We use cookies to make sure that our website works properly, as well as some ‘optional’ cookies to personalise content and advertising, provide social media features and analyse how people use our site. Further information can be found in our Cookies policy
Purpose: This review explores the growing role of New Generation Probiotics (NGPs) in the gut-brain axis, emphasizing their potential to enhance mental and cognitive functions. The primary research question examines how specific probiotic strains in NGPs influence neuroinflammatory processes, neurotransmitter production, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, all of which are integral to brain health and emotional well-being. Methods: This review consolidates recent findings from clinical and laboratory studies on NGPs, particularly those containing strains like Faecalibacterium faecalis and Bacteroides fragilis. The review also evaluates innovative probiotic delivery mechanisms, such as encapsulation technology and psychological integration, to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Results: Current evidence suggests that New Generation Probiotics (NGPs) can positively impact mental health by alleviating stress and anxiety, improving cognitive abilities like memory, and supporting emotional development. Furthermore, new delivery strategies for probiotics are enhancing their therapeutic effectiveness in treating various conditions. Conclusion: New Generation Probiotics (NGPs) represent a promising approach for addressing neurological and psychological disorders. While they offer significant potential benefits for mental health, concerns regarding safety and regulation persist. Ongoing collaborative research is essential to refine New Generation Probiotics (NGP) based therapies and translate them into real-world clinical applications.
Keywords
Gut-brain axis, Cognitive function, Probiotics, Microbiome, Mental Health
Introduction
The gut's link with brain function is changing our understanding of emotion and intelligence. Recent Discoveries in microbiome research demonstrated the important effects of gut microbes on the brain, mood regulation, and cognitive function. This organization, also termed for being the gut-brain junction, highlights the importance of microbiome regulation for health. While traditional Probiotics have previously reported to benefit gut health, the development of new generations of probiotics offers new ideas for treating mental illness. These new microbial species were selected for their ability to control inflammation, alter neurotransmitters, and strengthen the gut.[1] Common mental health problems worldwide include anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Conventional treatments are often ineffective. This growth reflects the urgent need for innovative, safe, and sustainable solutions. New generations of probiotics are offering new treatments for mental illness by harnessing the healing potential of the microbiome. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the evolution of emerging diseases, particularly their impact on mental health and cognition. This work was undertaken to better understand how new drugs are changing the way we think about health and neurocognitive disorders by examining the mechanisms of action of new drugs, supporting the research that supports them and their future uses.[2]
Overview On Probiotics and The Microbiome: Human ecology refers to the microbial community surrounding human tissues, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms. These microbes are important for many body functions, including immunity, digestion, and brain health. There is an increased fascination in the connection between Gut microbiota and economic and social well-being.[2]
The Microbiome's Impact on Wellbeing: The human microbiome contains trillions of bacteria that contribute to vitamin production, digestion, metabolism, and immunity. It affects the development of chronic diseases, is important The body's Défense mechanism is evolving, and supports many benefits to the body, including:[3]
Digestive Health: Gut microbes contribute facilitates the making of short-chain lipids and digest complex carbohydrates, supporting overall gut health and bowel control.
Immune Modulation: Healthy development and immunity depend on a balanced microbiota. Microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, is associated with inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune diseases.
Metabolic Health: Abnormalities in the microbiome can lead to Being overweight, diabetes of the second kind, and coronary disease are all metabolic illnesses. [4,5]
Fig 1: The Makeup of The Biological Microbiome Varies by Geography [6]
The Gut-Brain Nexus the Relationship Amongst Microbiome and Psychological Wellness: One of the most exciting discoveries in microbiome research is the identification of the axis of gut and brain (GBA), the connection connects the mind and the alimentary tract. The GBA is driven via systems like the vagus neuron, interoceptive communication, and neurotransmitter systems. Recent research implies that vascular colon microbiome may influence behaviour and the brain, which may contribute to mental illness. For example, the gut microbiota produces important Brain chemicals such as serotonin itself dopamine, also and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which are important in regulating emotions, cognition, and stress.[7]
Serotonin: Serotonin is often referred to as the “happy” neurotransmitter, and about 90% of it is produced in the gut. An imbalanced gut microbiome has been shown to affect negative emotions like anxiety and depression.
Dopamine: This neurotransmitter is associated with motivation, reward, and happiness. Some intestinal diseases can inhibit dopamine production, leading to heart problems and diseases such as Parkinson's disease.[8]
GABA: GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps control stress. Gut flora can interfere with GABA activity, leading to anxiety and depression.
Probiotics: Microbial Modulators Of Health
Probiotics Help preserve and rebuild the equilibrium of the microbiome, particularly in promoting the growth of beneficial yeast in the colon and inhibiting the growth of bad bacteria. Recent research suggests that probiotics may improve gut health as well as mental health and memory. Probiotics are live bacteria that, when taken appropriately, can be helpful for the well-being of the recipient. The most well-known probiotics come from the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces. [11,12]
Microbiome Restoration: Breakdown of antibiotics, poor diet or stress can cause discomfort and affect mental health, and probiotics can help restore balance to the gut microbiome.
Neurotransmitter Production: Some probiotics may stimulate the synthesis of proteins like serotonin levels and GABA, which have a direct effect on mood and cognition.
Inflammation Modulation: It is well known that allergies can cause psychological problems such as depression and anxiety. Probiotics can help control gut bacteria, reduce stress and improve brain function. [12-15]
Distress Sensitivity Regulation: The subconscious, pituitary, and adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates stress levels in the body, may be affected by probiotics. By affecting the HPA axis, probiotics may help reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Next-Generation Probiotics: While previous probiotics have demonstrated potential for enhancing the gut and brain health, next-generation probiotics (NGPs) have been engineered to be more robust and effective. NGPs are often chosen for their ability to produce biochemicals such as neurons or treat the brain with antibodies.[16]
These advanced probiotics may offer more precise therapeutic effects by:
Targeting Specific Microbial Strains: Identify problems with specific characteristics that affect the mind and that gut-brain connection.
Utilizing Synbiotics: The effectiveness of probiotics can be increased by combining them with prebiotics.
