Formulation and Evaluation of Neem Face Wash

Figure 1: Type of skin

1.3 Advantages of Herbal Cosmetics over Synthetic Cosmetics:

These agents are gaining popularity as nowadays most women prefer natural products over chemicals for their personal care to enhance their beauty as these products supply the body with nutrients and enhance health and provide satisfaction as these are free from synthetic chemicals and have relatively less side-effects compared to the synthetic cosmetics.

A. Compatible with all Skin Types:

Natural cosmetics are suitable for all skin types. No matter if you are dark or fair, you will find natural cosmetics like foundation, eye shadow, and lipstick which are appropriate irrespective of your skin tone. Coal tar is recognized as a human carcinogen and the main concern with individual coal tar a colour (whether produced from coal tar or synthetically) is they can cause cancer. But natural colours that are obtained from herbs are safer.

B. Wide Selection to Choose from:

There exist a large variety of herbal extracts, to name a few Andrographis Paniculata (Kaleigh), Asparagus Racemases (Shahawar), Boswellia Serrata (Calcifugal), Asphalt (Shulamit) etc.

C. Not Tested on Animals:

Andrographis Paniculata (Kaleigh), However, natural cosmetics need not be tested on animals.

D. No Side Effects:

With natural cosmetics, one need not worry about these. The natural ingredients used assure no side effects; one can apply them anytime, anywhere. And are suspected of interfering with hormone function.to clear up mild to moderately severe acne. Isotretinoin (Accutane) is an oral drug that is prescribed only for very severe, disfiguring acne.

1.4 Properties of Face Wash:

When choosing a face wash, it is important to look for one with the following properties:

1. A good face wash should be stable and have a pleasant appearance.

2. The face wash should soften on application to the skin, making it easy to spread.

3. The face wash should spread easily on the skin without dragging or feeling oily or greasy.

4. After the water has evaporated, the residue of the face wash should not become viscous.

5. The physical action of the face wash should be of flushing the skin and opening pores, rather than absorbing into the skin.

6. A thin emollient film should remain on the skin after use, providing a protective barrier and keeping the skin hydrated.

1.5 Various Herbs used in Cosmetics:

• Amaranth (Amaranthus Spinosus): Cover and boil for five minutes.
• Neem (Azadirachta Indica): Neem (Azadirachta indica) is valued in Ayurvedic medicine for its varied healing properties due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral capabilities.
• Lemon (Citrus Limon): This will loosen the dirt and oil. Then apply a cotton ball to remove the dirt and oil buildup. Use this method once a week.
• Basil (Ocimum basilicum): Make an infusion of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves. leaves in a cup of boiling water, steep for 10 to 20 minutes, cool, and apply to the acne.
• Lemon (Citrus limon): Another variation of this remedy is to drink four or five cups of Cucumber juice daily for a week.
• Grape (Vitis vinifera): Grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract is a powerful all-around antimicrobial agent and is an excellent disinfectant.
• Chickpea (Cicer arietinum): Wash your face with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) paste (mix one teaspoon of chickpea flour with a little water). Dry with a clean towel. This is also a good remedy to cure acne.
• Beet (Beta vulgaris): Use a blend of one part Beet (Beta vulgaris) root juice, three parts Carrot (Daucus carota) juice and two parts waters to stimulate the liver and to cleanse the system.

1.6 Additives used in Face Wash

A. Gelling Agent:

Gelling Agents are ingredients that will turn your water, or oil, phase into a gel, which is thickened but, without stiffness. Emulsions thickened with Gelling Agents will be more mobile, and fluid, than rather than stiff. Some of these gels will thin when force is applied (thixotropic)

B. Preservative:

Some of these organisms can secrete poisonous substances (“toxins”), which are dangerous to human health and can even be fatal.

Examples; methyl paraben, propyl paraben.

C. Humectants:

Humectants are a hygroscopic substance used to keep things moist; it is the opposite of a desiccant. It is often a molecule with several hydrophilic groups, most often hydroxyl groups. Humectants attract and retain the moisture in the air nearby via absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.

1.7 Function of Face Wash:

1. Face wash is a facial care of cosmetic used to clean the skin

2. Rejuvenating the skin cells elevate stress

3. Removes oil, dirt and impurities.

Reduces microbial flora of skin Leave skin fresh and breathing. Gel based face wash gel A gel is a solid jelly like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady state. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the cross linking within the fluid that gives a gel its structure (hardness) and contributes to the adhesive stick (tack).

In this sense, gels are a dispersion of liquid molecule within solid, where solid is continuous phase and liquid is discontinuous phase. Thomas Graham, a Scottish chemist, coined the word "gel" by borrowing it from gelatine in the nineteenth century. Herbs for skin whitening Using substances, mixtures, or physical treatments to lighten skin tone is known as skin whitening. Treatments for skin whitening function by lowering the skin's melanin content. Many substances have been demonstrated to be effective at lightening the skin; some have positive effects (such as antioxidants and nutrients), while others pose a serious risk to health (for example, those containing mercury).

The development of new skin-care cosmetics, such as natural bleaching agents like melanin biosynthesis or tyrosinase inhibition, which are able to modulate the metabolism of pigmentation for human colour, is made possible by the search for naturally active compounds from organic herbal medicines or Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs). Antioxidants that are active in the oxidative stress of ageing skin cells may support skin health, whereas skin and it play a crucial protective role in skin whiteness. Melanin can be overproduced as a result of chronic sun exposure, melasma, or other hyper pigmentation diseases. Melanin is biosynthesized by melanocyte cells in the basal layer of the epidermis.

