View Article

Abstract

Skin ageing is a complicated biological process that is impacted by a number of variables, such as heredity and the environment. Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the perennial plant Houttuynia cordata, which is endemic to East Asian countries, has drawn interest for its possible antiviral qualities. Flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, volatile oils, and leaf extracts with antioxidant qualities are all present in H. Cordata. Research has been done on the possible anti-aging and acne-causing properties of H. Cordata extract. Pharmacological effects include anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-anaphylactic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-leukemic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant properties of Houttuynia cordata neutralise free radicals, avoiding cellular damage and minimising fine lines and wrinkles.

Keywords

Houttuynia cordata, Anti-aging, Skin aging, Photoaging, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Free radicals, Oxidative stress, Collagen, Elastin, Anti-inflammatory activity, Phytochemicals, Skin rejuvenation, UV radiation, Herbal cosmetics

Introduction

× Popup Image

Skin aging is a multifaceted biological process that is impacted by both exogenous and endogenous variables, such as chronic light exposure, contamination, ionizing radiation, chemicals, and toxins, as well as endogenous or intrinsic elements including genetics, cellular metabolism, hormones, and metabolic processes.[1]Together, these elements cause progressive changes in every layer of the skin, accumulated structural and physiological abnormalities, and modifications in the look of the skin, particularly in parts of the skin exposed to the sun.[2]The features of prematurely photoaged skin involve primarily more thick epidermis, mottled pigmentation, deep wrinkles, laxity, dullness, and roughness, as opposed to delicate, weakened, finely wrinkled, and dry intrinsically aged skin.[3]Collagen, elastin, and glycogen-boosting agents (GAGs) constitute the three main structural elements of the dermis. These components have been the focus of most rejuvenating research and efforts related to dermatology, ranging from “wrinkle creams” to several distinct fillers.[4]The entire face may exhibit signs of aging due to an array of variables like gravity, muscular contraction, volume loss, the reduction and redistribution of deep and superficial fat, and the loss of bone support, which can cause the face to sag and change in form and contour.[5]Phytochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel).The likelihood of long-term effects like photoaging, photoimmunosuppresion, and photocarcinogenesis is raised via UV radiation.[6]The skin experiences two separate kinds of alterations. Chronological aging is the term used to describe changes in the complexion that are solely brought about by time. The alterations brought about by repeated exposure to sunlight are referred to as photoageing.Clinical indications of chronological aging of the skin include wrinkles, slackness, xerosis, laxity, and the emergence of several benign neoplasms including cherry angioma and seborrheic keratosis.[7]Historically, 70–95% of the treatments provided for various diseases, particularly in Asia, including India, have been based on the extensive traditional knowledge of medicinal plants.[8]Analgesic morphine, antimalarial medications artemisinin and chloroquine, cancer-treating vinca alkaloids, and other significant pharmacologically active substances utilised in contemporary medicine are all derived from plants.[9]An ongoing and essential source of potent medicinal molecules is the never-ending quest for new, plant-derived bioactive chemicals. Houttuynia cordata (H. Cordata), a perennial plant native to East Asian countries and member of the Family “Saururaceae,” is one such plant that has drawn special attention because of its possible anti-viral properties, particularly in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic.[10]Also, depending on the area, it is referred to by a variety of common names, including Chinese lizard tail, fish wort, heart leaf, and chameleon plant.[11]

Fig.1: Houttuynia cordata[124]

History

Known as Yuxingcao in China, Houttuynia cordata Thunb is a widely recognized herb and vegetable in many regions of Asia, and it is noted for its distinct fishy fragrance.[12]The perennial herb Houttuynia cordata, which refers to the Saururaceae family, is used both as a food as well as a Chinese herbal remedy. It flourishes particularly well in warm, wet soil environments. Its use has been documented in China, Korea, Japan, India, and other Asian nations; in particular, numerous Chinese provinces have benefited from it. For the past few millennia, Native Americans have been consuming H. Cordata and using it as medicine. At the moment, it is also harvested in the Yarlung Zangbo Valley in Assam, India, for use as daily food and medicinal.[13]

Fig.2: Favourable regions for growth of H.cordata[125]

It is mostly found in North-Eastern states of India, such as Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim.[118]

The plant likes a moist, damp atmosphere to grow in.[119] Research from North-East India has revealed that the plant needs a unique, damp environment with clay loam soil that has a greater level of organic carbon (0.85 ± 0.05%).soil moisture content of 78% and average soil pH of 5.9[120]Many common names for the plant are widely used in everyday speech, including Chinese lizard tail, fish wort, or heart leaf. For culinary, medicinal, and decorative purposes, it is widely utilised.[121]It is frequently used in culinary preparation, medicine, and ornamentation.[122]There are no known reports of sexual reproduction in this plant. It primarily reproduces by parthenogenesis and profuse rhizomes or stolons, which are forms of vegetative propagation.[123]

Fig.3: Houttuynia cordata[126]

Table.1:Taxonomic hierarchy of Houttuynia cordata

Species

Houttuniya Cordata Thunb

Genus

Houttuniya thunb

Family

Saururaceae

Order

Piperales

Superorder

Magnolianae

Class

Magnoliopsida

Subdivision

Spermatophytina

Division

Tracheophyta

Superdivision

Embryophyta

Infrakingdom

Streptophyta

Subkingdom

Viridiplantae

Kingdom

Plantae

Morphology

H. cordata Thunb. Belongs to the family Saururaceae and is commonly known as Chinese lizard tail. It is a perennial herb with stoloniferous rhizome having two distinct chemotypes.[14]The goal of this review is to provide light on the medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb, which is native to China and North-East India.[15]H. cordata is a polyploid flowering herb that is endemic to China, Japan, Korea, northeast India, and Southeast Asia. It is either diploid or tetraploid.[16]Houttuynia cordata is a single species of creeping herb that is located in India. It is a perennial herb with alternating, big, and broad leaves; bisexual flowers are regular and form a long, dense spike; the perianth is absent, and there are six or less stamens in the flower. Three to four carpels that are either distinct or combined into a hypogynous or pistil. An ovary with three to four cells, two to multiple ovules present during parietal placentation, and stigmas as numerous as the carpels; lobed berries or fruit follicles. It is anatomically similar and closely related to the family Piperaceae. Secretory cells are broadly distributed, and vascular bundles are frequently in large quantities in ground tissue. Cluster crystals are frequently found. This family’s fundamental values are monoterpenes, benzamides, and flavanoids.[17][18][19][20]H. cordata is a creeping herbaceous plant with scented leaves. Its broad, ovate-cordate leaves measure 4–8 cm in length and 3-6 cm in breadth. It grows to a height of around 20–50 cm. Petiole length is 1-3.5 cm, glabrous; stipular sheath is 1-2.5 cm, ¼-1/2 as long as petiole, generally ciliate, base expanded and somewhat clasping.[21]The leaf blades are typically glabrous, slightly papery, thickly glandular, widely oblong or ovate-cordate, and 4–10 cm long by 2.5–6 cm wide. Sometimes they are pubescent at the vein axils; veins 5-7, basal or innermost pair originating approximately 5 mm above the base, if 7-veined, then outermost pair extremely slender or inconspicuous; reticulate veins ± prominent. Usually purplish abaxial; base cordate; apex acuminate briefly.Peduncles: 1.5–3 cm, subglabrous; involucral bracts: oblong or obovate, 10-15 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, with a rounded tip. Inflorescences: 1.5–2.5 cm long, 3-6 mm wide. The flowers have dense spikes and are naked. They flower in June and July and are supported by three stamens, involucres, non-petal golden inflorescences that are about 1-3 cm long, and four white and petalloid bracts.Rhizomes are slender, creeping structures, with the basal portion of stems rooted in whorls at nodes and the apical part standing, glabrous

Fig.4:Histology through petiole of Houttuynia cordata [23]

The upright aerial stems of H. Cordata Thunb. Are connected by horizontal rhizomes or stolons, and mature plants range in height from 30 to 60 cm. Each terminal inflorescence bears four bracts at the base that mimic a single flower, giving the appearance of a dense spike of tiny, petalless blooms measuring 1.5–2.5 cm in length. The leaves are cordate, heart-shaped, and have a sheathing base. They can grow up to 10 cm long and 6 cm wide. Normally green, they can turn purplish when exposed to sunshine. There are nine to eighteen apomictic seeds in each of the tiny (2–3 mm long) fruits.[24]In the spike ofHouttuynia cordata with many large bracts all flowers in a spike are regularly arranged in a secondary pseudo-opposite order. Arrangment of flowers in the normal spike also follows the same order. A pistillate organ is usually borne at the terminal of the spike. Vascular anatomy of the flower, inflorescence and the arrangement of flowers suggest that this terminal organ should be interpreted as a compound structure composed of four units, each of which represents one flower with a single carpel and a single dorsal stamen. The terminal pistillate organ of a lateral spike is considered to have a structure intermediate between that of the normal hermaphoriditic flower and that of the terminal pistillate organ of the main spike.[25]   Idioblasts of H. Cordata were dispersed in the root cortex in a ring-like pattern.   The vascular cycle of H. Cordata was single. A stem of H. Cordata had a noticeable hypodermis layer, and the epidermis of the plant formed epidermal oil cells. In the stem of H. Cordata, the cross-sectional form was round.[26]The species, which forms the basis of paleoherbs, is typically identified by the presence of three distinct types of secretory cells, oil cells, and glandular hairs.[27]In Houttuynia cordata, glandular hairs are found on the aerial stems and leaves, while oils cells and secretory cells are found throughout the plant’s organs.    Although they begin in the protoderm, glandular hairs and oil cells have distinct developmental processes. Despite coming from distinct main meristems, all three types of secretory cells follow the identical developmental pathways.[28]  According to histochemical findings, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, lipids, aldehyde, and ketone compounds are produced by oil cells, secretory cells, and glandular hairs. Furthermore, alkaloids are found in secretory cells of aerial stems, terpenoids and pectic-like compounds are found in oil cells, and terpenoids and alkaloids are found in glandular hairs.[29]   The functions of these chemicals are crucial in preventing microbial diseases and herbivores from consuming plants. During the evolution of secretory structures, the oil cell and secretory cell, as unicellular secretory tissues, represent intermediates between the primordial surface glandular and secretory cavity and canal.[30]

