1Assisstant professor at The Oxford college of pharmacy
2-6Student The Oxford college of pharmacy
It is a about the exhaustive analysis of review explores the extensive assessment of orals formulation enriched with chamomile for optimal oral care. The chamomile plant is multifaceted and acceptable herb which have the rich historical background in medical applications like therapeutic properties or action on anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and analgesic effects. The review begins with the introduction to chamomile oral formulation and significance of chamomile plant. Chamomile plant extract have different types of administration based on formulation of drug. In that oral pathway continues to stand out as one of the prevalent and friendly approach for administering drugs likes tablet, capsules and mouthwash etc. The therapeutic action of the drug as anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, analgesic effect are providing the comprehensive understanding of the oral care. The articles explain about the various different applications of chamomile drug like smoothing the skin or improve skin health , control the irritation of skin , relived stress , improve sleep and other problems. These are the application benefits which are by using chamomile drugs like Capsule, herbal tea, tablet and mouthwash. In addition to its therapeutic effects the review address about the safety profile of chamomile when the drug administered and minimum drug toxicity. conclusion: The review provides information regarding the chamomile oral formulations. By emphasizing the chamomile's pharmacological activities, applications, and market availability, it ensuring the possibility of chamomile as a natural and effective ingredient in oral health care formulations.
The oral formulations are defined as the developing and manufacturing of medications intended for oral administration. The drug administered to the body through the oral route are absorbed in the gastrointestinal track, intestine, stomach. The tablets and capsules are the popular examples for the oral drug delivery system. The oral route administration has the many advantages compare to the other route of administration of drug. Now a days the oral formulations are developed lot for the pediatrics.[1] The chamomile shows the variety of therapeutic activity while administering through orally. The chamomile can administer orally it is not showing any toxic effect to body.[2] With its roles as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mild astringent, chamomile has many health benefits. Chamomile's aroma has been shown to have calming effects, using it in aromatherapy may help lessen anxiety and insomnia.[3] In ancient Egypt, chamomile was revered for its healing properties and was associated with the gods of the sun.[4] It was commonly used to treat malaria. Throughout history, chamomile has been utilized for various purposes, including aiding digestion, freshening breath, boosting immunity, promoting restful sleep and meditation, serving as a general tonic, alleviating allergies, addressing women's menstrual problems, treating bronchitis, combating worms and insect bites, and relieving itching.[5] The chamomile shows the beneficial action on the oral formulations. The review explores the chemical constituents, application, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity and analgesic activity of chamomile plant and the oral formulations on chamomile available on market for optimal oral care.
DETAILED DISCRIPTION OF CHAMOMILA:
Plants have long been known to have health benefits for humans. Herbs have been used extensively in conventional and alternative medicine for at least 5000 years. The long-lasting appeal of herbal remedies can be ascribed to their effects' gradual furthermore usually non-toxic nature. Dried flowers of the Matricaria species are used to make chamomile it is one of the most broadly used herbs for medicinal therapeutic purposes. It is obtained in the forms of standardized tea and herbal extracts. One of the most predominantly used, researched, traditional therapeutic plants in the world, chamomile has been considered for a various number of medical uses.[6] The term Chamomile originates from the Greek language, signifying "ground apple". This is probably because of its delightful apple-like aroma, which is linked to its use in spells for prosperity, harmony, love, peace, and purification.