxidants.

Antimalarial activity

Emergence of malaria in many parts of world due to the development of resistance of vectors. Availability of the antimalarial drugs also associated with some side effects because of its synthetic chemical nature. This necessitates searching the safe and effective antimalarial drugs alternative to the existing ones (Antony and Parija, 2016). Traditional medicinal knowledge yields the anti-malarial drugs like quinine and artemesin and their efficiency to control the malaria, stimulated many researchers to find the similar potential anti-malarial drug from the plant sources (Pulice et al., 2016). Ramazani et al. (2010) reported that S. surattense possess anti-malarial activity. Solanum surattense extract exhibited antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 = 50 µg/ ml on K1 strain (Plasmodium falciparum resistant), IC50 = 40.88 µg/ml on chloroquine-sensitive strain (Chloroquine-sensitive). Recently, Kaushik et al. (2015) reported that the antiplasmodial activity of S. surattense aerial part extraction (ethyl acetate) against the P. falciparum. Accordingly, the IC50 of P. falciparum 3D7 strain was showed 17 µg/ml and Indonesia strain of P. falciparum strain showed 7 (0.41) µg/ml values. In addition, the cytotoxicity (TC50 μg/ml) of S. surattense showed 75 (10.7) μg/ml against HeLa cell lines.

Antihelmenthic Activity

Priya et al. (2010) evaluated the antihelmenthic activity of S. surattense whole plant crude aqueous, hydroethanolic, and ethanolic extracts at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml conc. in distilled water. Piperazine citrate 10 µg/ml used as a reference standard. The study revealed ethanolic plant extracts (100 µg/ml conc.) showed the remarkable antihelmenthic property than aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts. Barik et al. (2018) noticed similar f indings on the antihelmenthic efficiency of S. surattense fruit ethanolic and aqueous extracts.

Anti-asthamatic activity

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease affects airway by obstruction, eosinophilia, and bronchial hyper responsiveness (Zanini et al., 2015). Asthma became a global health problem result from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Use of bronchial dilators and steroidal inhalers, the effectiveness is only limited to mild-to-moderate asthma. However, the use of steroidal related medications has not been right solution because some adverse effects are also associated with that. Literature reveals many plants are reported to have well defined anti-asthmatic agents and for some agents, the possible anti-asthmatic mechanism was explored. In search of safe and effective medicine from the plants to cure asthma, S. surattense considered as the right choice, because of long usage in Ayurveda and siddha as effective to cure respiratory disorders (Babu et al., 2009). Anti-asthmatic efficiency studies on S. surattense flower extracts revealed that the presence of anti-histamine and mast cell stabilizing efficiency.

Clinical studies

Shirishadi, a polyherbal drug used to treat asthma, S. surattense forms one of the important constituent. Clinical studies on 60 bronchial asthmatic patients resulted that significant improvement in pulmonary expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume (FEV). A constant change was observed throughout the follow up, no resume of bronchial constriction. Clinical trials proved that anti asthmatic potentiality of polyherbal drug for the management of asthma (Divya et al., 2013).  Govindan et al. (1999) studied the clinical efficiency of S. surattense on bronchial asthma, by the administration of single dose (300 mg) to the patients suffering from mild-to-moderate asthma, resulted that relief from asthmatic symptoms were observed after 1 hour and its effect lasted for about 6–8 hours. Potentiality of the plant extracts was evidenced in values of PEFR, FVC, FEV, and forced expiratory flow confirm the improvement of the pulmonary function. The anti-asthmatic response observed for S. surattense is apparently less than compared with that of standard bronchodilator drug Salbutanol and deriphillin. No untoward effects noticed during the study. The low response of the S. surattense extracts due to the crude form of drug or less effective dose. Administration of plant extract for 3 days resulted in the progressive improvement in respiratory function of asthmatic individuals. Significant improvement in PEFR and the reduction of other symptoms like cough, breathlessness, and the formation of sputum clearly indicate its potential bronchodilator effect. The effective response exhibited by plant extracts was equivalent to that of standard drug deriphylline, but less than salbutamol. Clinical studies confirm the traditional use of S. surattense in bronchial asthma. Accordingly, S. surattense has been defined as the ideal candidate for the modern medicine towards asthma.