Phytoconstituents

Numerous active substances, such as flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and volatile oils, are present in H. Cordata. H. Cordata leaf extracts contained flavonoids with potent antioxidant properties.The formation of inflammatory biomarkers was reduced by the ethanolic extract of H. Cordata’s aerial parts.[31]The health benefits of medicinal plants have also drawn interest. Plant-derived flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, and alkaloids have been shown to have llpowerful antiaging properties, making them promising candidates for the creation of antiaging products.[32]Its chemical components, which include volatile oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, are typical of therapeutic plants. These ingredients were extracted from H. Cordata. The two primary active ingredients are flavonoids and volatile oils.[33]The contents of the underground and aboveground stems varied; in the aboveground parts, there were higher concentrations of 2-undecanone, myrcene, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, 2-tridecanone, and decanal; specifically, 11 ingredients were only isolated in the leaves, while seven ingredients in the roots were not present in the leaves.[34]The aerial portions and underground stem have essential oil contents ranging from 0.06 to 0.14% and 0.08 to 0.16%, respectively. The essential oils were examined using NMR (1H and 13C), GC-FID, and GC/MS. 2-undecanone, myrcene, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, 2-tridecanone, and decanal were the main ingredients of aerial-parts oil. Nevertheless, 2-undecanone, myrcene, sabinene, 2-tridecanone, β-pinene, and ethyl dodecanoate were the main ingredients of underground-stem oil.[35]Most phytochemical research on H. Cordata to far has concentrated on three categories of phytochemicals: components of essential oils, flavonoids, and alkaloids.[36]The antitumor, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and free radical scavenging properties of the flavonoid components were demonstrated.[37]Similarly, there were notable strong antiplatelet and cytotoxic effects from the alkaloid components.[38]

Biosynthesis

The biological activities of Aureobasidium pullulans fermented with Houttuynia cordata, a medicinal plant, were studied for chemical and photooxidation-induced oxidations of human skin keratinocytes.  HaCaT cell lines that were stimulated by H 2 O 2/UVA were treated with water/ethanol extracts from H. Cordata (HCW/HCE) and fermented with water/ethanol extracts from A. Pullulans (HCFW/HCFE). When compared to H. Cordata water extracts (HCW), A. Pullulans fermented with H. Cordata (HCFW) increased in flavonoids by 2.3 fold and total polyphenol by 5.4 fold.All of the H. Cordata extracts fermented with A. Pullulans shown no appreciable cytotoxicity for HaCaT cells.  HCFW extracts have been shown to significantly reduce inflammatory variables in oxidatively stressed HaCaT cells generated by UVA and H 2 O 2 treatments, including COX-2 and Hsp70 proteins.[39]UVB radiation damages skin by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen breakdown, among other harmful effects. A hyperoside-enriched fraction from Houttuynia cordata Thunb  . (H. Cordata) was used to study the photoprotective effects on human fibroblasts’ ability to attenuate UVB-induced skin ageing. The solvent-partition method was employed to determine H. Cordata’s hyperoside-enriched fraction (HcEA).[40]The active ingredients found in the H. Cordata extracts were rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, and chlorogenic acid. HcEA and hyperoside reduced intracellular ROS production and inflam  matory cytokine secretions (IL-6 and IL-8), while upregulating MMP-1 gene and protein expressions and increasing collagen type I synthesis were the photoprotective effects of H. Cordata on UVB-irradiated dermal fibroblasts.[41]Mechanistically, by reducing the activation of JNK/ERK/c-Jun in human dermal fibroblasts, the hyperoside-enriched fraction isolated from H. Cordata reduced UVB-irradiated skin ageing through modulation of the MAPK signalling pathway. In response to UVB exposure, the hyperoside-enriched fraction of H. Cordata demonstrated strong anti-aging effects on the skin.  In response to UVB exposure, the hyperoside-enriched fraction of H. Cordata demonstrated strong anti-aging effects on the skin.[42]Since UVB is more active in causing skin damage and can cause photochemical damage to cellular DNA and proteins, it is believed that UVB radiation, which makes up a small part of all UV radiation, is more dangerous than UVA radiation.[43]While changes resulting from UVB radiation cause visibly dramatic photo-aging effects primarily within the epidermis and penetrate the upper part of dermis, which is rather concerning in terms of skin aging characteristics, UVA radiation has a negative effect on epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and induces long-term changes.[44]It has been discovered that UVB exposure to the skin causes harmful photochemical reactions, such as sunburn, inflammation, and DNA damage, which subsequently result in gene mutation and the development of skin cancer.[45]

Fig.5: UVB induced on human dermal fibroblast[127]

Skin inflammation can be brought on by UVB radiation through the activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) or the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8 may rise as a result, drawing neutrophils and escalating oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals.[46]Collagenase-1, or MMP-1, is one of these dermal proteolytic enzymes that is crucial to the imbalanced turnover or quick disintegration of collagen molecules in human inflammatory and UV-irradiated skin. Thus, by lowering inflammatory conditions and preserving collagen homeostasis in UVB-exposed skin, a decrease in inflammatory responses and a suppression of aberrant collagen breakdown may be able to prevent skin ageing.[47]Based on scientific data, phytochemicals have the potential to halt or even reverse the aging-related degradation of skin function and appearance by lowering inflammatory mediators and targeting cellular pathways that are essential for controlling cellular senescence.[48]UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes showed concentration-dependent intracellular ROS scavenging capacity when exposed to the ethyl acetate fraction of H. Cordata.[49]Collagen is essential to both the renewal of the skin and the preservation of its general smoothness. Wrinkles are a sign of ageing skin because UVB radiation prevents collagen production in the skin.[50]

Fig.6.1

Fig.6.2

H. cordata extracts’ HPLC profile. Chemical structures of the study’s active ingredients, which are quercetin, hyperoside, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quercitrin, in that order (A). HPLC chromatogram of standards for active compounds based on retention times, with a concentration of 50 μg/mL for each standard (B). The HcEE HPLC chromatogram was obtained at 2500 μg/mL (C). HPLC chromatogram showing 2500 μg/mL of HcEA (D). A reversed-phase C18 column was used to assess the HPLC chromatograms. Under gradient conditions, mobile phase B (MeCN)and mobile phase A (0.1% CH3COOH) made up the mobile phase. 330 nm was the detecting wavelength. 0.8 mL/min was chosen as the flow rate.

Fig.6.3

Fig.7:Flowchart

Activity of Houttuynia cordata

Without aiming to identify immune cell and skin qualities, H. Cordata extract has been investigated for potential anti-aging and anti-acne capabilities.[51]

Table.1: H.Cordata contains flavonoids and other polyphenols.[128]

Number

Compounds

Classes

Parts

1

Quercetin

Flavonoids

E,A

2

Rutin

Flavonoids

A,L,SP,S

3

Hyperin

Flavonoids

A,SP,L,S

4

Afzelin

Flavonoids

E,A,L,SP,S

5

Quercitrin

Flavonoids

A,E,L,SP,S

6

Isoquercitrin

Flavonoids

A,L,SP,S

7

Apigenin

Flavonoids

A

8

Kaempferol

Flavonoids

E,L,R,S

Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to examine the phytochemicals and assess the in vitro anti-aging and anti-acne properties of H. Cordata extracts.. Different extraction methods were used to dried aerial portions of H. Cordata. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were screened using the aqueous and ethanolic extracts that were obtained, which were designated HCA and HCE, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro cytotoxic, anti-aging in vitro, skin-related antibacterial, and LC-MS/MS investigations were conducted.[52].The primary cause of skin aging is a decrease in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is mostly composed of hyaluronic acid, collagen, and elastin. Enzymes associated with aging, such as collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, are responsible for the losses in the structural components.[53]Collagenase is responsible for collagen degradation, which leads to reduced skin elasticity and tensile strength of the skin.[54]The primary enzyme that breaks down elastin is elastase, which belongs to the chymotrypsin family of proteases.The major enzyme hyaluronidase regulates both the amount of hyaluronic acid that is turned over in human skin and how much moisture is retained in epideepidermis.[5]

Table.2:H.Cordata contains flavonoids and other polyphenols.[128]