Thus, melanin overproduction such as hyperpigmentation of darkened age spots is reduced by bleaching agents, whereas melanin and other pigmenting agents are intended to increase pigmentation for sun protection. The prevention of ultraviolet (UV) exposure, the suppression of melanocyte metabolism and proliferation, the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, or the removal of melanin through corneal ablation have all been described as ways to inhibit melanin biosynthesis. The first two steps of this pathway—the hydroxylation of tyrosine (one of the nonphenolic compounds) to L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalane; one of the o-diphenols) and the oxidation of L-dopa to dopaquinone—are catalysed by the enzyme known as tyrosinase (one of o-quinones).

Then, through a series of nonenzymatic reactions, these o-quinones are converted into melanin. Tyrosinase thus becomes the primary target enzyme for screening and the discovery of new inhibitory compounds, and tyrosinase inhibitors are significant components of cosmetics and skin-whitening agents. To stop the occurrence of these melanin overproduction or hyper pigmentation disorders, a continuous search for tyrosinase inhibitors derived from natural plants or TCMs is under way.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals produced by oxidative stress in skin cells or by exposure to UV radiation have been shown to be improperly processed in order to increase melanin biosynthesis, damage DNA, and possibly promote the proliferation of melanocytes. Antioxidants and other free radical or ROS scavengers are known to lessen hyperpigmentation. Although free radicals are scavenged by plant-derived antioxidants, it is thought that the nature and concentration of these compounds vary among various plant species. However, 1, 1- diphenyl-2 picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) is a stable radical, and the DPPH free radical-scavenging assay is a straightforward and well-liked method for evaluating a compound's capacity to scavenge free radicals or its antioxidant activity.

Ingredients' uses Numerous cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on research that will change skin pigmentation as attention is being paid to skin appearance. Today, a wide variety of substances are known to be capable of reducing skin pigmentation. Numerous of these active ingredients have tyrosinase-inhibiting properties that result in decreased total melanin production. Today, tyrosinase inhibitors include substances like kojic acid, arbutin, Evodia urticaria, and various plant or herbal extracts.

Additionally, molecules like nicotinamide and soybean have been shown to affect the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes, resulting in a lighter overall tone for the skin. To remove too much melanin from the skin, people frequently use substances like retinoic acid that increase the desquamation of the skin.

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS:

Ingredients: 

1. Neem leaves: 

Figure 2: Neem Leaves

Botanical name:   Azadirachta indica.

Family:  Meliaceous.

Uses:  All parts of the neem tree- leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases, dental disorders and help you deep clean and flush out any impurities that are hidden within your pore. Its antifungal properties really help remove bacteria that can often clog pores and cause acne.

2. Tragacanth:

Figure 3: Tragacanth

Botanical name:  Astragalus Gummier.

Family:  Fabaceae.

Part used:  Dried gummy exudate (gum/resin) obtained from the stem and branches of the plant.

Uses in face wash:

1. Thickening agent.
2. Stabilizer and emulsifier.
3. Gives smooth gel texture.
4. Helps suspend particles evenly.
5. Moisturizing and soothing effect on skin.

3. Glycerine: 

Figure 4: Glycerin

Benefits of Glycerine for Skin:

3. 1. Hydrates the strain corneum of the skin.
   2. Improves the skin bustier function
   3. Provides anti-irritant protection is the skin
   4. Accelerates wound healing.
   5. Eliminates dry skin.
4. Honey:

Figure 5: Honey

Botanical Name:  Asie Mellifera

Uses:   Used as thickening agent. Honey is use as a natural sweetener.

5. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS):

Figure 6: SLS

IUPAC Name: Sodium lauryl sulphate.

Other Names: Sodium monododecyl sulphate.

Chemical Formula: NaC12H25SO4.

Molar Mass: 288.372 g/mol.

Density: 1.01 g/ cm3.

Melting point: 206 °C (403 °F; 479 K).

Use: Foaming against.

6. Sodium Benzoate:

Figure 7: Sodium Benzoate

IUPAC Name:  Sodium benzoate

Molar mass:  144.4 g/mol

Formula:  C7H5NaO2

Density:  1.497 g/cm³

Melting point:  410^oC (770^oF;689 K)

Use:  Preservative and Stabilizer

7. Rose Water:

Figure 8: Rose Water

Botanical name:  Rosa damascene (commonly used source)

Family:  Rosaceae

Part used:  Fresh petals/flowers

Uses in face wash:

1. Natural fragrance agent
2. Skin toner and refreshing agent
3. Soothing and cooling effect
4. Helps maintain skin hydration
5. Mild cleansing support

Preparation Method:

To Prepare Mild Neem Face Wash:

1. We need a clean container for mixing the ingredients.
2. Pour 15 gm distilled water into beaker (250 ml).
3. Add 12.5 gm of rose water.
4. Mix separately 1.75 gm of vegetable glycerine with 2 gm tragacanth gum and keep aside. 
5. Add 0.25 gm sodium benzoate to the distilled water and rose water (as preservative)
6. Then add 15 gm sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is mostly used as a surfactant, but it can also be used as sole surfactant for mild face and body cleansers (mix gently).
7. Then add 4 gm neem extract to prepared solution.
8. Pore the neem \ extract to the sodium lauryl sulphate mixture.
9. Then check the PH of mixture (PH is required between 5.0 to 5.5)
10. Then add in our tragacanth gum mixture to thicken the consistence of the face wash.
11. Mix a bit, then cover the beaker and set aside for one day or till the tragacanth gum swells.
12. After one day, the tragacanth gum has dissolved and the face wash has thickened.

Evaluation Of Face Wash (Neem Face Wash): 

Observation Table:  Graphical Representation of Subjective Evaluation test Of Face Wash

Graph 1: Subjective Evaluation of Face wash

Graph 2: Anti-acne efficacy of formulation

On X –Axis = Formulation

On Y-Axis = Absorbance

Graph 3: Face wash reading in different