Anti-cancer activity/apoptosis

Plants serve as an excellent source of anticancerous drugs. The success of plant-based anti-cancerous drugs like vinblastine, vincristine, podophyllotaxin, and campothecins… etc. inspires the researchers to continue the search for new anticancerous agents from plants. Anticancerous efficiency of S. surattense further widens the pharmacological properties. The anti-cancerous efficiency of S. surattense due to the presence of secondary metabolites of Lupeol, apigenin, solamargine and diosgeninas. Solamargine, a steroidal alkaloid possess antitumor effect (Burger et al., 2018). Kuok et al. (2000), tested the anticancerous property of solamargine (glycoalkaloid) on human hepatoma cells (Hep3 cells). Two hours incubation with a constant concentration of solamargine triggered the apoptosis of maximum number of Hep3 cells. Cells in G2 /M phases are relatively susceptible to apoptosis mediated by solamargine. The possible mechanism of solamargine-mediated apoptosis is due to up regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-I and II on Hep3B cells. TNF-I or II specific antibody neutralizes the cytotoxicity mediated by solamargine strengthened the underlying mechanism of solamargine-mediated apoptosis of He3B cells. Kumar and Pandey (2013) evaluated the anticancerous efficiency of fruit extract of S. surattense on human lung cancer cell lines (HOP-62) and leukemic (THP-1) cell lines. Non-polar extracts (hexane, benzene, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) exhibited potent anticancer activity against THP-1 cell lines (85%–90% growth inhibition). Chloroform and benzene fractions accounted for about 70% cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell lines (HOP-62). The anticancer efficiency of S. surattense of fruit extracts on THP-1 cell lines established a positive correlation between flavaniod content and percentage of growth inhibition in cell lines. Anticancerous efficiency of S. surattense fruit extracts might be attributed to the presence of flavanoids such as apiginene, quercitien, fisatin, and luteolin, which known to be the potent inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation (Kumar and Pandey, 2014). Solamargine and solasodine are cytotoxicity to Hep 2 B cells of 10 µm (Cham, 2017). Diosgenin exhibited apoptosis activity on HCT 116 cell lines (Human colon carcinoma cell lines) (Sethi et al., 2018). The apoptotic efficiency was weak by comparison to the standard drug cisplatin (Bhutani and Paul, 2010). The presence of 2- rhamnose moiety of solamargine and solasonine was essential for apoptosis induction. Solasodine and diosgenin, do not contain carbohydrate moieties, were only weakly cytotoxic. These findings of the study confirm the apoptosis inducing activity and to cause cell death, by the steroidal constituents from S. surattense. Thorough systematic investigations required to understand the detailed mechanism of inducing apoptosis and cell death, to develop the potential therapeutic drug to overcome cancer.

Anti-HIV activity

Kumar and Pandey (2014) reported that the fruit extract of S. surattense possess anti-reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Non-polar extracts (hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone) and aqueous extracts at dose 0.6 and 6.0 µg/ml are tested to evaluate the anti-RT activity. Results revealed that non polar extracts showed that dose-dependent inhibitory activity. Benzene and acetone extracts at 0.6 µg/ml conc. exhibited the highest (20%) percentage of RT inhibition, whereas extracts at 6 µg/ml conc., benzene exhibited the highest (25%) percentage of RT inhibition followed by hexane (20%) and chloroform (15%). However, the fruit extracts (non-polar) of S. surattense showed lower percentages of RT inhibition with reference to the standard drug Nevirapine.

Analgesic activity (reducing the tooth pain)

Panday (2004) reported that seed fumes of S. surattense used for the treatment of tooth pain and pain from gingival swellings. Trials done on patients suffering from dental caries, pain, and pus formation, 75% of them completely cured after 3–4 hours. Effective results find in patients suffering from dental caries associated with severe swelling and pain.Vijay Amirtharaj et al. (2015) reported that, experimental studies on 50 patients suffering from dental problems such as pulpitis, treated with mouth rinse solution (single dose) made from S. surattense seed extracts. Test results showed 68% of the patients in the experimental group, got the relief after the treatment. These f indings confirm the efficiency of S. surattense seeds to cure certain ailments like dental caries, swellings, and tooth pain and considered to be an alternative and safe medicine to cure the dental problems.