Number

Compounds

Classes

Parts

1

Quercetin

Flavonoids

E,A

2

Rutin

Flavonoids

A,L,SP,S

3

Hyperin

Flavonoids

A,SP,L,S

4

Afzelin

Flavonoids

E,A,L,SP,S

5

Quercitrin

Flavonoids

A,E,L,SP,S

6

Isoquercitrin

Flavonoids

A,L,SP,S

7

Apigenin

Flavonoids

A

8

Kaempferol

Flavonoids

E,L,R,S

Uses of Houttuynia Cordata in cosmetics

Products that regulate skin health and appearance are divided into categories into chemicals, toners, exfoliants, lotions, specialist creams, and antiperspirants.[56]

Toners

Facial toners are utilized as cosmeceutical remedies and serve a range of purposes, notably antisepsis, pore-tightening, pH balancing, rehydrating, and reducing irritation.[57] Employing a high-pH cleaner to clean faces could cause irritation to the skin. As an outcome, toners were created to balance the pH of the skin.[58]Houttuynia cordata Asia is home to thunb (H. Cordata; Saururaceae). The heart-shaped leaves of H. Cordata, at times known as heartleaf, have been shown in studies to be beneficial for oily, dry, and acne-prone skin. Humectant-containing H. Cordata extract (HCE) is great for nourishing and preserving the moisture content of the skin.[59]In addition to being used in general medicine, H. Cordata is used in both food  and cosmetic products. H. Cordata is often used as a cosmetic in conjunction with other herbal treatments in Korea and Japan. Its extraction is utilized to make cosmetic products that cure or prevent wrinkles.[60]Furthermore, H. Cordata is utilized to make a massage pack that may effectively cure freckles, chloasma, acne, and atopy without causing scarring.[61]Both a formulation with and without HCE (designated as F1 and F2) of the oil-controlling and moisture-adding face toners were created. In a bid to promote solubility and compatibility, deionized water was added in two stages (A and B).Of all the face toner formulas, the deionized water had the greatest percentage. The components were combined to create the face toners, as shown in [Table 1]. Phase A was thoroughly combined, heated to 50 °C, and stirred. After cooling to 30 °C, Phase B was gradually added and well mixed while being constantly stirred. Then Phase AB was progressively mixed with Phase C, scent, and phenoxyethanol. Using 10% citric acid, the pH values of the face toners were finally brought to 5.5. Proper face toners in this study were thoseat were lightweight, left the skin feeling supple, and did not leave the skin feeling oily. (change)[62]

Sunscreens

Skin aging is a multifaceted, intricate process that alters the skin's appearance and functionality. UV light is one of the extrinsic factors that cause these alterations.[63]UV light can cause telomere degradation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to cellular senescence. These pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by these senescent cells have the ability to profoundly alter the structure and function of tissues.[64]While UVB radiation causes changes that are visibly dramatic in terms of photoaging, primarily within the epidermis and penetrating the upper part of the dermis, it also adversely impacts epidermal keratinocytes as well as dermal fibroblasts, resulting in long-term changes that are quite troubling in terms of skin aging characteristics.[65]Current research indicates that phytochemicals may be able to stop or even reverse the aging-related decline in the function and appearance of the skin by focusing on cellular pathways that are essential for controlling cellular senescence and lowering those inflammatory mediators.[66][67][68][69]

The goal, use, and significance of skin care products

Individuals that utilize clothes, makeup, tattoos, fading, and plastic surgery come from all over the world. Individuals today search out methods to enhance their appearance and gain from proceprocedures.[70]

But surroundings and the incredibly sophisticated world we live in also adversely impact individuals. For example, a restricted air system might provide a comfortable living space, but it might also cool the skin too much, causing dryness. It's getting more and more obvious that radiant beauty can also have a terrible effect on skin. The following advantages of using quality skin care products are understandable to those who live in such a cutting-edge environment.

  • Maintain clean skin
  • Preserve the moisture balance of the skin
  • Shield your skin from damaging light radiation
  • Encourage skin digestion

Previously, it was believed that skin health management beauty care products only had three goals; however, since photoaging is likely to occur, the fourth function is now routinely included.

Uses of Houttuynia cordata other than cosmetics

1. In Treatment Of Infantile Pneumonia

One of the most prevalent causes of death for newborns globally is infantile pneumonia (IP).[72]

IP results in numerous extrapulmonary problems in addition to a variety of intrapulmonary issues. There aren’t numerous drugs being utilized therapeutically to treat IP right now.[73] Azithromycin and roxithromycin are examples of macrolide antibiotics that are first-line medications in the usual treatment for IP.[74] However, long-term administration of these medications has been limited due to gastrointestinal problems and drug resistance.[75]

IP is specifically treated with Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT), a classic Chinese herb with both medicinal and culinary qualities.[76] More and more research has demonstrated in recent years that HCT has anti-viral , anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory ,and anti-bacterial activities ,providing medical evidence for HCT to alleviate pneumonia.[77] Nutraceutical prospects of Houttuynia cordata against the infectious viruses.[78] Chemical profiling of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. By UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and analysis of its antioxidant activity in C2C12 cells.[79] Two new 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone alkaloids with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities from arthrinium sp. GZWMTZ-606 endophytic with Houttuynia cordata Thunb. For more than fifty years, Houttuynia cordata injection (HCI), a commercial product derived from HCT, has been utilized in therapeutic settings in China.[80]HCI significantly reduces the in vitro infection of pseudorabies herpesvirus and the H1N1 influenza virus in mice.[81]The effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in vitro.[82]

2. General Uses

HCT is used as an affinal medication and diet supplement to treat lung-related symptoms such lung infection, sputum, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia, as well as to lower fever, resolve toxins, reduce swelling, and encourage urine.[83][84]It can be added to feeds as an oral supplement for folk zootherapy purposes in order to prevent or treat swine ailments, such as overcoming viruses that cause respiratory problems, poor growth performance, breeding failures, and mortality.[85]Oral supplementation of Houttuynia cordata extract reduces viremia in PRRSV-1 modified-live virus-vaccinated pigs in response to the HP-PRRSV-2 challenge.[86]In 2003, during the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus pandemic, HCT was made widely known as a crucial element in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment plans for SARS patients in Taiwan and Hong Kong.[87] 2020 saw the development of two more Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas by the National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine (NRICM), which is part of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan (NRICM). The formulas, called Chingguan Yihau (NRICM101) and Chingguan Erhau (NRICM102), both included HCT as a major and essential ingredient. These concoctions were especially developed to reduce the symptoms of COVID-19, or coronavirus disease. The results of a clinical research showed that among individuals suffering from mild-to-severe COVID-19, NRICM101 and NRICM102 were substantially related with a decreased probability of intubation/ICU treatment or mortality. Furthermore, studies in contemporary pharmacology have demonstrated the ability of HCT to exhibit antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, hence safeguarding the heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive system.[88][89]

It is well recognized that HCT's flavonoid and flavonoid glycoside content—including hyperoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rhamoside, and quercetin-7-O-rhamoside—is associated to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory propeproperties. [90][91] Flavonoids from Houttuynia cordata attenuate H1N1-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibition of influenza virus and Toll-like receptor signalling.[93]

3. Pharmacological uses of H. cordata thunb

The term "pharmacological therapy" relates to the production and usage of medications, as well as their physiological consequences. Numerous monographs centered around pharmacological studies have been released to help with botanical identification.[94] Its pharmacological effects include anticancer, antitumor, antianaphylaxis, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, antileukemic, and antimicrobial actions.[95]

Fig.8:Therapeutic application

This research addresses the scientific and medicinal applications of H. cordata, its chemicals, and medications isolated from it, along with their impact on human health.The plant is historically used to cure numerous ailments, including as eye difficulties, dermatitis, hemorrhoids, fever, inflammation, pus discharge, stimulation of urine, and women's health concern.[96] Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection[97]

Table.3:Marketed Formulations

Sr No.

Type of Product

Company

Uses

Price

1.

Sunscreen

Anua

This cream provides strong sunblock and calms your skin and provides care for sensitive skin.

Rs.2,339

2.

Serum

Mary & May

This product helps to remove impurities deep in pores , helps to alleviate troubled skin condition while also providing soothing effect.

Rs.900

3.

Moisturizer Cream

Esfolio

This cream provides deep moisturizing effect to your skin. It also helps to calm irritation and gives skin a healthy glow.

Rs.1.199

4.

Toner Pads

All Natural

This product helps reduce irritation and redness. It restores water-oil balance and instantly hydrates skin after cleansing step.

Rs.10,692

5.

Moisture Serum

Goodal

This product is used for cleansing, prepping, and strengthening troubled skin.