[5] German chamomile, wild chamomile (Matricaria discoidea DC.), German chamomile, Matricaria Aurea Loefl., Matricaria occidentails G., field or corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis L.), stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula L.), scentless or false chamomile (Trileurospermum inodorum L.), dyer's chamomile (Cota tinctoria l.), and other botanical species are recognized as chamomile. In order to prevent confusion, the botanical name for chamomile that belongs to the Chamomilla L. genus is currently recognized as Matricaria recutita L. (also known as Matricaria chamomilla or Chamomilla recutita). A distinct feature that sets true chamomile apart from other types is the unpleasant smell that either precedes or follows the otherwise pleasant scent. German chamomile (M. chamomilla L.) and Roman or English chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile syn. Anthemis nobilis L.) are the two primary species of chamomile that are commonly used for medicinal purposes. Furthermore, a third type species that is commonly utilized in the fragrance together with cosmetics fields is called Moroccan chamomile, or Ormenis multicaulis Braun-Blanq. & Maire. When it comes to biological effects, M. chamomilla L. outperforms other species. It is established as "alleszutraut" in German, which indicated as "it can do anything," and is considered a panacea in Europe. Chamomile is often drunk as a tea or tonic and is generally safe for constipation. Flavonoids, volatile oils, coumarins, sterols, organic acids, terpenes, and polysaccharides are some of the constituents that make up chamomile.[4] Dried chamomile is frequently taken as a tea or tonic and is generally thought to be safe to consume. It is an essential component of many homeopathic, traditional, and Unani medicinal formulations. Its primary uses are for treating mild skin irritation and for managing ailments like inflammation, depression, anxiety,[7] sedation, and spasms.[8] Numerous pharmacological effects are exhibited by chamomile, such as its potential as an antidepressant, anticarcinogenic activity,[9] hypoglycemic, hypotension, antiallergic,[10] hypolipidemic, anti-Alzheimer’s,[11] anti-infective, anti-asthmatic,[12] anti-cancer,[13] treatment of insulin resistance polycystic ovary syndrome,[14] anti-inflammatory,[15] treat obesity,[10] treating premenstrual syndrome,[17] angiogenesis activity,[7] antibacterial,[18] and antioxidant.[4] M. chamomilla is used to treat an extensive range of conditions, such as improving digestion, improving breath, boosting immunity, encouraging peaceful sleep and meditation, acting as a general tonic, easing allergies, helping women with menstrual problems, curing bronchitis, fighting worms and insect bites, and relieving itching.[5] A popular herbal tea, chamomile is made from the dried flowers of Matricaria recutita L. This plant produces white flowers with a yellow-orange center that are aromatic, flavorful, and have coloring qualities. A wide range of commercial products, including herbal teas, alcoholic beverages, confections baked goods, hair products, ointments, lotions, perfumes, detergents, soap, use infusions with essential oils that are extracted from the fresh or dried flower heads. Interestingly, chamomile flowers consist a volatile oil with a blue color and a concentration that varies from 0.24 to 2.0 percent. A minimal of 4 mL/kg of blue essential oil is required in chamomile, according to the European Pharmacopoeia.[4] Overall, this plant offers exceptional research potential. Nevertheless, the literature has very few reviews of it.
Classification of M. chamomilla:
Chamomile Plant Parts
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
After much research, scientists have been discovered more than 120 constituents in chamomile flowers. Terpenoids, which account for 78% on the essential oil extracted from chamomile flowers, include alfa-bisabolol and its oxides. Furthermore, the oil contains chamazulene, a kind of azuline, in concentrations ranging from 1 to 15%.[19] Proazulenes and chamazulene carboxylic acid are additionally found in chamomile. From the essential oils of the chamomile species Matricaria recutita, precocenes have been isolated. German chamomile essential oil has been found to specifically inhibit the production of aflatoxin G (1), and active compounds like (E)- and (Z)-Spiro ethers have been isolated from the oil. Other substances found in the volatile oil include spathulenol, cis/trans-en-in-dicycloether (8–20%), and farnesene (12–28%). There are 11 bioactive phenolic compounds found in chamomile extract: phenylpropanoids (such as chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid), coumarins (such as herniarin and umbelliferon) flavones (such as luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and apigenin), flavanols (such as rutin and quercetin), and flavanone (naringenin).