Incorporating Psychobiotics: Probiotics have a direct effect on cognitive functions and emotional wellness.
The Microbiome and Mental Health: The human microbiome, an intricate set population of germs that live in and on the body, has recently received a great deal of attention because it has a part in many bodily processes. The intestinal microbiome is particularly important for overall health because it affects not only immunity and digestion, but also the health and hygiene of the body. Our current understanding of how the microbiome affects mental health is based on the concept of an "gut-brain axis," or its interface with the abdomen.[17]
Understanding the Gut-Brain Axis: Communication through immune, hormonal, and neural signals connects the gut and brain as part of the gut-brain axis. The body's defences, antimicrobial metabolites, or and the vagus nerve, among other things, all play roles in this relationship. The microbiota produces many bioactive substances that affect the brain, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, along with brief linear dietary fats (SCFA). Furthermore, gut microbes can generate neurotransmitters including beta-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin itself and dopamine, known which are important in controlling emotions, thoughts, and cognition.
Microbial Influence on the nervous system at the center: The microbial community in the gut has multiple effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The growth and development of mental disorders may be affected by the capability of the gut microbiota to adapt neuroinflammatory activity in the brain. Dysbiosis is an imbalance in the microbial environment and is associated with a variety of mental disorders, including autism, concern, depression, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interruption of the microbiome disrupts the blood-brain barrier, allowing proinflammatory chemicals to enter the brain and alter neurochemistry. Additionally, microbiological byproducts including short-chain fatty acids may alter gene expression in the brain, affecting behaviour and cognition.[18]
The Role of Microbes in the Gastric in Psychology Conditions: Research shows that a varied and wholesome microbiome is important in the management of dementia. Changes in microbial diversity are often associated with poor gut health, indicating a clear connection from the gut and intestinal health. For example, a higher risk of depression is associated with gastrointestinal depression. Research shows that people with depression have more good bacteria (like Firmicutes) and bad bacteria (like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli). Similarly, people with anxiety disorders have altered gut microbiota, which can affect their ability to manage emotions and stress.[18]
Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Mental Health: As our knowledge about the microbiome's function in mental illness advances, new treatment strategies to alter using the gut microbiota to address psychological disorders issues are emerging. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and prebiotics was suggested as a therapeutic of mental disorders. These treatments may improve microbial balance and reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders. The availability of microbiome therapy has stimulated further research into specific microbial communities that may provide therapeutic benefits for dementia. In summary, the gut microbiome is important for the management of mental illness because it impacts a variety of factors of mental health, behavior, and how the mind works. As understanding of the microbiome’s impact on mental health increases, so does the potential for new developments. Future research will identify the best probiotic and microbiome therapies to treat emotional and mental health issues, which could change the way mental health is treated.[20]
Fig 2:Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target[20]
Next-Generation Probiotics an Overview:
The traditional concept of probiotics, which refers to live bacteria that are beneficial to health when consumed in large quantities, has changed people’s thinking about gut health and nutritious foods. All veins are clean. While most probiotics contain lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, new generation probiotics (NGPs) represent a change in the microbiome. These complex bacteria stand out for their exciting properties, their ability to change health by changing the gut microbiota, and their behavior in the body.[20]
Evolution from Conventional to Next-Generation Probiotics: Microbiome research is accelerating the transition from traditional to next-generation probiotics, uncovering unique health benefits of previously unknown bacteria. Unlike probiotics designed to maintain gut homeostasis, NGPs are designed or selected for therapeutic purposes, including treating specific diseases, improving cognition, and providing personalized care based on each person’s microbiome composition.[21]
Characteristics Of Next-Generation Probiotics:
Specificity in Functionality: NGP is recognized for its excellent work. For example, a well-known new species, Faecalibacter prausnitzii, has anti-inflammatory properties due to the synthesis of Fatty acids are molecules with an extended chain (SCFA) such as the hormone butyrate.
Robustness and Survivability: These bacteria can survive in harsh environments because they are resistant to bile salts, stomach acid, and microbial competition.[22]
Genomic and Metabolic Adaptability: The sequencing and dissection of NGP genetic pathways that affect host fitness is a process. Furthermore, metabolomic analyses reveal their importance in the production of bioactive substances such as neurotransmitters and immunomodulators.
Examples of Next-Generation Probiotic Strains: According to NGP, which made important promises, interesting events took place:
Akkermansia muciniphila: It is recommended for strengthening the intestines and controlling metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
Clostridium butyricum: There is a substance called butyrate that has been linked to gut health and immune function.
Bacteroides fragilis: Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, it is important in modulating the T cell response and reducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases.[23]
The Potential of NGPs in Mental Health and Beyond: New-generation probiotics have other benefits besides improving gut health. They affect brain health and cognitive processes by interfering with the gut-brain connection. For example, strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 are being studied for their ability to treat anxiety and depression because they produce dopamine and serotonin precursors.
Challenges and Opportunities: Despite their potential, NGP development is not without challenges. Our primary challenges are isolation, resource development, and association. However, advances in genetic engineering and bioinformatics have created new opportunities to engineer organisms for specific needs. Furthermore, as our understanding of host-microbe interactions continues to evolve, NGPs have the potential to modulate clinical events.[25]
Probiotic Mechanisms:
Fig 3:Mechanism of Probiotics [26]
3.3 Mechanisms of Action: The ability of new-generation probiotics to improve mental health and cognitive function stems from their interactions with the body. These effects are mediated through a number of methods, such as neurotransmitter production, modulation of the defense system, and the HPA nexus, and brain modulation. Stomach ache. We’ll look at these systems in more detail below to understand their various uses.[26]
Production of Neurotransmitters: Newer generations of probiotics have been shown to affect and produce neurotransmitters important for brain health. Two types of bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum, produce GABA, an important inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces stress and anxiety. Other bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, can increase tryptophan, which plays a role in serotonin synthesis. Emotions and cognition (including memory and learning) are affected by changes in gut serotonin.
Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Modulation: Chronic infection is known to increase the likelihood of having psychological issues including unhappiness and cognitive impairment. New generation probiotics can reduce inflammation by regulating proinflammatory cytokines and promoting antibody release. Bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia indirectly support brain function by improving mucosal immunity and reducing intestinal inflammation. This immunomodulatory effect supports mental health by promoting a healthy and positive environment.[27]
Regulation of the HPA Pathways: An essential component of the body's reaction to strain is the HPA pathway, Insecurity, anxiety, and depression are associated with negativity. Newer-generation probiotics can interact with the HPA axis to regulate cortisol levels and reduce stress-related symptoms of depression. For example, Lactobacillus helveticus has been shown to reduce corticosterone levels, thus reducing the neurotoxic effects of chronic stress.
Gut Barrier Integrity and Neuroinflammation: A weak stomach (sometimes called “fasting”) can cause blood vessels in the body to swell, both of which have been linked to psychological problems. New-generation probiotics may improve the structural Healthy intestines epithelium by increasing the content of claudins and other claudins. Roseburia hominis and E. coli Nissle 1917 both contribute to the synthesis of Fatty acids are chemicals with a quick chain (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which help support the gut and reduce neuroinflammatory processes.[28]
Metabolite Production and Neuromodulation: In addition to neurotransmitters, probiotics also produce many bioactive metabolites that affect the gut-brain ways. These metabolites have neuromodulatory effects and able to penetrate the blood-brain junction and include acid derivatives, indoles and SCFAs. SCFA in particular play an important role in regulating microglial activation, thus maintaining neuroimmune relationships and supporting cognitive function.
Modulation of the Microbiome Ecosystem: Next-generation probiotics may improve mental health by altering the entire stomach microbiome. By raising the growth of proficient germs and killing bad bacteria, probiotics can create a healthy microbiome, improving brain function and intelligence. For example, Bacteroides fragilis supplements may reduce stress-like behaviours through microbial-mediated processes.[29]
Fig 4: Main actions of Probiotics [29]
Probiotics in Cognitive Function and Memory Enhancement:
The crrelation relating gut microbiota and cognitive function is an exciting area of ??health and medical research. Many studies have examined the ability of probiotics, particularly other bacterial species, to improve memory and cognition and affect the brain.[30]
Fig 5: Probiotics Uplift Cognition by Fine-Tuning the Gut-Brain Synergy. [30]
Evidence from Preclinical Studies: Some probiotics have been shown to improve cognitive function in preclinical studies using animal models. For example, Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been shown to alter neurotransmitter levels and improve memory and learning in mice. Changes in the gut-brain axis, the exchange of information between the brain and the stomach, are often associated with these results. Animal studies also suggest that probiotics may help reduce neuro-inflammation, which is important in intellectual decline. Research shows that eating probiotics increases the synthesis Contains the amino acid that comes from the brain (BDNF), which is crucial for the development of memory and synaptic flexibility. Probiotics may help prevent age-related cognitive decline because they alter the BDNF pathway and increase its expression.[31]
Insights from Human Clinical Trials: Recent clinical studies provide evidence that probiotics may improve human cognition. For example, according to a double-blind, randomly allocated, placebo-controlled research, various probiotics improved memory and attention in older adults compared with a placebo group, reporting the role of probiotics in preventing aging. Another study in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) found that taking probiotics improved work and memory. The researchers attributed these results to the ability of probiotics to ease oxidative worry and inflammation in the body, two important changes associated with neurodegenerative processes.
Potential Applications in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Studies have examined probiotics' potential to increase the multiplicity of the gut microbiome (which is often reduced in people with neurodegenerative diseases) and interruption the onset of Memory loss and dementia. Heimer's disease. But these diseases also have unpleasant symptoms. Probiotics may slow the progression of these germs by altering the gut flora and reducing intestinal permeability (a condition called "leaky gut").[32]
Mechanistic Insights: Probiotics affect cognitive function in several ways, including:
Neurotransmitter Production: Some probiotics produce metabolites that are important for mood regulation and cognition, including dopamine, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Reduction of Neuroinflammation: Probiotics reduce neuroinflammation, a major disease in the brain, by modulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines.[33]
Enhanced Gut Barrier Integrity: Probiotics can strengthen the intestinal lining and prevent toxins from entering the arteries, thereby reducing the amount of microorganisms in the organization that can affect the brain.
Fig 6: The Diverse Biological Actions of Probiotics [32,38]
Future Potential: Probiotics have recently been used to improve cognitive performance, but preliminary research is promising. Equally our intelligence of the gut-brain axis continues to evolve, personalized probiotic therapy based on individual microbiome profiles could revolutionize dementia treatment. Additionally, combining probiotics with prebiotics (psychobiotics or other nutraceuticals) could enhance their therapeutic effects. Finally, more clinical research is needed to improve treatment; using probiotics to improve cognition and memory could be a way to combat depression and find new ways to manage the brain.[34]
Current Clinical Evidence on Mental Health: Given the interest in the relationship between gut microbiota and mentality strength, many studies have evaluated the benefits of probiotics in treating mental illness. These studies provide valuable information but also highlight the difficulty of collecting reliable data.[35]
Probiotics for Anxiety and Stress Management: Well-designed clinical studies have shown that probiotics can reduce stress. For example, strains such as Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have been shown to have a significant effect. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that participants who consumed Lactobacillus rhamnosus were more resilient to stress and had lower cortisol levels. Another study found that taking probiotics may help reduce anxiety in people with generalized anxiety disorder. This may indicate changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathways. [34-36]
Depression and Probiotic Interventions: Major depression (MDD) can be treated with antidepressants. A standardized supervised study that is double-blind showed that Bifidobacterium breve supplementation reduced signs of despair as measured by the Hamilton Depression Assessing Ratio. Probiotics may modulate synapses like beta-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and estrogen. Despite this progress, it is not easy to gain firm assumptions due to the large figure of studies and small sample sizes.