Rs.2,720

Extraction Methods

The World Health Organization (WHO) appreciates the use of plants for medical and therapeutic reasons so let's see some examples of extraction methods of HC.[98]

1. Pressurized liquid extraction of flavonoids from Houttuynia cordata

The investigation of H. Cordata Thunb flavonoids’ pharmacological actions also demonstrated that they are beneficial components.It is of great importance to discover a reliable method for extracting and determining flavonoids in H. Cordata Thunb.[99] Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), also known as accelerated solvent extraction, is a freshly acknowledged method of extraction which employs high pressure and temperature with a forced flow of solvent.[100] PLE is a viable alternative to traditional solvent extraction procedures for the manufacture of extracts from diverse plants or other foods.It is a solid-liquid extraction carried out at high temperatures (50-200°C) and reasonably high pressures (10-15 MPa) to function above the solvent’s boiling point.[101]In this method, solvent diffusion rises as viscosity and surface tension decrease, enabling solvent penetration into the solid sample and lowering the interaction of target chemicals with the matrix, boosting mass transfer.[102] PLE is a process that allows for little solvent usage while operating at elevated pressures and temperatures. These conditions facilitate rapid and effective extraction by boosting diffusion, lowering viscosity, and lessening surface tension when using the extraction solvent.[103]

2. Ultra-sound assisted extracted procedure

The circumstances for the ultrasound-assisted (UA) extraction of H. Cordata leaves were the same as in our earlier research. In a nutshell, the powdered H. Cordata leaf was weighed and extracted using 80% ethanol at a power of 80% for 38 minutes at 60 °C. The ratio of powder to solvent was 1:60 (g/mL). After that, the extract was concentrated using a low-pressure evaporator and filtered.[104]

3. Aqueous-two phase system for extraction

The “salting-out” phenomena and the battle between salt and ethanol for water particles constitute the causes of the phase separation process of ethanol/salt ATPS.[105] Either ethanol separates from the salt solution, or the salt crystallizes due to interactions between ethanol molecules and the differential in attraction between ion-water and ethanol-water.[106]

Fig.9:Pressurized liquid extraction

Because of the variations in their affinities for water and ethanol molecules, the flavonoids at different concentrations distributed in the two phases. The findings demonstrated the high solubility of all the salts; nevertheless, the remaining salts, with the exception of K2CO3 and (NH4)2SO4, are unstable and prone to crystallization in the co-solvency of ethanol and water, making them unsuitable for ATPS extraction. When ethanol is added, only the salts K2CO3 and (NH4)2SO4 show reasonable and stable phase separation. Therefore, following the UA-ATPS extraction, the ethanol/(NH4)2SO4 and ethanol/K2CO3 systems were used to examine the concentrations of flavonoids.[107]                                                      

SIDE EFFECTS 

Houttuynia cordata frequently causes fever, skin rash, diarrhoea, headaches, and abdominal pain.[108] Possible Houttuynia Cordata Adverse Effects on Skincare Though frequently lauded for its possible advantages in skincare, Houttuynia cordata can occasionally result in negative side effects. Some possible adverse effects are as follows: 

Sensitivity of the skin: After using products containing Houttuynia Cordata extract, some people may feel red, itchy, or burning. For people with sensitive skin in particular, this is true. Rarely, allergic responses to Houttuynia Cordata may occur in individuals. Breathing difficulties, oedema, or hives are possible symptoms. Following the use of goods containing Houttuynia Cordata, some persons may notice heightened sensitivity to sunlight. Damage to the skin, including sunburn, may result from this.[109]

1. Gastrointestinal disorders:  one of the negative effects of Houttuynia cordata. Symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain have been reported as a result. Though traditionally used to treat digestive problems, its consumption might occasionally make gastrointestinal discomfort worse, especially in sensitive people. Further raising concerns about safety are the gastrointestinal effects of aristolochic acid alkaloids, which are present in some preparations.[110][111][112]

2. Skin rashes: Happen as a result of taking Houttuynia cordata, particularly in those who are sensitive. Red patches, swelling, and itching are possible symptoms. To reduce the possibility of negative reactions, a patch test should be performed prior to complete administration. Seeking quick medical attention from a professional is advised if any unusual symptoms appear.[113]

3.Anaphylaxis: Houttuynia cordata has been reported, especially in those who may be allergic to any of its constituent parts. While its anti-allergic qualities are acknowledged, there have been documented instances of severe allergic responses, including anaphylaxis, after using it. This emphasises how dangerous Houttuynia cordata can be if used by someone who has a history of sensitivities to related herbal items or components. Anaphylaxis symptoms, such as breathing difficulties or swelling, require emergency medical intervention.[114] Organs, especially the liver and kidneys, may be toxically affected by Houttuynia cordata. High doses have been linked to nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, as seen by necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in these organs, according to studies. Because aristo lactams can be toxic and damaging to kidney and liver cells, their presence, particularly aristolochic acid, is cause for concern. Further research on the safety profile of this substance is necessary since, although short-term trials demonstrate some safety at lower levels, long-term intake may still bring dangers.[115][116]

4. Embryotoxic: been demonstrated that Houttuynia cordata is embryotoxic, especially when it comes to substances like aristolactam AII. Research utilising zebrafish embryos revealed that H. Cordata exposure can impair embryonic development by interfering with vital signalling pathways, like the PI3K-Akt pathway. Because it may endanger the health and development of the foetus, its embryotoxicity raises questions regarding its safety during pregnancy. To completely comprehend the consequences of these impacts in humans, more research is required.[117]

Fig.10:H.cordata effects[92]

CONCLUSION

Houttuynia Cordata is known for its rich content of antioxidants, including flavonoids and polyphenols, which can counteract oxidative stress—a major contributor to skin aging. The herb also possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which may reduce inflammation and skin irritation, further supporting its role in anti-aging skincare. The review highlights several key findings: Houttuynia Cordata’s antioxidant activity helps neutralize free radicals, which can prevent cellular damage and delay the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. Its anti-inflammatory effects could lead to improved skin texture and reduced redness, promoting a more youthful and even complexion.Furthermore, Houttuynia cordata’s antibacterial qualities may be useful in treating skin disorders like acne or others that worsen the appearance of aging.In order to successfully incorporate Houttuynia cordata into skincare products that target ageing, further investigation is needed to ascertain the optimal concentrations, delivery methods, and possible combinations with other components. Converting its potential advantages into useful applications for consumers would need ensuring security for a long and defining precise rules for its use in cosmetics.