Anti-inflammatory activity

Inflammation is a complex set of interactions between cells and soluble factors that arise in the tissues in response to the infection, trauma, or injury. Inflammation is one of the major constraints results in human diseases like heart disease and diabetes. The choice of non-steroidal and steroidal drugs has side effects. This necessitates searching safe anti-inflammatory agents from the natural source. Fruits of S. Surattense are used as anti-inflammatory agents used in the traditional medicine. Investigation of anti-inflammatory efficiency of S. surattense extracts on inhibition of paw edema in animal models revealed that only moderate inhibition was observed (Ramanarayana Reddy et al., 2014). However, the contrary findings observed from the studies of Anwikar and Bhitre (2010) Synergistic anti inflammatory effect of S. surattense was also observed with Cassia f istula (1:1 combination), the efficiency was slightly less (75%) than compared with that of the standard drug Diclofenac sodium (81%), but individually it is 66.41% with S. surattense. Isolated steroidal compounds from S. surattense, stigmasterol, carpesterol, and diosgenin also reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Among the three, diosgenin found to possess remarkable anti inflammatory efficiency.

Antidiabetic activity

Prevalence of diabetes throughout the world necessitates the in-search of new, effective, and anti-diabetic drugs than the existing ones. Extensive research going on along these lines and reported many plants have to possess a wide range of anti diabetic compounds, among the reported ones S. surattense possess prominent anti-diabetic potentiality equal to the standard drug Glibenclamide. Leaf extracts of S. surattense effectively lowered the blood glucose levels and increased the level of insulin (Poongothai et al., 2014; Sridevi et al., 2007). Antidiabetic studies validate the traditional use of S. surattense fruits by the folklore as an anti-diabetic agent. Comparative studies in the field and in vitro grown S. surattense plants for antidiabetic activity. Poongothai et al. (2014) noticed that remarkable anti-diabetic efficiency of in vitro grown plants compared with the field grown plants. Availability of the rich source of mineral nutrients during culture conditions, rendered the plants rich in phytochemical, resulted in exhibiting high potential. These findings enabled the use of in vitro techniques to raise the plants, which provide the source of therapeutic drugs with high potentialities (Poongothai et al., 2014).  β-Sitosterol, a phytosterol from S. surattense also reported to possess anti-diabetic properties. A study carried out for duration of 21 days in experimental animal models resulted that increased level of serum insulin was observed in β-Sitosterol treated group than compared with the normal ones. The pancreatic protein content estimation, normal in the treated group (diabetic induced), but enhanced level of pancreatic protein observed in normal ones (Control) in a dose-dependent manner. The level of anti-oxidants lipid peroxide, GSH peroxidase, GSH, SOD, and CAT of pancreatic tissue were significantly increased in β-Sitosterol-treated group. These findings confirm the protective role of S. surattense extracts in preventing from the effects of diabetes induced oxidative damage (Gupta et al., 2011a).

Hepatoprotective activity

Hepatic diseases are one of the most serious and common diseases to the mankind. Pathogenesis of the hepatic diseases, due to the oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite, tremendous advances in the modern medicine, the management of liver disease is still a major challenge. Solanum surattense fruits used as a traditional medicine to treat the disorders of the liver. Investigations of hepatic protective nature of S. surattense leaf and fruit determined its potentiality as an effective hepatic agent. Hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) resulted the necrosis of hepatic cells and increased the level of serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase level (ALP)]. Administration of the fruit extract at dose 400 mg/kg showed a significant effect on lowering the serum marker enzymes AST (67.71), ALT (75.66), and ALP (54.52). Reduction in the level of serum marker enzymes with plant extracts was similar to the effect of standard drug Silymarin AST (70.31), ALT (77.40), and ALP (59.80) (Gupta et al., 2011b; Jalali Ghassam et al., 2014). Singh et al. (2015) noticed the similar findings of S. surattense fruit extracts against paracetamol and azithromycin induced hepatic injury. Leaf extracts, at low test dose (100, 200 mg/kg), resulted in a marginal increase of CAT, SOD, and GSH enzymes, whereas a higher dose restored the level of anti-oxidant enzymes. Solanum surattense extracts offered the hepatic protection, by reducing the oxidative stress induced by CCl4. These findings support the use of S. surattense fruits as a traditional medicine.

