Role of Journal Clubs in Developing Critical Thinking and Evidence-Based Practice Among Pharmacy Students

The continuous growth of therapeutic innovations and clinical research places increasing responsibility on pharmacists to stay current with emerging evidence. Strengthening research appraisal skills is essential for preparing pharmacy students to apply evidence-based practice?. Journal clubs offer an effective educational platform to support this development by providing a structured environment for students to review, present, and debate scientific literature.

These discussions encourage analytical thinking, evaluation of study validity, and recognition of real-world relevance. Ultimately, journal clubs bridge the gap between theoretical classroom learning and practical clinical application while fostering collaborative learning and a deeper understanding of contemporary advancements.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This narrative review compiles and analyses existing literature on the educational value of journal clubs within pharmacy training. Studies relevant to journal clubs and pharmacy student learning were identified through academic literature searches using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar⁷.

Articles were included if they discussed the impact, outcomes, or perceived benefits of journal club participation among pharmacy students. Only studies demonstrating improvements in competencies such as critical thinking, communication, application of research evidence, and lifelong learning were considered. Extracted data were organized into thematic categories, including development of critical thinking, enhancement of evidence-based practice skills, improvement in communication and presentation abilities, and identification of factors influencing successful implementation.

RESULTS

Published findings demonstrate that journal club participation improves confidence in research evaluation, statistical interpretation, and critical thinking skills?. Participation improves confidence in evaluating study designs, interpreting statistical analyses, and assessing methodological rigor. Regular engagement with current research encourages evidence-based decision-making and deepens understanding of clinical implications.

Additionally, journal clubs support the development of communication, presentation, and collaboration skills. Students gain experience articulating interpretations and engaging in scholarly discussions with peers, promoting research literacy and sustained engagement with scientific publications. Owing to their adaptability, journal clubs can be integrated into multiple domains of the pharmacy curriculum, including didactic instruction, clinical training, and experiential learning.

DISCUSSION

Integrating journal clubs into pharmacy education offers a practical and efficient approach to strengthening competencies necessary for professional practice. Well-implemented journal clubs support the development of essential competencies including clinical reasoning, evidence appraisal, and professional communication?.

However, the success of journal clubs depends on structured planning, appropriate article selection, strong faculty facilitation, and clearly defined evaluation criteria. Current literature suggests that assessments often rely on subjective feedback, indicating the need for standardized evaluation tools and more robust evidence of educational outcomes.

Aligning journal clubs with learning objectives and incorporating validated appraisal tools can enhance consistency and educational value. Strengthening these structural elements can maximize the advantages of journal club participation and better support students in developing evidence-based practice skills.

CONCLUSION

Journal clubs offer an adaptable and practical strategy to foster active learning and critical thinking, supporting the transition from theoretical knowledge to evidence-based practice¹?. Journal clubs help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical clinical decision-making.

With systematic planning, trained facilitators, and appropriate assessment methods, journal clubs can significantly improve students’ preparedness for interpreting emerging evidence in real-world practice. Their affordability and flexibility make them particularly valuable for institutions with limited resources. Overall, journal clubs contribute meaningfully to shaping competent, reflective, and evidence-driven future pharmacists.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS

The authors contributed to the literature review, manuscript drafting, editing, and final approval of the article.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares no conflict of interest.

FUNDING SUPPORT

No funding was received for this work.

ETHICAL APPROVAL

Not applicable.

REFERENCES

1. Deenadayalan Y, Grimmer-Somers K, Prior M, Kumar S. How to run an effective journal club: a systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2008;14(5):898-911.
2. Linzer M. The journal club and medical education: over one hundred years of unrecorded history. Postgrad Med J. 1987;63:475-78.
3. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Tabrizi JS, Azami-Aghdash S. Introducing best practices for journal club sessions. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(6):832-33.
4. Honey CP, Baker JA. Exploring the impact of journal clubs: a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2011;31(8):825-31.
5. Belaid L, Denny K. Enhancing evidence-based practice in pharmacy education through journal clubs. Am J Pharm Educ. 2022;86(1):8955.
6. Ter Braak E, et al. Peer-led journal clubs improve critical appraisal skills for students. Med Teach. 2018;40(8):830-36.
7. Njoroge G, et al. Integration of journal club activities in pharmacy curricula: student perceptions and outcomes. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2020;12(10):1215-22.
8. Valenta AL, et al. Journal clubs as a tool for development of clinical reasoning and communication. Clin Teach. 2019;16(5):465-72.
9. Thomson O’Brien MA, et al. Barriers and facilitators in implementing journal clubs in education. BMC Med Educ. 2020; 20:421.
10. McQueen G, et al. Active learning strategies to enhance critical thinking in pharmacy students. Pharm Educ. 2021;21(1):23-30.
11. Alsharif NZ, Patel S. Use of journal clubs and book clubs in pharmacy education: a scoping review. Am J Pharm Educ. 2022;86(3):358-67. doi:10.5688/ajpe8645.
12. Turcotte M, Drolet M-J. Educational benefits of the online journal club: a systematic review. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2021;41(4):257-64. doi:10.1097/CEH.0000000000000375.
13. Linzer M, Slavin S, Moyer V. The journal club in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2002;36(4):422-28. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01274. x.
14. Jones J, Wong M, Kerr J. Student-led journal clubs improve confidence in critical analysis of clinical literature. BMC Med Educ. 2023; 23:732. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04732-0.
15. Copley J, Morley A, Evans C. Effectiveness and feasibility of TREAT journal clubs in allied health. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1198. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1198-y.