REFERENCES

  1. Cevenini E, Invidia L, Lescai F, Salvioli S, Tieri P, Castellani G, et al. Human models of aging and longevity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1393 – 405;
  2. Uitto J. Understanding premature skin aging. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1463 – 5;
  3. i.Kligman LH. Photoaging. Manifestations, prevention, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 1989; 5:235 – 51; PMID: 2646001.ii.Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Molecular mechanisms of skin aging: state of the art. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1119:40 – 50
  4. Baumann L. Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol 2007; 211:241 – 51;
  5. Calasanti TM, Slevin KF, King N. Ageism and feminism: from ‘et cetera’ to center. NWSA J 2006; 18:13 – 30;
  6. Sanches Silveira JE, Myaki Pedroso DM. UV light and skin aging. Rev Environ Health. 2014; 29(3): 243-254 . 2)Bosch R, Philips N, Suárez-Pérez JA, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with 68.
  7. Krutman J. And Gilchrest B., Skin Aging, 2006, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  8. Wu X, Li J, Wang S, Jiang L, Sun X, Liu X, Yao X, Zhang C, Wang N, Yang G. 2-Undecanone protects against fine particle-induced kidney inflammation via inducing mitophagy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2021 Apr 20;69(17):5206-15.
  9. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules. 2016 Apr 29;21(5):559.
  10. Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. The grass genera of the world. 1992 Oct 16.
  11. Gupta S, Bharalee R. Genetic diversity and population structure of a medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Of North-East India. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 2021 Jun;39(2):434-42.
  12. Peng Huang, Zhu Li, Huan Wang, Jinqiang Huang, Guifeng Tan, Yue Fu, Xiubin Liu, Shang Zheng, Peng Xu, Mengshan Sun, Jianguo Zeng, A Genome Assembly of decaploid Houttuynia cordata Provides Insights into the evolution of Houttuynia and the biosynthesis of alkaloids, Horticulture Research, 2024.
  13. Wu, Z., Deng, X., Hu, Q., Xiao, X., Jiang, J., Ma, X. And Wu, M., 2021. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, p.714694.
  14. Kumar M, Prasad SK, Hemalatha SJ. A current update on the phytopharmacological aspects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2014 Jan;8(15):22.
  15. Tobyn G, Denham A, Whitelegg M. The Western Herbal Tradition E-Book: The Western Herbal Tradition E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010 Nov 12.
  16. Luo Q, Meng PH, Jiang DW, Han ZM, Wang ZH, Tan GF, Zhang J. Comprehensive assessment of Houttuynia cordata Thunb., an important medicinal plant and vegetable. Agronomy. 2022 Oct 20;12(10):2582.
  17. Bailey LH. The Standard cyclopedia of Horticulture the Mcmillian Company, Newyork. 1959;1:23. 7. Nishiya H, et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988;(36):1902.
  18. Bailey LH. The Standard cyclopedia of Horticulture the Mcmillian Company, Newyork. 1959;1:117
  19. Mukherjee SK. College Botany, New central book agency, Kolkata, India. 2002;3:122
  20. Metcalf CR, Chalk L. Anatomy of the dicotyledons: leaves, stems and wood in relation to taxonomy with notes on economic uses oxford at the clarenion press. 1950;2:1127-1128.
  21. TEKKANAT B. Short fiber reinforcedthermoplastics(Ph. D. Thesis).
  22. Meng SW, Chen ZD, Li DZ, Liang HX. Phylogeny of Saururaceae based on mitochondrial matR gene sequence data. Journal of Plant Research. 2002 Apr;115:0071-6.
  23. Sakuludomkan W, Yeewa R, Subhawa S, Khanaree C, Bonness AI, Chewonarin T. Effects of Fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb. on Diabetic Rats Induced by a High‐Fat Diet with Streptozotocin and on Insulin Resistance in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes. Journal of nutrition and metabolism. 2021;2021(1):6936025
  24. Alves RJ, Medeiros D, de Moura RL, de Gusmão LC, da Silva NG, Antunes K, Matozinhos C, Blanco MA. First report of naturalization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 1783 (Piperales: Saururaceae) in South America. Check List. 2013 Jun 1;9(3):642-4.
  25. Yamazaki T. Structure of the flower and inflorescence of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The botanical magazine= Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi. 1978 Mar;91:69-82.
  26. Yang S, Choi G. A Comparative Anatomical Study of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. And Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(Saururaceae). The Korea Journal of Herbology. 2018;33(3):11-8.
  27. Ni XL, Peng L, Liu WZ. Structures, components and functions of secretory tissues in Houttuynia cordata. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2007 Dec;49(12):1734-45.
  28. Ii AP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. 2003;141(4):399-436.
  29. Chang JS, Chiang LC, Chen CC, Liu LT, Wang KC, Lin CC. Antileukemic activity of Bidens pilosa L. Var. Minor (Blume) Sherff and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2001;29(02):303-12.
  30. Eleftheriou EP, Hall JL. The extrafloral nectaries of cotton: I. Fine structure of the secretory papillae. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1983 Feb 1;34(2):103-19.
  31. Modi A, Shah M. Phytopharmacognostical study of aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
  32. Ng LT, Yen FL, Liao CW, Lin CC. Protective effect of Houttuynia cordata extract on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2007;35(03):465-75.
  33. Ren X, Sui X, Yin J. The effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2011 Feb 1;49(2):161-6.
  34. Verma RS, Joshi N, Padalia RC, Singh VR, Goswami P, Kumar A, Iqbal H, Verma RK, Chanda D, Chauhan A, Saikia D. Chemical Composition and Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity of Fish‐mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.) from India. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2017 Oct;14(10):e1700189.
  35. Chiow KH, Phoon MC, Putti T, Tan BK, Chow VT. Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2016 Jan 1;9(1):1-7.
  36. Bauer R, Pröbstle A, Lotter H, Wagner-Redecker W, Matthiesen U. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents from Houttuynia cordata. Phytomedicine. 1996 Mar 1;2(4):305-8.
  37. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  38. Kim SK, Ryu SY, No J, Choi SU, Kim YS. Cytotoxic alkaloids from Houttuynia cordate. Archives of pharmacal research. 2001 Dec;24:518-21.
  39. Kwon N, Vinayagam R, Do GS, Lee KE, Kang SG. Synergistic protective effects of Houttuynia cordata fermented with Aureobasidium pullulans against UVA and H2O2 induced oxidative stress in human skin.
  40. Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJ, Morison WL, Sauder DN. Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2006 Jul 1;55(1):1-9.
  41. Domaszewska-Szostek A, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M, Kuryłowicz A. Flavonoids in skin senescence prevention and treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Jun 25;22(13):6814.
  42. Mapoung S, Umsumarng S, Semmarath W, Arjsri P, Srisawad K, Thippraphan P, Yodkeeree S, Dejkriengkraikul P. Photoprotective effects of a hyperoside-enriched fraction prepared from houttuynia cordata thunb. On ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in human fibroblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway. Plants. 2021 Nov 29;10(12):2628.
  43. Lee HJ, Seo HS, Kim GJ, Jeon CY, Park JH, Jang BH, Park SJ, Shin YC, Ko SG. Houttuynia cordata Thunb inhibits the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway in HMC‑1 human mast cells. Molecular medicine reports. 2013 Sep 1;8(3):731-6.
  44. Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoageing: mechanism, prevention and therapy. British Journal of Dermatology. 2007 Nov 1;157(5):874-87.
  45. Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Pils V, Bobbili MR, Lämmermann I, Perrotta I, Grillenberger T, Schwestka J, Weiß K, Pum D, Arcalis E, Schwingenschuh S. Extracellular vesicles in human skin: cross-talk from senescent fibroblasts to keratinocytes by miRNAs. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2019 Dec 1;139(12):2425-36.
  46. Cooper SJ, Bowden GT. Ultraviolet B regulation of transcription factor families: Roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Current cancer drug targets. 2007 Jun 1;7(4):325-34.