Antiulcer activity

Investigations on antiulcer potentiality of S. surattense leaf extracts by Bahuguna et al. (2008) revealed that alcoholic extracts exhibited significant antiulcer property than other solvent extracts. Plant extract raises the pH (3.10) of gastric contents and lowered the total acidity resulted in decrease of ulcer index. The antiulcer efficiency of S. surattense was comparable to the effect of standard antiulcer drug Omeprazole in lowering the acidity. Omeprazole exhibited pronounced effect in decreasing the ulcer index than the plant extracts. The lowered efficiency of plant extracts due to less quantity of anti-ulcer agents in crude form (Bahuguna et al., 2008).

Wound healing activity

Wounds (Physical injuries) and wound infections are the most common diseases overcome by wound healing. Wound healing restores the disturbed anatomical continuity and normalizes the epithelial integrity of the skin (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Many plants used as a remedy for wound healing, in traditional system of the medicine. Investigations on the wound healing property of various plants led to the discovery of a large number of wound healing agents from plants. Inquisitiveness to develop effective wound healing agents continued to screen many medicinal plants, used in traditional system of medicine. Solanum surattense fruit poultice used traditionally for wound healing (Kumar et al., 2010). Dewangan et al. (2012) reported the S. surattense extract (ethanol) exhibited pronounced wound healing activity than compared with other solvent extracts. Reduction in epithelisation, time, and scar area in test group due to increased hydroxyproline content and high tensile strength, which is an indication of quality of wound healing. The wound healing efficiency of plant extracts was similar and comparable to the efficiency of standard drug Sulphadiazine. This study provides a scientific support on the account of S. surattense use as a traditional wound healer. To use S. surattense, active principles in modern medicine need further investigation for isolation and to carry out biological tests to confirm the role of specific compounds in wound healing.

Diuretic activity

Investigations of Ahmed et al. (2016) on diuretic and serum electrolyte regulation properties of S. surattense fruit extracts revealed that fruit extracts significantly increased the urine output in a dose-dependent manner. The diuretic potentiality of plant extract was slightly less than compared with the efficiency of standard drug furosemide (Ahmed et al., 2016). Fruit extract exhibited the diuretic activity by increasing the osmolality of urine together with excretion of electrolytes, due to the presence of phenolic caffeic acid and methyl caffeates as secondary metabolites (Patel et al., 2012). Regarding the serum electrolytes, fruit extracts reduced the level of sodium, potassium, and calcium whereas serum bicarbonates concentration was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with fruit extracts result a substantial decrease in blood urea nitrogen and Ca2+ proved its diuretic potential. Similar findings noticed with leaf extracts by Ramanarayana Reddy et al. (2014) strengthen the diuretic efficiency of S. surattense extracts. Anti-hyperlipedemic activity Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and free fatty acid levels in plasma are the significant biomarkers, to assess the hyper or hypolipidemic. Sridevi et al. (2011) carried out the biochemical studies on strepptozotocin induced experimental animal models. very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased and high-density lipoproteins cholesterol levels decreased, reflects the altered lipoprotein profile. Animal models treated with S. surattense plant extract normalized the plasma lipid profile than compared with control group (without treatment).

The anti-hyperlipedemic

potentiality of S. surattense was equal to the effect of standard drug Glibenclamide (Sridevi et al., 2011). This study confirms the potential ability of S. surattense, as anti-hyperlipedemic agent and provides a scientific rationale for the use of S. surattense for the development of effective medicine to combat diabetes and its associated effects on body metabolism.

Analgesic activity

Solanum surattense leaf extracts have the potential capability to use as an analgesic. Studies in experimental animals with plant extract showed an elevated response in the dose-dependent manner. This investigation authenticates the traditional use of S. surattense as analgesic and provides the scope to develop natural analgesics from the folklore claims (Huque et al., 2015).