[19] Also, phenolic substances such as luteolin, patuletin, apigenin, quercetin, and their glucosides are present in chamomile flowers.[20] Azulenes such as chamazulene and terpenoids such as alpha-bisabolol and its oxides are the main component of essential oil extracted from the chamomile flower.[21] The chamomile flower extracted essential oil has more numerous substance that contains the significant medicinal value.[22] Also, mucilage, coumarins, flavonoids, and mono- and oligosaccharides all show pharmacological effects. It is possible to separate these compounds from the plant's aqueous extract through fractionation.[23]
APPLICATIONS OF CHAMOMILE:
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Chamomile:
Volatile oils found in chamomile flowers include ?-bisabolol, ?-bisabolol oxides A and B, and matricin, which is typically transformed into chamazulene. They also contain additional flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antiphlogistic qualities.[24] The flavonoids and essential oils found in chamomile can reach the skin's deeper layers, according to research done on human volunteers. Their effectiveness as topical anti-inflammatory agents depend on these characteristics. One way chamomile reduces inflammation is by preventing prostaglandin E2 from being released in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by reducing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), while leaving COX-1 in its constitutive form unaffected.[16]
Antimicrobial Activity of Chamomile:
The anti-microbial properties of chamomile volatile oil have been shown in its capacity to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungus. It can also be applied to treat urticaria and effectively lowers the levels of protease in mites. The chamomile plant naturally produces a peptide called MCh-AMP1, which has broad-spectrum antifungal activity against yeasts and molds that are harmful to humans. By increasing the permeability of cell membranes and triggering the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it eradicates Candida albicans efficiently. According to a study by Shikov et al., chamomile extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) against Helicobacter pylori were 125 and 62.5 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, by altering the shape and fermentation potential of H. pylori, this extract controls the urease production. Many chamomile-containing mouthwashes and sprays are currently used in clinical products for oral bacteriostasis, such as the White Gold Medal Compositae essence Product.[4]
Analgesic Activity of Chamomile:
Centuries ago, Chamomile was already being utilized as a remedy for alleviating various types of pain, including arthralgia, stomach cramps, and neuralgia. Modern research has demonstrated the analgesic benefits of chamomile oil gel, particularly in the treatment of aura-free migraine pain. Saghafi et al. also carried out a study that proved chamomile's efficacy in treating breast discomfort. Patients in the study received chamomile treatment for eight weeks, and the degree of pain relief was measured with a breast pain scale (BPC) and a visual analogue scale (VAS).[4]
Wound healing:
The chamomile aqueous extract (120 mg/kg/day) demonstrated a higher rate of wound contraction in addition to a higher hydroxyproline content and wound-breaking strength. In rats, chamomile extract applied as rubbing oil showed promise in hastening the healing of burn injuries. In a linear incisional wound model of rats, topically applied chamomile extract has the potential to promote wound healing. When compared to animals given corticosteroids, animals given chamomile showed noticeably quicker wound healing.[19]
ORAL FORMULATIONS:
The oral formulations are referred as the drugs which are developed and manufactured for oral administrations for show their therapeutic activity. The variety of oral formulations are developed in the pharmaceuticals such as tablets, capsules and syrups…etc. [26]
The oral formulations are,
Tablets, Capsules, Pellets, Powders, Granules, herbal tea, Premixes and Thin strips.
Pastes, and Gels.
Solutions, Syrups, Emulsions, Suspensions, Elixirs and mouthwashes.[1]
MARKETLY AVAILABLE CHAMOMILE ORAL FORMULATIONS
GINGER&CHAMOMILE TABLETS: A Tablet is a compressed unit of solid dosage form that contain medicaments with or without excipients.