  47. Lim H, Kim HP. Inhibition of mammalian collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, by naturally-occurring flavonoids. Planta medica. 2007 Oct;73(12):1267-74.
  48. Das S, Das J, Paul A, Samadder A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Apigenin, a bioactive flavonoid from Lycopodium clavatum, stimulates nucleotide excision repair genes to protect skin keratinocytes from ultraviolet B-induced reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies. 2013 Oct 1;6(5):252-62.
  49. Yun ME, Lee YS, Lee YJ, Park YM, Park SN. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cellular protective effects of Houttuynia cordata extract and fraction. Applied Chemistry for Engineering. 2018 Aug 1;29(4):452-60.
  50. Gęgotek A, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Proteins involved in the antioxidant and inflammatory response in rutin-treated human skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA or UVB irradiation. Journal of Dermatological Science. 2018 Jun 1;90(3):241-52.
  51. Phosri S.,Kiattisin K.,Intharuksa A.,Janon R.,Na Nongkhai T.Theansungnoen T.,Anti-aging, anti-acne, and cytotoxic activities of Houttuynia cordata extracts and phytochemicals analysis by LC-MS/MS.Cosmetics. 2022; 9: 136-149
  52. Ganceviciene R, Liakou AI, Theodoridis A, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012 Jul 1;4(3):308-19.
  53. Thring, T.S.; Hili, P.; Naughton, D.P. Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2009, 9, 27
  54. Roy, A.; Sahu, R.K.; Matlam, M.; Deshmukh, V.K.; Dwivedi, J.; Jha, A.K. In vitro techniques to assess the proficiency of skin care cosmetic formulations. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2013, 7, 97–106
  55. Benaiges A, Marcet P, Armengol R, Betes C, Girones E. Study of the refirming effect of a plant complex. International journal of cosmetic science. 1998 Aug;20(4):223-33.
  56. Neza E, Centini M. Microbiologically contaminated and over-preserved cosmetic products according Rapex 2008–2014. Cosmetics. 2016 Mar; 3(1):3.
  57. Anurukvorakun O, Numnim S. Development and Clinical Efficacy Evaluation of Facial Toner Containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Cosmetics. 2023 Sep 21;10(5):133.
  58. Timudom T, Chaiyasut C, Sivamaruthi BS, Tiampasook P, Nacapunchai D. Anti-sebum efficacy of phyllanthus emblica l.(emblica) toner on facial skin. Applied Sciences. 2020 Nov 19;10(22):8193.
  59. Hazarika, N.; Archana, M. The Psychosocial Impact of Acne Vulgaris. Indian J. Dermatol. 2016, 61, 515–520 Park, C.I. Study on the Effects of Houttuynia Cordata Extracts on Emulsions. Korea J. Herbol. 2010, 25, 92850731
  60. J. W. Kim, H. J. Ji, J. H. Ahn and M. S. Kim, “Cosmetic Composition Containing Herbal Medicine Extracts for Preventing Wrinkle,” KR Patent No. 2009002678, 2009.
  61. Y. S. You, “Method of Preparing Functional Massage Pack Useful for Treating Acne from Rice Powder, Houttuynia Cordata Thunb. And Green Tea Leaves,” KR Patent No. 2006059930, 2006
  62. Pappas A, Johnsen S, Liu JC, Eisinger M. Sebum analysis of individuals with and without acne. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009 May 1;1(3):157-61.
  63. Rabe, J.H.; Mamelak, A.J.; McElgunn, P.J.; Morison, W.L.; Sauder, D.N. Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2006, 55, 1–19.
  64. Cadet, J.; Wagner, J.R. DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and UV radiation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013, 5, 1–18
  65. Liu, S.; You, L.; Zhao, Y.; Chang, X. Hawthorn Polyphenol Extract Inhibits UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging by Regulating MMP Expression and Type I Procollagen Production in Mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 8537–8546
  66. Chatur VM, Walode SG, Awate SA, Gandhi MU, Thorat VS. Formulation and physical characterization of herbal face gel toner. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2021;11(1):138-45.
  67. Choi, S.; Youn, J.; Kim, K.; Joo da, H.; Shin, S.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.K.; An, I.S.; Kwon, S.; Youn, H.J.; et al. Apigenin inhibits UVA-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and prevents signs of skin aging in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2016, 38, 627–634
  68. Domaszewska-Szostek, A.; Puzianowska-Kuznicka, M.; Kurylowicz, A. Flavonoids in Skin Senescence Prevention and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6814.
  69. Lee, H.J.; Seo, H.S.; Kim, G.J.; Jeon, C.Y.; Park, J.H.; Jang, B.H.; Park, S.J.; Shin, Y.C.; Ko, S.G. Houttuynia cordata Thunb inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the NFkappaB signaling pathway in HMC-1 human mast cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2013, 8, 731–736.
  70. Theberge L, Kernaleguen A. Importance of cosmetics related to aspects of the self. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1979 Jun; 48(3):827-30.
  71. Gawande N, Kate S, Waghmare K. Formulation and Evaluation of some Cosmetic preparations using novel natural colorant from Ixora coccinea. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 11(1):22-28.
  72. Zeng W, Zhang H, Deng Y, Jiang A, Bao X, Guo M, Li Z, Wu M, Ji X, Zeng X, Mei L. Dual-response oxygen-generating MnO2 nanoparticles with polydopamine modification for combined photothermal-photodynamic therapy. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2020 Jun 1;389:124494.
  73. N. Ouldali, R. Cohen Reducing the burden of paediatric pneumonia in the most affected populations .Lanc. Child Adolesc. Health, 4 (6) (2020), pp. 408-409
  74. F. Madhi, L. Panetta, L. De Pontual, S. Biscardi, N. Remus, Y. Gillet, V. Gajdos, B. Ros, F. Angoulvant, S. Dutron, R. Cohen, Angoulvant, S. Dutron, R. Cohen, Antimicrobial treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in children .Infect. Dis. Now, 53 (8S) (2023), Article 104782
  75. X. Dong, P. Zhou, G. Zhu Common pathogens and drug resistance of neonatal pneumonia with new multichannel sensor .Contrast Media. Mol. Imag., 2022 (2022), Article 2208636
  76. T. Y. Ho, H.Y. Lo, G.L. Lu, P.Y. Liao, C.Y. Hsiang CY.Analysis of target organs of Houttuynia cordata: a study on the anti-inflammatory effect of upper respiratory system .J. Ethnopharmacol., 315 (2023), Article 116687
  77. Du J, Tian S, Liu M, Li J, Long Z. The comprehensive evaluation and mechanism of HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA (Thunb) injection as a complementary therapy for infantile pneumonia. Phytomedicine Plus. 2024 Aug 14:100619.
  78. Ghosh A, Ghosh B, Parihar N, Ilaweibaphyrnai M, Panda SR, Alexander A, Chella N, Murty US, Naidu VG, Pemmaraju DB. Nutraceutical prospects of Houttuynia cordata against the infectious viruses. Food Bioscience. 2022 Dec 1;50:101977.
  79. Li W, Zhou P, Zhang Y, He L. Houttuynia cordata, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):922-7.
  80. Sun X, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ouyang Z, Yin R, Wei Y. Mrgprb2 gene plays a role in the anaphylactoid reactions induced by Houttuynia cordata injection. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022 May 10;289:115053.
  81. Shuai J, Liu Z, Kim HS, Wang Y, Mao J, He R, Sui J, Ren Z. Thermoelectric properties of Bi-based Zintl compounds Ca 1− x Yb x Mg 2 Bi 2. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2016;4(11):4312-20.
  82. Liu FZ, Shi H, Shi YJ, Liu Y, Jin YH, Gao YJ, Guo SS, Cui XL. Pharmacodynamic experiment of the antivirus effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on influenza virus in mice. Yao xue xue bao= Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2010 Mar 1;45(3):399-402.
  83. Bauer R, Pröbstle A, Lotter H, Wagner-Redecker W, Matthiesen U. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents from Houttuynia cordata. Phytomedicine. 1996 Mar 1;2(4):305-8.
  84. Lau KM, Lee KM, Koon CM, Cheung CS, Lau CP, Ho HM, Lee MY, Au SW, Cheng CH, Bik-San Lau C, Tsui SK. Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2008 Jun 19;118(1):79-85.
  85. Ruansit W, Charerntantanakul W. Oral supplementation of Houttuynia cordata extract reduces viremia in PRRSV-1 modified-live virus-vaccinated pigs in response to the HP-PRRSV-2 challenge. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022 Jul 18;13:929338.
  86. Woessner NM, Brandl SM, Hartmann S, Schamel WW, Hartl FA, Minguet S. Phospho-mimetic CD3ε variants prevent TCR and CAR signaling. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024 May 8;15:1392933.