Emerging Evidence for Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: Although exploration on the use of probiotics in treating major psychological infections such as depression and bipolar disorder is still in its early stages, initial results are encouraging. A study in people with schizophrenia found that taking Lactobacillus casei improved digestion and reduced pain intensity. Probiotics have also been shown to reduce the metabolism of antibiotics. However, larger studies are necessary to validate these findings.[38]
Stress-Related Disorders and PTSD: This study also explores the relationship between probiotics and PTSD and other stress-related illnesses. Research shows that certain bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium infantis, can prevent stress-related behaviors. These probiotics have beneficial effects in humans by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and improving gut health in animal models.[39]
Challenges and Gaps in Clinical Research: While the value of the data continues to increase, some problems remain. Comparing studies is difficult because most studies do not have standard procedures such as the same probiotic dose and duration of effect. In addition, placebo and psychological factors can complicate the measurement results. There is also some information that it is effective in treating serious mental disorders because most studies have been done on patients with mild to moderate symptoms.[40]
Formulation And Delivery of Next-Generation Probiotics: New generation probiotics should be better developed and supported to improve their therapeutic potential, especially in terms of knowledge and health. New Generation Probiotics (NGP) are designed to meet the needs of the body and mind, unlike traditional probiotics. The use of various special options and various types of research is a process that ensures stability and survival. Integration to achieve these results requires new processes, delivery and safety improvements.
Innovative Probiotic Formulation: The enhancement of next-generation probiotics requires careful selection and combination of probiotic strains to alter the unconscious microbiota and potentially influence the brain-gut axis. Unlike probiotic preparations, NGPs are customized to meet specific clinical needs. These standards may include:[41]
Multi-strain combinations: Adding a probiotic blend can improve overall health. These combinations are designed to maintain a balanced microbiome by promoting good bacteria and killing bad bacteria.
High-potency strains: The probiotics we choose are particularly resistant to stomach bacteria, such as acid and salt. Bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are often chosen for their ability to colonize and affect the brain.
Psychobiotics: This category includes probiotics related to mood regulation, brain health, and cognitive development. Of interest are bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum, which can creäte serotonin, GABA, or eliminate inflammatory cells.[42]
Advanced Delivery Systems for Probiotics: The most important factor in the effectiveness of probiotics is their ability to prevent them from entering the digestive system and achieving the desired results. Probiotics (such as capsules, pills, powders) are generally ineffective once they enter the intestines. Learn about the new generation of probiotics designed to maintain and improve their performance at the highest level.
Microencapsulation: The device creates a protective barrier that protects probiotic bacteria from stomach acid, bile and digestive enzymes. Materials such as lipids, chitosan and alginates are commonly used for microencapsulation. Therefore, probiotics can enter and be released without damaging the intestines.[43]
Nanoparticle delivery: A new strategy to promote the spread of probiotics is nanotechnology. Probiotics increase bioavailability and control the release of nanoparticles (usually lipids or polymers). They can also target specific areas of the gut to help eliminate intestinal problems.
Enteric coating: This layer usually breaks down at a certain pH in the small intestine, releasing the probiotics where they are most effective. Enteric coating also prevents premature release of active bacteria and slows down the breakdown of probiotics in the gut.[44]
Synbiotics (Probiotics + Prebiotics): The use of synbiotic formulas to increase the potency and longevity of probiotics is becoming more common. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), oligosaccharides and inulin are prebiotics that support the growing and action of favourable germs in the gut. This symbiotic interaction promotes probiotic colonization and maintains a healthy microbial balance.
Challenges In Delivery and Stability: While advances in delivery technology have contributed to the survival, stability, and efficacy of new generations of probiotics, many issues remain to be resolved. These include:
Stability under storage conditions: Probiotics, especially those that change the intestinal microbiota, need to be durable enough to withstand storage, transportation and shelf life. Changes in temperature, humidity and light can reduce their effectiveness. This problem has been solved by using stabilizers such as sugar, protein and amino acids and by producing drying agents (lyophilization).
Survival in the gastrointestinal tract: Probiotics face many challenges in the gastrointestinal tract, including bile salts, acidic pH, and digestive enzymes that can digest or inactivate probiotics. New methods and encapsulation technologies for storing and releasing probiotics are needed to overcome these issues.[45]
Colonization and persistence in the gut: For probiotics to work, they must remain in the gut long enough to do their job. The ability of bacteria to form biofilms and their effects on the native microbiota are two of many factors that affect their success. Long-term success requires the elimination of resistant colonic bacteria and microbial competitors.
Synergy with Other Therapeutics: Probiotics are increasingly being used in combination with other dietary supplements to maximize their benefits. For example, probiotics may improve brain and cognitive health, especially when combined with ingredients such as vitamins, antioxidants, or herbs. To be effective, these combined strategies may include taking probiotics in addition to psychotropic medications such as antidepressants. Another exciting area of ??research is the use of next-generation probiotics in the management of neuro-degenerative illnesses such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Probiotics may improve cognitive function and complement traditional treatments by addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut-brain connection.[50]
Personalized Approaches in Probiotic Therapy: One of the most interesting trends in probiotic development and use is the shift to specific or high-performance probiotics. Probiotics can be tailored to each individual’s unique microbiome, genetics, and medical conditions. Using microbiome sequencing and other analyses, probiotic formulations tailored to the specific microbial imbalances that contribute to dementia and cognitive impairment may be able to provide treatment for dementia. In summary, the development and dissemination of next-generation probiotics is accelerating, with a focus on improving safety, efficacy, and delivery time. Advances in encapsulation, controlled-release technology, and personalization methods have expanded the ability of probiotics to improve mental health and cognition, creating new opportunities for better care than ever before.
Safety And Ethical Considerations: Given the cumulative fascination in new-generation probiotics as a healing for mental health and cognitive function, their safety and legality should be thoroughly examined. As probiotics move from laboratory research to clinical use, it is important to evaluate their long-term risks and ethics.[51]
Safety Considerations:
Long-Term Safety and Side Effects: While there are some specific issues with the introduction of new probiotics, most people agree that probiotics are safe. Many of the specific ingredients in probiotics designed to work with the gut-brain connection can have incredible side effects. Specific studies are needed to evaluate gut function. Gut dysbiosis (gut dysfunction) can lead to bad bacteria, metabolic problems, and gastrointestinal issues. Therefore, it is important to have a patient’s stomach and overall health evaluated regularly.[52]
Immune System Modulation: Probiotics may help with mental health issues because they have been shown to alter the immune system. However, this treatment should be done with caution because inappropriate prevention can lead to epilepsy or autoimmune disease. The ability of probiotics to alter the immune system should be taken into account when developing a treatment plan, and people with compromised immune systems should receive special treatment to reduce this risk.