Anti-urolithiatic activity

Urinary calculi are the most prevalent disorder of the urinary system. Urinary calculi formed from the oxalates of calcium, phosphates, etc. affect the renal function and decreasing the glomerular filtration rate due to obstruction to the flow of urine (Alelign and Petros, 2018). A large number of plants are used to cure urinary calculi, since from ancient times. Ancient literature Ayurveda describes the traditional use of S. surattense for the treatment of urolithiasis. Chauhan et al. (2009) reported the ethnopharmocological use of S. surattense for the treatment of urinary track and kidney stones in Muzaffarnagar, U.P (India). Experimental models treated with ethylene glycol for a period of 28 days resulted, the increase in excretion of Ca2+, phosphate, uric acid and a decrease in citrate and magnesium content in urine due to impairment of renal function. Treatment with S. surattense extracts improved the renal function by its potential effects like diuretic; anti-oxidant reduced the Caox crystal formation. The decreased levels of Ca2+ and uric acid was evidenced in plant extract treated group indicates the improvement of renal function and confirms its antiurolithiatic role. Similar studies with saponins rich fraction of S. surattense fruits resulted that, less number of calcium oxalate crystals and their aggregation in plant extract treated group. Plant extract prevents the formation of calcium oxalate crystals as well as their aggregation (Patel et al., 2012). The anti-urolithiatic efficiency was slightly less compared with the standard drug Cystine. This study confirms the traditional use of S. surattense fruits for urolithiasis as effective medicine.

Cardio-protective activity

Myocardial injury results from the prolonged myocardial ischemia with necrosis of myocytes due to interruption of blood supply to an area of heart (Hashmi and Al-Salam, 2015). According to WHO, it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world (Wunsch and Gourbin, 2018). To overcome the myocardial infarction, effective and safe medicine is an immediate concern. Pullaiah et al. (2015) studied the cardio protective efficiency of S. surattense extracts against Isopropanol induced myocardial injury in animal models. Enhanced level of marker enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-muscle/brain (ck-MB) is observed in plasma of myocardial injured animal models. Isopropanol induced myocardial injury is mediated via the β- adrogenic receptor. Acute β- adrogenic receptor stimulation rapidly generates ROS and also depressed the total anti-oxidant capacity. Treatment with plant extracts showed significant cardio protection in a dose-dependent manner with reference to the standard drug propanol. Potapovich et al. (2012) and Witaicenis et al. (2013) reported the presence of seven kinds of flavonoids and coumarins like esculentin. Esculentin is particularly well proven anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity, which plays a prominent role in healing of myocardial injury. Elevated levels of serum cardiac markers like LDH and cK-MB are drastically reduced because of the presence of cardio protective agents of S. surattense. The cardio protective mechanism of S. surattense appears to be through improvement of overall anti-oxidant defense mechanism of cardiac tissue. Increased anti-oxidant defense mechanism was evidenced, in the level of anti-oxidants like GSH, SOD, and CAT in animal models treated with plant extract.

Acute toxicity studies

Studies on leaf and fruits extracts of S. surattense revealed that, plant extracts are non-toxic in nature, even at higher dose 2,000 mg/kg (Gupta et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2016; Pingale, 2013). Intake of steroidal glycosides (Solanaceae) led to acute intoxication and severe cases cause death, but no adverse effect of S. surattense reported so far (Langkilde et al., 2009).

CONCLUSION

Solanum surattense has been used in the traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda) to cure for various ailments since from the ancient times and also practiced by the folklore. Phytochemical investigation on roots, leaves, and fruits revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpinoids. Intensive investigations on phytochemical constituents of S. surattense reported the presence of glycoalkolid solasonine, steroidal alkaloids solanocarpine, solasonine, solamargine, carpesterol, and diosgenine. Folklore claims in its traditional usage to cure various ailments propheled to carry out various phamacognostic activities by the phytochemists. Phamacognstic activities like antimicrobial, anihelmenthic, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, cardiovascular protective effect, antiulcer, wound healing, uriolithiatic, and antifertiltiy are extensively investigated by many researchers. Systematic investigation and clinical trials validate the folklore claims and traditional use of S. surattense for its versatile therapeutic effects. Extensive survey of literature revealed that number of compounds isolated from this multitherapeutic medicinal plant, but the limitation is only a few of them is studied for its potent biological activity. The present review suggests that current literature on pharmacological activities proved to be a multitherapeuticmedicinal plant. Further exploration of bioactive compounds from S. surattense and its validation promises the possibility to exploit and develop novel chemotherapeutic drugs from this natural resource.

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