  87. Thiel V, Ivanov KA, Putics A, Hertzig T, Schelle B, Bayer S, Weißbrich B, Snijder EJ, Rabenau H, Doerr HW, Gorbalenya AE. Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression. Journal of General Virology. 2003 Sep;84(9):2305-15.
  88. Chen SD, Li T, Gao H, Zhu QC, Lu CJ, Wu HL, Peng T, Yao XS. Anti HSV-1 flavonoid derivatives tethered with houttuynin from Houttuynia cordata. Planta medica. 2013 Dec;79(18):1742-8.
  89. Loo YC, Tsai YH, Chen H, Hsieh HP, Chen YC, Chen HE, Lin ZH, Huang HT, Liu IM, Liaw CC, Chang FR. Quality and production enhancement of fish mint, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., cultivated in a hydroponic planting system with designed plant growth-promoting additives. Heliyon. 2024 Apr 15;10(7).
  90. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  91. Yang W, Karatay A, Zhao J, Song J, Zhao L, Xing Y, Zhang C, He C, Yaglioglu HG, Hayvali M, Elmali A. Near-IR broadband-absorbing trans-bisphosphine Pt (II) bisacetylide complexes: preparation and study of the photophysics. Inorganic Chemistry. 2015 Aug 3;54(15):7492-505
  92. Shin S, Joo SS, Jeon JH, Park D, Jang MJ, Kim TO, Kim HK, Hwang BY, Kim KY, Kim YB. Anti-inflammatory effects of a Houttuynia cordata supercritical extract. Journal of veterinary science. 2010 Sep 1;11(3):273-5.
  93. Taguchi K, Hagiwara Y, Kajiyama K, Suzuki Y. Pharmacological studies of Houttuyniae herba: the anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin. Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 1993 Apr 1;113(4):327-33.
  94. Singh YD, Jena B, Ningthoujam R, Panda S, Priyadarsini P, Pattanayak S, Panda MK, Singh MC, Satapathy KB. Potential bioactive molecules from natural products to combat against coronavirus. Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2020 Sep 15:1-2.
  95. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  96. Zhang QW. Houttuynia cordata Thunb 鱼腥草 (Yuxingcao, Houttuynia). InDietary Chinese Herbs: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Evidence 2015 May 17 (pp. 623-630). Vienna: Springer Vienna.
  97. Hotez PJ, Ehrenberg JP. Escalating the global fight against neglected tropical diseases through interventions in the Asia Pacific region. Advances in parasitology. 2010 Jan 1;72:31-53.
  98. Gross AV, Stolz ED, Müller LG, Rates SM, Ritter MR. Medicinal plants for the” nerves”: a review of ethnobotanical studies carried out in South Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2019 Jun 19;33:269-82.
  99. Mahdi Pourmortazavi S, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Somayyeh Hajimirsadeghic S. Supercritical fluid technology in analytical chemistry-review. Current Analytical Chemistry. 2014 Jan 1;10(1):3-28.
  100. Zheng Y, Fan C, Liu M, Chen Y, Lu Z, Xu N, Huang H, Zeng H, Liu S, Cao H, Liu J. Overall quality control of the chemical and bioactive consistency of ShengMai Formula. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020 Sep 10;189:113411.
  101. Sun H, Ge X, Lv Y, Wang A. Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. Journal of Chromatography A. 2012 May 11;1237:1-23.
  102. Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Revilla-Ruiz P, Hernández-Méndez J. Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005 Sep 30;1089(1-2):1-7.
  103. Višnjevec AM, Barp L, Lucci P, Moret S. Pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of bioactive compounds in plants with emphasis on phenolics. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2024 Feb 22:117620.
  104. Nguyen HM, Huong TT, Loan HT, Le TM. Application of response surface methodology to optimize the ultrasound-assisted flavonoid-rich extraction of fish mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.). Science and Technology Development Journal. 2021 Aug 2;24(3):1994-2003.
  105. Yau Y.K.Ooi C.W.Ng E.-P.Lan J.C.-W.Ling T.C.Show P.L.Current applications of different type of aqueous two-phase systems.Bioresour. Bioprocess. 2015; 2: 49-61
  106. Albertsson PÅ. Partition of cell particles and macromolecules in polymer two-phase systems. Advances in protein chemistry. 1970 Jan 1;24:309-41.
  107. Li Y.Yang S.Zhang W.Lu X.Yang H.Hu J.Phase equilibria and salt effect on the aqueous two-phase system of ethanol + 2-propanol + salt [(NH4)2SO4/Na2SO4] + water.J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017; 127: 2473-2487
  108. Hempen CH, Fischer T. A materia medica for Chinese medicine: plants, minerals, and animal products. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
  109. Janta K, Thaharn W. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against some pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases. Progress in Applied Science and Technology. 2018 Jun 30;8(1):141-51.
  110. Wu Z, Deng X, Hu Q, Xiao X, Jiang J, Ma X, Wu M. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021 Sep 1;12:714694.
  111. Wang S, Li L, Chen Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Li N, Wu Y, Yuan J. Houttuynia cordata thunb. alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating intestinal microenvironment: a research review. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023 Nov 22;14:1306375.
  112. Kiewhuo K, Gogoi D, Mahanta HJ, Rawal RK, Das D, Vaikundamani S, Jamir E, Sastry GN. OSADHI–An online structural and analytics based database for herbs of India. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2023 Feb 1;102:107799.
  113. Wang JH, Bose S, Shin NR, Chin YW, Choi YH, Kim H. Pharmaceutical impact of Houttuynia Cordata and metformin combination on high-fat-diet-induced metabolic disorders: Link to intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2018 Oct 24;9:620.
  114. Han EH, Park JH, Kim JY, Jeong HG. Houttuynia cordata water extract suppresses anaphylactic reaction and IgE-mediated allergic response by inhibiting multiple steps of FcεRI signaling in mast cells. Food and chemical toxicology. 2009 Jul 1;47(7):1659-66.
  115. Rafiq S, Hao H, Ijaz M, Raza A. Pharmacological effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata): a comprehensive review. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Aug 29;15(9):1079.
  116. Wu Z, Deng X, Hu Q, Xiao X, Jiang J, Ma X, Wu M. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021 Sep 1;12:714694.
  117. Chung MS, Bae WJ, Choi SW, Lee KW, Jeong HC, Bashraheel F, Jeon SH, Jung JW, Yoon BI, Kwon EB, Oh HA. An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017 Dec;17:1-1.
  118. CHOUDHARY BK, MAJUMDAR K, DATTA BK. A preliminary assessment of ecological services and functions in Tripura, India.
  119. Wei L, Wu X (2012) Genetic variation and population differentiation in a medical herb Houttuynia cordata in China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Int J Mol Sci 13:8159–8170
  120. Bhattacharyya N, Sharma S (2010) Assessment of availability, ecological feature, and habitat preference of the medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. In the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam, India. Environ Monit Assess 160:277–287
  121. Frank KA, Dana MN (2012) Spreading ornamental plants: virtues & vices. Lands Hort 1:1–4
  122. Hamrick JL and Golt MJW (1990) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources (Brown AHD, Clegg MJ and Kahler AL, eds.). Sinauer, Sunderland, 43–63
  123. Mihara T (1960) On the reduction division of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Bot Mag Tok 73:498–498
  124. Shibata K, Miyake H (1908) Ueber Parthenogenesis bei Houttuynia cordata. Bot Mag Tok 22:141–144
  125. Chung MS, Bae WJ, Choi SW, Lee KW, Jeong HC, Bashraheel F, Jeon SH, Jung JW, Yoon BI, Kwon EB, Oh HA. An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. Acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017 Dec;17:1-1.
  126. Dehgan B. Angiosperms: flowering plants. In Garden Plants Taxonomy: Volume 1: Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (Monocots) 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 173-603). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  127. Ma Q, Wei R, Wang Z, Liu W, Sang Z, Li Y, Huang H. Bioactive alkaloids from the aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2017 Jan 4;195:166-72.
  128. Subedi L, Lee TH, Wahedi HM, Baek SH, Kim SY. Resveratrol‐enriched rice attenuates UVB‐ROS‐induced skin aging via downregulation of inflammatory cascades. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017;2017(1):8379539.
  129. Nakamura H, Ota T, Fukuchi G. The constituents of diuretic drugs. II. The flavonol glucoside of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. J Pharm Soc Japan. 1936;56:68.