Vulnerable Populations: With child women, kids, and nationalities with compromised safe systems (such as tumor patients, HIV patients, or organ transplant recipients) have a greater effect than others. Learn more about safety precautions for these groups. Additionally, the safety of probiotics should be carefully studied before they are approved for widespread use in sensitive populations.
Regulation of Probiotic Strains: Many new probiotics are still experimental and not clearly defined. In some cases, probiotics are classified as dietary supplements and may not require the same testing and regulation as drugs. Regular maintenance will result in changes in performance and product quality. Regulatory controls are needed to ensure the efficacy, safety and integrity of probiotics to prevent the sale of untested or substandard products.[53]
Ethical Considerations:
Informed Consent and Transparency: As the use of daily probiotics as a mental health treatment increase, affected role should be furnished with accurate and transparent evidence concerning the benefits and risks of daily probiotics. There should be a robust consent process to ensure that patients are fully informed about the research and risks of these treatments. Just as there is little difference between medical treatment and self-medication, there should be a difference between probiotics as food and probiotics as treatment.[54]
Personalized Probiotic Therapy: Advances in personalized medicine based on each patient’s biology, microbiology, and health raise questions about access to justice and control. Some groups, including those with potential, may not benefit from self-medication due to health limitations, lack of access to treatment, or lack of knowledge about scientific research. Ensuring equitable access to these medications and preventing them from being available to the poor should be a priority for the next generation of probiotic cultures.
Privacy and Data Security: To use microbiome-based medicine, personal information, including genetic information and medical and genetic information, must be collected. This information can provide a better understanding of patient health and guide the development of specific probiotics. However, it’s important to defend the security and secrecy of sensitive intelligence. Clear rules must be established regarding ownership, authorization, and responsibility for use of data to protect patient privacy and prevent misuse.[55]
Impact on Psychological Well-Being: The impact of probiotics on mental health has raised concerns about the psychological effects of such treatments. Could probiotic use lead to addiction or false hopes of recovery from mental illness? Using microbiology to treat mental illness without addressing the behavioral, environmental or social aspects of mental health issues could lead to behavioral problems. The development of antibiotics as a single treatment has further implications that need to be carefully considered and increasingly educated, particularly in relation to mental disorders.
Cultural and Societal Impact: The widespread use of probiotics to improve brain health could have many societal implications. Some cultures may be resistant to microbial infections, especially when they have been found to be problematic with traditional medicine or treatments. Ethical decisions should take into account cultural differences in mental health treatment and the integration of microbiome medicine into various medical practices.[56]
Future Directions and Research Priorities: As our understanding of probiotics and the microbiome continues to evolve, more research is needed in several key areas to explore the therapeutic potential of these new species for mental health and well-being. Despite rapid advances in the discipline, many questions remain about the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of these treatments. The following sections offer potential directions for further research:[58]
Personalized Probiotic Therapies: The concept of personalized medicine is increasingly linked to microbiome research. Each person has a unique microbiome that is persuaded by factors such as inheritances, environment, lifestyle, and slim. Forthcoming research must focus on developing personalized probiotics that target each individual’s unique microbial flora. Using genetics and advanced screening, researchers can identify microbial communities associated with mental health issues and develop personalized probiotics. Personalized medicine will reduce the trial-and-error process experienced in modern medicine, making treatment more efficient and effective.
Microbiome-based Interventions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The gut-brain axis holds promise for treating mental illnesses like anxiety and depression, but how it impacts neuro-degenerative diseases like MS, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease is poorly understood. Future studies should investigate the impact of changes in the gut microbiota on neurodegenerative processes. These bad bacteria can be treated with probiotics, prebiotics, and other microbial therapies. Clinical trials are rapidly underway to evaluate the effects of microbial therapies on neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment.[60]
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Microbiome Research: Artificial knowledge (AI) and auto analyzing (ML) have the ability to transform microbiome research. By analysing large amounts of data from microbiome sequencing and clinical outcomes, AI can help uncover hidden patterns and relationships that are difficult for human researchers to discover. These advances could accelerate the development of next-generation probiotics by predicting which stresses or patterns of strains will be peak effective at solving a problem. Intelligence-based technologies are needed to improve patient access, enhance clinical trials, and tailor medicines to microbiome signatures.
Exploring the Impact of Diet and Lifestyle Interventions: Although probiotics have a pointed impact on the belly microbiome, other factors such as diet, physical activity, and sleep may also impact mental health. Research should explore how probiotics can be combined with lifestyle changes to improve clinical outcomes. Creating a treatment plan requires understanding how probiotics interact with nutrients such as fiber, polyphenols, and provoked foods. Research on the gut-brain-axis relationship between probiotics and exercise will provide new insights into improving health through lifestyle changes. [61]
Long-Term Protection and Effectiveness: As new probiotics grow in popularity, concerns about their long-term safety persist. While probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the short term, their long-term outcomes on the gut and brain are unspecified. More investigate is necessary to determine the long-term benefits and risks of using probiotics. Additionally, it is important to understand how gut microbes interact with existing medications, such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, to improve safety similarity.[62]
Microbiome Interventions in Early Life and Aging: Adult brain health is often influenced by the childhood microbiome. Forthcoming examine should spotlight on the effects of probiotics on neurodevelopmental and psychological problems that may arise later in life, such as during pregnancy, childhood, and school. Clinical trials should focus on older adults who are at high risk for mental health problems associated with TBI. Lactobacillus can be used as a treatment or preventative measure to help slow aging and improve the overall quality of life of older adults.[63]
Exploring Psychobiotics: The Future of Probiotics in Mental Health: The fight against the psychobiology that causes mental illness holds great promise. Research in this area should focus on finding probiotic strains that directly affect brain chemistry and function. Future exploration should emphasis on identifying, reporting, and examining the mechanisms of these disorders, which may include changes in the gut-brain pathway, the immune system, or neurotransmitter synthesis. The ultimate goal is to develop a mental probiotic that supports current mental health treatments.