COMPOSITION:
Ginger and Chamomile extract………...7gm/tablet………API
Moringa powder……………………….2gm/tablet………Binder
Lactose MCC………………………….19.5gm/tablet…Diluents
Magnesium stearate……………………1.2gm/tablet......Lubricant
In addition to the ginger and chamomile extract, lactose MCC, magnesium stearate, and moringa powder were utilized as a binder, diluent, and lubricant. Then the tablet was made using the wet granulation technique.[27]
APPLICATION:
CHAMOMILE PELLETS:
Pellets are the small free flowing spherical particulates prepared by the appropriate methods. The pellets having the several advantages in preparation process compare to the tablets and capsules because of its multi-particulate delivery system. Pellets having several advantages while administered through the oral route, including decreased food effect, lower gastric transit time, less gastrointestinal tract irritation, and decreased intra- and inter-subject variability. Considering the various advantages of pellets, M. chamomilla pellets are prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique.[28] Chemicals which are used to prepare the chamomile pellets are, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH101, sodium starch glycolate (SSG), maize starch, lactose, sodium carbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS),aluminum chloride, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, magnesium stearate (MS), isopropanol and ethanol.[28]
CHAMOMILE CAPSULES:
Chamomile is used in the polycystic syndrome treatment as an herbal remedy, according to traditional herbal medicine. Patients' total testosterone levels significantly decreased after taking chamomile capsules orally. And the capsules are prepared as a dietary supplement and anxiety treatment.[29]
CHAMOMILE TEAS:
Herbal teas are the most liked liquid refreshment throughout the world, the herbal tea shows as both therapeutic and also nutritional benefit in many traditional medical forms.[30] Herbal teas are more appropriately called "tisanes," as they are blends of various ingredients. The dried leaves, seeds, grasses, nuts, barks, fruits, flowers, or other botanical components that give herbal teas their flavor and health benefits are combined to create tisanes.[31] The chamomile is ideal for use as a sleep aid due to its gentle sedative effect. Additionally, it functions as a mild laxative and relieves stomach discomfort. It also helps to treat menstrual cramps.[31]
CHAMOMILE EXTRACT:
The Chamomile extraction process conducted by various methods.[27]
E.g.; THE EXTRACTION OF CHAMOMILE IN SOXHLET APPARATUS:
The extract used to formulate various formulation in the pharmaceutical industry.[27]
CHAMOMILE SYRUP:
Using the chamomile syrup for Childrens having leukemia as a complementary therapy, that boost their immunity (since it increased WBC) by reducing the amount of neutropenia brought on by chemotherapy.[32]
CHAMOMILE-LEMON BALM SYRUP:
The herbal formulation of chamomile-lemon balm is significantly increasing the quality of life, anxiety, and depression, as well as angina symptoms in patients having drug-resistance cardiac syndrome x(CSX).[33]
CHAMOMILE MOUTHWASH:
The M. chamomilla flowerhead has been taken and air dried to prepare a powder, were the powder percolated successfully with 55% ethanol at room temperature. Then the ethanol extract is evaporated followed by filtration. The evaporation takes place under vacuum at lower temperature. Then the dried residue sustained in water. Thus, the extract is used as a mouthwash. The German chamomile mouthwash prepared for provide benefit in gingival and plaque reduction without any official adverse effect on tooth staining.[34]
For children with cancer, chamomile mouthwash and topical mouth rinse are effective short-term treatments to prevent oral mucositis. [35]
CONCLUTION
In conclusion, the extensive assessment of oral formulations enriched with chamomile for optimal oral care underscores the herb's significant potential in promoting oral health. Chamomile's diverse therapeutic properties, including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic effects, make it a valuable ingredient in oral health products such as tablets, capsules, and mouthwashes. Commercially available chamomile oral formulations offer promising avenues for addressing various oral health issues, while ongoing research and innovation continue to uncover new insights into chamomile's benefits. Overall, chamomile emerges as a natural and effective option for enhancing oral hygiene and addressing oral health concerns, highlighting the importance of further exploration and utilization of this versatile herb in oral care practices.
REFERENCES
Nagalakshmi R. , Gokulraj M. , Sri Vignesh M., Halaswamy D. B. , Hariprasad M. S., Indushree G. L. , A Review On Extensive Assessment Of The Oral Formulations Enriched With Chamomile For Optimal Oral Care, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 8, 2900-2912. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13293006
10.5281/zenodo.13293006