Global Health Implications: The creation of the microbiome is a global phenomenon persuaded by social, cultural, and geographic differences. Understanding how probiotics adapt to different people is important to ensure that these treatments are effective and applicable everywhere. Cross-cultural studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of mental health treatments across cultures around the world.[65]
CONCLUSION:New disciplines such as the microbiome and microbiome are providing new perspectives on psychology and knowledge. The gut-brain axis supports the interaction involving the gut likewise the intelligence, highlighting the important role of the microbiome in the brain. Recent studies have linked gut dysbiosis to a digit of psychological issues, counting anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. A growing body of research shows that taking daily probiotics can improve liver function and restore microbial balance.[66] What sets new-generation probiotics apart from traditional bacteria is their unique ability to affect the microbiome in meaningful and beneficial ways. One of the therapeutic properties of probiotics is the binding of neuroactive substances important for health, such as reward and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).In addition, new generations of probiotics may improve mental health and cognition by modulating the HPA axis and inflammation. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that it may help reduce symptoms of nervousness, recession, and age-related cerebral decline in a variety of conditions. Neurodegenerative syndromes such as Alzheimer’s, dementia, and Parkinson’s may be affected. However, real evidence for the benefits of Lactobacillus acidophilus for brain health is still in its infancy because many studies are still affected by matrix quality and small samples. More probiotics should be developed to promote better growth and survival in the gut and improve clinical outcomes.[67] Innovations in probiotic delivery, such as tissue testing, may provide a better way to deliver these bacteria. Although new generations of probiotics hold promise for improving brain health, long-term safety and ethical issues must be considered in large-scale use. Rigorous clinical studies and well-controlled methods are needed to translate these findings into clinical strategies. Future developments in artificial intelligence will revolutionize medical care by enabling personalized treatment and use by evaluating microbiome data and tailoring probiotic therapies based on microbiome diversity.
REFERENCES
Amaral FA, Sachs D, Costa VV, Fagundes CT, Cisalpino D. Commensal microbiota is fundamental for the development of inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(6):2193-7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711835105
Aoki-Yoshida A, Aoki R, Oshima S. Significance of functional foods in the modulation of the gut-brain axis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2016;80(3):625-32. doi:10.1080/09168451.2015.1124086
Bagga D, Reichert JL, Koschutnig K, Aigner CS, Holzer P, Fuchs D. Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures. Gut Microbes. 2018;9(5):416-29. doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1460015
Benton D, Williams C, Brown A. Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(3):355-61. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602546
Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(38):16050-5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108
Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2015;91:1-62. doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.001
Castelli V, d'Angelo M, Quintiliani M, Benedetti E, Cifone MG, Cimini A. The emerging role of probiotics in neurodegenerative diseases: New hope for Parkinson's disease? Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(4):628-34. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.295270
Chang CJ, Lin TL, Tsai YL, Wu TR, Lai WF, Lu CC, Lai HC. Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration. J Food Drug Anal. 2019;27(3):615-22. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.011
Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CS, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TF, Boehme M, Clarke G. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: Implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(9):1369-78. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007
Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-6.
Dudík B, Ki?ová Sepová H, Greifová G, Bilka F, Bílková A. Next generation probiotics: An overview of the most promising candidates. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2022;71(1):48-56.
Foster JA, Neufeld KA. Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-12. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005
Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;7:124-36. doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001
Gareau MG, Sherman PM, Walker WA. Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(9):503-14. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.117
Gazerani P, Dehlin L. Probiotics for chronic pain. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(11):1772. doi:10.3390/ijms17111772
Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392-400. doi:10.1038/nm.4517
Gopalakrishnan S, Dallavalasa S, Chalasani SH, Veeraraghavan VP. The role of probiotics in the modulation of gut-brain axis. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;79:206-12. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.06.040
Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Ryan FJ, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(4):e774. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.42
Huang R, Wang K, Hu J. Effect of probiotics on depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):483. doi:10.3390/nu8080483
Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y, Ruan B. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:186-94. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016
Kandpal M, Indari O, Baral B, Jakhmola S, Tiwari D, Bhandari V, et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota from the perspective of the gut–brain axis: Role in the provocation of neurological disorders. Metabolites. 2022;12(11):1064. doi:10.3390/metabo12111064
Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A, et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):10. doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7
Kelly JR, Borre Y, O’Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, et al. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109-18. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019
Kim SH, Lee YS, Lee HJ, Lee SH, Lee SY, Lee SH. Probiotics as modulators of gut-brain axis for cognitive development. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:709. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.00709
Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S49–S66. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy063
Kobayashi Y, Kuhara T, Oki M, Xiao JZ. Effects of bifidobacteria-fermented soy milk on cognitive function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2019;83(11):2144-52. doi:10.1080/09168451.2019.1649298
Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013;19(5):576-85. doi:10.1038/nm.3145
Komorniak N, Kaczmarek M, Kaczmarek M. Effectiveness of psychobiotics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2738. doi:10.3390/nu12092738
Li W, Dowd SE, Scurlock B, Acosta-Martinez V, Lyte M. Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria. Physiol Behav. 2009;96(4-5):557-67. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.004
Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE. Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:13-23. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023
Luna RA, Foster JA. Gut brain axis: Diet microbiota interactions and implications for modulation of anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015;32:35-41. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.007
Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, Cryan JF, Tillisch K. Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci. 2014;34(46):15490-6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014
Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(3):926-38. doi:10.1172/JCI76304
Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H, Desor D, Nejdi A, et al. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(5):755-64. doi:10.1017/S0007114510004319
Mohajeri MH, La Fata G, Steinert RE, Weber P. Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(7):481-96. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy009
Mörkl S, Butler MI, Holl A, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Probiotics and the microbiota–gut–brain axis: Focus on psychiatry. Curr Nutr Rep. 2020;9(3):171-82. doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00320-2
Morris G, Berk M, Carvalho A, Caso JR, Sanz Y, Maes M, et al. The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(40):6058-75. doi:10.2174/1381612822666160907160104
Moya-Pérez A, Luczynski P, Renes IB, Wang S, Borre YE, Fitzgerald P, et al. Intervention strategies for targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuroimmune disorders. Immunol Cell Biol. 2017;95(4):349-57. doi:10.1038/icb.2016.117
Naseribafrouei A, Hestad K, Avershina E, Sekelja M, Linløkken A, Wilson R, et al. Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(8):1155-62. doi:10.1111/nmo.12378
Bercik P, Collins SM. The intestinal microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(1):S28-32. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000049
Kelly JR, Borre YE, Canto E, Nally K, Nilausen T, Farrell P, et al. Transferring the human microbiome: From mouse to man and back. Gut Microbes. 2016;7(4):214-24. doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1209519
Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Bond DJ, Campbell A, Reddel S, et al. The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians. J Psychiatr Pract. 2017;23(1):1-10. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000211
Forth JH, Stilling RM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The impact of the microbiome on brain and behavior: Mechanisms, implications, and future directions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):191-202. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.127
Farrow CV, Hayley S, Kryski KR, Ayyash O, Kellar D, Anand A. The gut microbiota and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of the mechanisms, clinical implications, and evidence for microbiome-based treatments. J Neural Transm. 2021;128(7):963-85. doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02392-w
Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(4):203-9.
Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between gut microbiota and the brain. Nature. 2009;458(7231):2-5. doi:10.1038/nature07993
Fung TC, Vuong HE, Luna CD, Sefik E, Wang Y, Hagan T, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolites shape the gut-brain axis. Cell. 2017;169(7): 514-526.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.009
Sgritta M, Yano JM, Tamashiro H, Wu H, Bassey J, Seifert M, et al. Microbiome-based therapy in mental health: Current state and future possibilities. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:384. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00384
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP. Inflammation: Depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(11):1075-91. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020158
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):77-89. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007
Ménard C, Herring BE, Zheng W, Liao F, Shinohara M, Nakajima A, et al. Microbiome-derived metabolites act on brain signaling pathways. Cell. 2017;169(7): 514-526.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.009
O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism, and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res. 2015;277:32-48. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027
Wang Y, Yu Z, Yu J, Li X, Zhang Z, Xie Z. Clinical implications of gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(1):85-99. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.09.003
Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Dong Q, Zhu J, et al. Gut microbiota and brain function. J Neurochem. 2015;139(6):149-56. doi:10.1111/jnc.13102
Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. A new era in the gut microbiome and the brain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1035-42. doi:10.2147/NDT.S67049
Schmidt K, Cowen P, Harmer CJ. The role of serotonin in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(2):156-65. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05628
Bienenstock J, Collins SM. Gut microbiota: An integral component of the brain-gut axis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(2):129-39. doi:10.1111/nmo.12493
Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-12. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005
Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Bond DJ, Campbell A, Reddel S, et al. The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians. J Psychiatr Pract. 2017;23(1):1-10. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000211
Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced psychological stress in germ-free mice: The role of microbiota. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(8):1340-7. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.33
Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Javelot H, Desor D, Guilleminault C, et al. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256-61. doi:10.4161/gmic.2.4.15828
Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Kelley KW. Inflammation-associated depression: From serotonin to kynurenine. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(3):426-36. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012
Tinahones FJ, Ponce G, Soriguer F, Manco M, Hernández-Alonso P, Flichy L, et al. Microbiota and obesity: An overview of the relationship and its clinical implications. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2315-29. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.038
Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino JF, Keitel W, et al. The human microbiome and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):16-25. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000075
Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Patel B, Lyte M, Cryan JF, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 2013;155(7):1451-63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024
Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(4):203-9.
Reference
Amaral FA, Sachs D, Costa VV, Fagundes CT, Cisalpino D. Commensal microbiota is fundamental for the development of inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(6):2193-7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711835105
Aoki-Yoshida A, Aoki R, Oshima S. Significance of functional foods in the modulation of the gut-brain axis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2016;80(3):625-32. doi:10.1080/09168451.2015.1124086
Bagga D, Reichert JL, Koschutnig K, Aigner CS, Holzer P, Fuchs D. Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures. Gut Microbes. 2018;9(5):416-29. doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1460015
Benton D, Williams C, Brown A. Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(3):355-61. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602546
Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(38):16050-5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108
Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2015;91:1-62. doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.001
Castelli V, d'Angelo M, Quintiliani M, Benedetti E, Cifone MG, Cimini A. The emerging role of probiotics in neurodegenerative diseases: New hope for Parkinson's disease? Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(4):628-34. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.295270
Chang CJ, Lin TL, Tsai YL, Wu TR, Lai WF, Lu CC, Lai HC. Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration. J Food Drug Anal. 2019;27(3):615-22. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.011
Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CS, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TF, Boehme M, Clarke G. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: Implications for psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(9):1369-78. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007
Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-6.
Dudík B, Ki?ová Sepová H, Greifová G, Bilka F, Bílková A. Next generation probiotics: An overview of the most promising candidates. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2022;71(1):48-56.
Foster JA, Neufeld KA. Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-12. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005
Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;7:124-36. doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001
Gareau MG, Sherman PM, Walker WA. Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(9):503-14. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.117
Gazerani P, Dehlin L. Probiotics for chronic pain. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(11):1772. doi:10.3390/ijms17111772
Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392-400. doi:10.1038/nm.4517
Gopalakrishnan S, Dallavalasa S, Chalasani SH, Veeraraghavan VP. The role of probiotics in the modulation of gut-brain axis. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;79:206-12. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.06.040
Hoban AE, Stilling RM, Ryan FJ, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(4):e774. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.42
Huang R, Wang K, Hu J. Effect of probiotics on depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2016;8(8):483. doi:10.3390/nu8080483
Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y, Ruan B. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:186-94. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016
Kandpal M, Indari O, Baral B, Jakhmola S, Tiwari D, Bhandari V, et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota from the perspective of the gut–brain axis: Role in the provocation of neurological disorders. Metabolites. 2022;12(11):1064. doi:10.3390/metabo12111064
Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A, et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):10. doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0225-7
Kelly JR, Borre Y, O’Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, et al. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109-18. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019
Kim SH, Lee YS, Lee HJ, Lee SH, Lee SY, Lee SH. Probiotics as modulators of gut-brain axis for cognitive development. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:709. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.00709
Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S49–S66. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy063
Kobayashi Y, Kuhara T, Oki M, Xiao JZ. Effects of bifidobacteria-fermented soy milk on cognitive function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2019;83(11):2144-52. doi:10.1080/09168451.2019.1649298
Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013;19(5):576-85. doi:10.1038/nm.3145
Komorniak N, Kaczmarek M, Kaczmarek M. Effectiveness of psychobiotics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2738. doi:10.3390/nu12092738
Li W, Dowd SE, Scurlock B, Acosta-Martinez V, Lyte M. Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria. Physiol Behav. 2009;96(4-5):557-67. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.004
Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE. Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:13-23. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023
Luna RA, Foster JA. Gut brain axis: Diet microbiota interactions and implications for modulation of anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2015;32:35-41. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.007
Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, Cryan JF, Tillisch K. Gut microbes and the brain: Paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci. 2014;34(46):15490-6. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3299-14.2014
Mayer EA, Tillisch K, Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(3):926-38. doi:10.1172/JCI76304
Messaoudi M, Lalonde R, Violle N, Javelot H, Desor D, Nejdi A, et al. Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(5):755-64. doi:10.1017/S0007114510004319
Mohajeri MH, La Fata G, Steinert RE, Weber P. Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(7):481-96. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy009
Mörkl S, Butler MI, Holl A, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Probiotics and the microbiota–gut–brain axis: Focus on psychiatry. Curr Nutr Rep. 2020;9(3):171-82. doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00320-2
Morris G, Berk M, Carvalho A, Caso JR, Sanz Y, Maes M, et al. The role of microbiota and intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune processes with an emphasis on inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic fatigue syndrome. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(40):6058-75. doi:10.2174/1381612822666160907160104
Moya-Pérez A, Luczynski P, Renes IB, Wang S, Borre YE, Fitzgerald P, et al. Intervention strategies for targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuroimmune disorders. Immunol Cell Biol. 2017;95(4):349-57. doi:10.1038/icb.2016.117
Naseribafrouei A, Hestad K, Avershina E, Sekelja M, Linløkken A, Wilson R, et al. Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(8):1155-62. doi:10.1111/nmo.12378
Bercik P, Collins SM. The intestinal microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(1):S28-32. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000049
Kelly JR, Borre YE, Canto E, Nally K, Nilausen T, Farrell P, et al. Transferring the human microbiome: From mouse to man and back. Gut Microbes. 2016;7(4):214-24. doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1209519
Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Bond DJ, Campbell A, Reddel S, et al. The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians. J Psychiatr Pract. 2017;23(1):1-10. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000211
Forth JH, Stilling RM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The impact of the microbiome on brain and behavior: Mechanisms, implications, and future directions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):191-202. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.127
Farrow CV, Hayley S, Kryski KR, Ayyash O, Kellar D, Anand A. The gut microbiota and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders: A review of the mechanisms, clinical implications, and evidence for microbiome-based treatments. J Neural Transm. 2021;128(7):963-85. doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02392-w
Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(4):203-9.
Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between gut microbiota and the brain. Nature. 2009;458(7231):2-5. doi:10.1038/nature07993
Fung TC, Vuong HE, Luna CD, Sefik E, Wang Y, Hagan T, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolites shape the gut-brain axis. Cell. 2017;169(7): 514-526.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.009
Sgritta M, Yano JM, Tamashiro H, Wu H, Bassey J, Seifert M, et al. Microbiome-based therapy in mental health: Current state and future possibilities. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:384. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00384
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Derry HM, Fagundes CP. Inflammation: Depression fans the flames and feasts on the heat. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(11):1075-91. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020158
Dinan TG, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):77-89. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007
Ménard C, Herring BE, Zheng W, Liao F, Shinohara M, Nakajima A, et al. Microbiome-derived metabolites act on brain signaling pathways. Cell. 2017;169(7): 514-526.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.009
O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism, and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res. 2015;277:32-48. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027
Wang Y, Yu Z, Yu J, Li X, Zhang Z, Xie Z. Clinical implications of gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(1):85-99. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.09.003
Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Dong Q, Zhu J, et al. Gut microbiota and brain function. J Neurochem. 2015;139(6):149-56. doi:10.1111/jnc.13102
Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. A new era in the gut microbiome and the brain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1035-42. doi:10.2147/NDT.S67049
Schmidt K, Cowen P, Harmer CJ. The role of serotonin in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(2):156-65. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05628
Bienenstock J, Collins SM. Gut microbiota: An integral component of the brain-gut axis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(2):129-39. doi:10.1111/nmo.12493
Foster JA, McVey Neufeld KA. Gut-brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(5):305-12. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005
Rieder R, Wisniewski PJ, Alderman BL, Bond DJ, Campbell A, Reddel S, et al. The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians. J Psychiatr Pract. 2017;23(1):1-10. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000211
Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced psychological stress in germ-free mice: The role of microbiota. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(8):1340-7. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.33
Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Javelot H, Desor D, Guilleminault C, et al. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256-61. doi:10.4161/gmic.2.4.15828
Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Kelley KW. Inflammation-associated depression: From serotonin to kynurenine. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(3):426-36. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012
Tinahones FJ, Ponce G, Soriguer F, Manco M, Hernández-Alonso P, Flichy L, et al. Microbiota and obesity: An overview of the relationship and its clinical implications. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2315-29. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.038
Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino JF, Keitel W, et al. The human microbiome and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2015;70(1):16-25. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000075
Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Patel B, Lyte M, Cryan JF, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 2013;155(7):1451-63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024
Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(4):203-9.
Shashank Shukla
Corresponding author
Département of Pharmacology, JSPM Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, India.
Département of Pharmacology, JSPM Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, India.
Rajesh Mandade
Co-author
Département of Pharmacology, JSPM Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, India.
Sudarshan Behere
Co-author
Département of Pharmacology, JSPM Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad, India.
Shashank Shukla*, Avinash Gore, Rajesh Mandade, Sudarshan Behere, Probiotics for The Brain: Exploring the Role of Next-Generation Microbiome Therapies In Mental Health, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 5, 4370-4392. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15518244
10.5281/zenodo.15518244