Reference

  1. Cevenini E, Invidia L, Lescai F, Salvioli S, Tieri P, Castellani G, et al. Human models of aging and longevity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1393 – 405;
  2. Uitto J. Understanding premature skin aging. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1463 – 5;
  3. i.Kligman LH. Photoaging. Manifestations, prevention, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 1989; 5:235 – 51; PMID: 2646001.ii.Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Molecular mechanisms of skin aging: state of the art. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1119:40 – 50
  4. Baumann L. Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol 2007; 211:241 – 51;
  5. Calasanti TM, Slevin KF, King N. Ageism and feminism: from ‘et cetera’ to center. NWSA J 2006; 18:13 – 30;
  6. Sanches Silveira JE, Myaki Pedroso DM. UV light and skin aging. Rev Environ Health. 2014; 29(3): 243-254 . 2)Bosch R, Philips N, Suárez-Pérez JA, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with 68.
  7. Krutman J. And Gilchrest B., Skin Aging, 2006, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  8. Wu X, Li J, Wang S, Jiang L, Sun X, Liu X, Yao X, Zhang C, Wang N, Yang G. 2-Undecanone protects against fine particle-induced kidney inflammation via inducing mitophagy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2021 Apr 20;69(17):5206-15.
  9. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules. 2016 Apr 29;21(5):559.
  10. Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. The grass genera of the world. 1992 Oct 16.
  11. Gupta S, Bharalee R. Genetic diversity and population structure of a medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Of North-East India. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 2021 Jun;39(2):434-42.
  12. Peng Huang, Zhu Li, Huan Wang, Jinqiang Huang, Guifeng Tan, Yue Fu, Xiubin Liu, Shang Zheng, Peng Xu, Mengshan Sun, Jianguo Zeng, A Genome Assembly of decaploid Houttuynia cordata Provides Insights into the evolution of Houttuynia and the biosynthesis of alkaloids, Horticulture Research, 2024.
  13. Wu, Z., Deng, X., Hu, Q., Xiao, X., Jiang, J., Ma, X. And Wu, M., 2021. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, p.714694.
  14. Kumar M, Prasad SK, Hemalatha SJ. A current update on the phytopharmacological aspects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2014 Jan;8(15):22.
  15. Tobyn G, Denham A, Whitelegg M. The Western Herbal Tradition E-Book: The Western Herbal Tradition E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010 Nov 12.
  16. Luo Q, Meng PH, Jiang DW, Han ZM, Wang ZH, Tan GF, Zhang J. Comprehensive assessment of Houttuynia cordata Thunb., an important medicinal plant and vegetable. Agronomy. 2022 Oct 20;12(10):2582.
  17. Bailey LH. The Standard cyclopedia of Horticulture the Mcmillian Company, Newyork. 1959;1:23. 7. Nishiya H, et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988;(36):1902.
  18. Bailey LH. The Standard cyclopedia of Horticulture the Mcmillian Company, Newyork. 1959;1:117
  19. Mukherjee SK. College Botany, New central book agency, Kolkata, India. 2002;3:122
  20. Metcalf CR, Chalk L. Anatomy of the dicotyledons: leaves, stems and wood in relation to taxonomy with notes on economic uses oxford at the clarenion press. 1950;2:1127-1128.
  21. TEKKANAT B. Short fiber reinforcedthermoplastics(Ph. D. Thesis).
  22. Meng SW, Chen ZD, Li DZ, Liang HX. Phylogeny of Saururaceae based on mitochondrial matR gene sequence data. Journal of Plant Research. 2002 Apr;115:0071-6.
  23. Sakuludomkan W, Yeewa R, Subhawa S, Khanaree C, Bonness AI, Chewonarin T. Effects of Fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb. on Diabetic Rats Induced by a High?Fat Diet with Streptozotocin and on Insulin Resistance in 3T3?L1 Adipocytes. Journal of nutrition and metabolism. 2021;2021(1):6936025
  24. Alves RJ, Medeiros D, de Moura RL, de Gusmão LC, da Silva NG, Antunes K, Matozinhos C, Blanco MA. First report of naturalization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 1783 (Piperales: Saururaceae) in South America. Check List. 2013 Jun 1;9(3):642-4.
  25. Yamazaki T. Structure of the flower and inflorescence of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The botanical magazine= Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi. 1978 Mar;91:69-82.
  26. Yang S, Choi G. A Comparative Anatomical Study of Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. And Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(Saururaceae). The Korea Journal of Herbology. 2018;33(3):11-8.
  27. Ni XL, Peng L, Liu WZ. Structures, components and functions of secretory tissues in Houttuynia cordata. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 2007 Dec;49(12):1734-45.
  28. Ii AP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. 2003;141(4):399-436.
  29. Chang JS, Chiang LC, Chen CC, Liu LT, Wang KC, Lin CC. Antileukemic activity of Bidens pilosa L. Var. Minor (Blume) Sherff and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2001;29(02):303-12.
  30. Eleftheriou EP, Hall JL. The extrafloral nectaries of cotton: I. Fine structure of the secretory papillae. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1983 Feb 1;34(2):103-19.
  31. Modi A, Shah M. Phytopharmacognostical study of aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
  32. Ng LT, Yen FL, Liao CW, Lin CC. Protective effect of Houttuynia cordata extract on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2007;35(03):465-75.
  33. Ren X, Sui X, Yin J. The effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2011 Feb 1;49(2):161-6.
  34. Verma RS, Joshi N, Padalia RC, Singh VR, Goswami P, Kumar A, Iqbal H, Verma RK, Chanda D, Chauhan A, Saikia D. Chemical Composition and Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity of Fish?mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.) from India. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2017 Oct;14(10):e1700189.
  35. Chiow KH, Phoon MC, Putti T, Tan BK, Chow VT. Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2016 Jan 1;9(1):1-7.
  36. Bauer R, Pröbstle A, Lotter H, Wagner-Redecker W, Matthiesen U. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents from Houttuynia cordata. Phytomedicine. 1996 Mar 1;2(4):305-8.
  37. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  38. Kim SK, Ryu SY, No J, Choi SU, Kim YS. Cytotoxic alkaloids from Houttuynia cordate. Archives of pharmacal research. 2001 Dec;24:518-21.
  39. Kwon N, Vinayagam R, Do GS, Lee KE, Kang SG. Synergistic protective effects of Houttuynia cordata fermented with Aureobasidium pullulans against UVA and H2O2 induced oxidative stress in human skin.
  40. Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJ, Morison WL, Sauder DN. Photoaging: mechanisms and repair. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2006 Jul 1;55(1):1-9.
  41. Domaszewska-Szostek A, Puzianowska-Ku?nicka M, Kury?owicz A. Flavonoids in skin senescence prevention and treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Jun 25;22(13):6814.
  42. Mapoung S, Umsumarng S, Semmarath W, Arjsri P, Srisawad K, Thippraphan P, Yodkeeree S, Dejkriengkraikul P. Photoprotective effects of a hyperoside-enriched fraction prepared from houttuynia cordata thunb. On ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in human fibroblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway. Plants. 2021 Nov 29;10(12):2628.
  43. Lee HJ, Seo HS, Kim GJ, Jeon CY, Park JH, Jang BH, Park SJ, Shin YC, Ko SG. Houttuynia cordata Thunb inhibits the production of pro?inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway in HMC?1 human mast cells. Molecular medicine reports. 2013 Sep 1;8(3):731-6.
  44. Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoageing: mechanism, prevention and therapy. British Journal of Dermatology. 2007 Nov 1;157(5):874-87.
  45. Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Pils V, Bobbili MR, Lämmermann I, Perrotta I, Grillenberger T, Schwestka J, Weiß K, Pum D, Arcalis E, Schwingenschuh S. Extracellular vesicles in human skin: cross-talk from senescent fibroblasts to keratinocytes by miRNAs. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2019 Dec 1;139(12):2425-36.
  46. Cooper SJ, Bowden GT. Ultraviolet B regulation of transcription factor families: Roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Current cancer drug targets. 2007 Jun 1;7(4):325-34.
  47. Lim H, Kim HP. Inhibition of mammalian collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1, by naturally-occurring flavonoids. Planta medica. 2007 Oct;73(12):1267-74.
  48. Das S, Das J, Paul A, Samadder A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Apigenin, a bioactive flavonoid from Lycopodium clavatum, stimulates nucleotide excision repair genes to protect skin keratinocytes from ultraviolet B-induced reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies. 2013 Oct 1;6(5):252-62.
  49. Yun ME, Lee YS, Lee YJ, Park YM, Park SN. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cellular protective effects of Houttuynia cordata extract and fraction. Applied Chemistry for Engineering. 2018 Aug 1;29(4):452-60.
  50. G?gotek A, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Proteins involved in the antioxidant and inflammatory response in rutin-treated human skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA or UVB irradiation. Journal of Dermatological Science. 2018 Jun 1;90(3):241-52.
  51. Phosri S.,Kiattisin K.,Intharuksa A.,Janon R.,Na Nongkhai T.Theansungnoen T.,Anti-aging, anti-acne, and cytotoxic activities of Houttuynia cordata extracts and phytochemicals analysis by LC-MS/MS.Cosmetics. 2022; 9: 136-149
  52. Ganceviciene R, Liakou AI, Theodoridis A, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermato-endocrinology. 2012 Jul 1;4(3):308-19.
  53. Thring, T.S.; Hili, P.; Naughton, D.P. Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2009, 9, 27
  54. Roy, A.; Sahu, R.K.; Matlam, M.; Deshmukh, V.K.; Dwivedi, J.; Jha, A.K. In vitro techniques to assess the proficiency of skin care cosmetic formulations. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2013, 7, 97–106
  55. Benaiges A, Marcet P, Armengol R, Betes C, Girones E. Study of the refirming effect of a plant complex. International journal of cosmetic science. 1998 Aug;20(4):223-33.
  56. Neza E, Centini M. Microbiologically contaminated and over-preserved cosmetic products according Rapex 2008–2014. Cosmetics. 2016 Mar; 3(1):3.
  57. Anurukvorakun O, Numnim S. Development and Clinical Efficacy Evaluation of Facial Toner Containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Cosmetics. 2023 Sep 21;10(5):133.
  58. Timudom T, Chaiyasut C, Sivamaruthi BS, Tiampasook P, Nacapunchai D. Anti-sebum efficacy of phyllanthus emblica l.(emblica) toner on facial skin. Applied Sciences. 2020 Nov 19;10(22):8193.
  59. Hazarika, N.; Archana, M. The Psychosocial Impact of Acne Vulgaris. Indian J. Dermatol. 2016, 61, 515–520 Park, C.I. Study on the Effects of Houttuynia Cordata Extracts on Emulsions. Korea J. Herbol. 2010, 25, 92850731
  60. J. W. Kim, H. J. Ji, J. H. Ahn and M. S. Kim, “Cosmetic Composition Containing Herbal Medicine Extracts for Preventing Wrinkle,” KR Patent No. 2009002678, 2009.
  61. Y. S. You, “Method of Preparing Functional Massage Pack Useful for Treating Acne from Rice Powder, Houttuynia Cordata Thunb. And Green Tea Leaves,” KR Patent No. 2006059930, 2006
  62. Pappas A, Johnsen S, Liu JC, Eisinger M. Sebum analysis of individuals with and without acne. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009 May 1;1(3):157-61.
  63. Rabe, J.H.; Mamelak, A.J.; McElgunn, P.J.; Morison, W.L.; Sauder, D.N. Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2006, 55, 1–19.
  64. Cadet, J.; Wagner, J.R. DNA base damage by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents, and UV radiation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2013, 5, 1–18
  65. Liu, S.; You, L.; Zhao, Y.; Chang, X. Hawthorn Polyphenol Extract Inhibits UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging by Regulating MMP Expression and Type I Procollagen Production in Mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 8537–8546
  66. Chatur VM, Walode SG, Awate SA, Gandhi MU, Thorat VS. Formulation and physical characterization of herbal face gel toner. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2021;11(1):138-45.
  67. Choi, S.; Youn, J.; Kim, K.; Joo da, H.; Shin, S.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.K.; An, I.S.; Kwon, S.; Youn, H.J.; et al. Apigenin inhibits UVA-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and prevents signs of skin aging in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2016, 38, 627–634
  68. Domaszewska-Szostek, A.; Puzianowska-Kuznicka, M.; Kurylowicz, A. Flavonoids in Skin Senescence Prevention and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6814.
  69. Lee, H.J.; Seo, H.S.; Kim, G.J.; Jeon, C.Y.; Park, J.H.; Jang, B.H.; Park, S.J.; Shin, Y.C.; Ko, S.G. Houttuynia cordata Thunb inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of the NFkappaB signaling pathway in HMC-1 human mast cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2013, 8, 731–736.
  70. Theberge L, Kernaleguen A. Importance of cosmetics related to aspects of the self. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1979 Jun; 48(3):827-30.
  71. Gawande N, Kate S, Waghmare K. Formulation and Evaluation of some Cosmetic preparations using novel natural colorant from Ixora coccinea. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021; 11(1):22-28.
  72. Zeng W, Zhang H, Deng Y, Jiang A, Bao X, Guo M, Li Z, Wu M, Ji X, Zeng X, Mei L. Dual-response oxygen-generating MnO2 nanoparticles with polydopamine modification for combined photothermal-photodynamic therapy. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2020 Jun 1;389:124494.
  73. N. Ouldali, R. Cohen Reducing the burden of paediatric pneumonia in the most affected populations .Lanc. Child Adolesc. Health, 4 (6) (2020), pp. 408-409
  74. F. Madhi, L. Panetta, L. De Pontual, S. Biscardi, N. Remus, Y. Gillet, V. Gajdos, B. Ros, F. Angoulvant, S. Dutron, R. Cohen, Angoulvant, S. Dutron, R. Cohen, Antimicrobial treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in children .Infect. Dis. Now, 53 (8S) (2023), Article 104782
  75. X. Dong, P. Zhou, G. Zhu Common pathogens and drug resistance of neonatal pneumonia with new multichannel sensor .Contrast Media. Mol. Imag., 2022 (2022), Article 2208636
  76. T. Y. Ho, H.Y. Lo, G.L. Lu, P.Y. Liao, C.Y. Hsiang CY.Analysis of target organs of Houttuynia cordata: a study on the anti-inflammatory effect of upper respiratory system .J. Ethnopharmacol., 315 (2023), Article 116687
  77. Du J, Tian S, Liu M, Li J, Long Z. The comprehensive evaluation and mechanism of HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA (Thunb) injection as a complementary therapy for infantile pneumonia. Phytomedicine Plus. 2024 Aug 14:100619.
  78. Ghosh A, Ghosh B, Parihar N, Ilaweibaphyrnai M, Panda SR, Alexander A, Chella N, Murty US, Naidu VG, Pemmaraju DB. Nutraceutical prospects of Houttuynia cordata against the infectious viruses. Food Bioscience. 2022 Dec 1;50:101977.
  79. Li W, Zhou P, Zhang Y, He L. Houttuynia cordata, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):922-7.
  80. Sun X, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ouyang Z, Yin R, Wei Y. Mrgprb2 gene plays a role in the anaphylactoid reactions induced by Houttuynia cordata injection. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022 May 10;289:115053.
  81. Shuai J, Liu Z, Kim HS, Wang Y, Mao J, He R, Sui J, Ren Z. Thermoelectric properties of Bi-based Zintl compounds Ca 1− x Yb x Mg 2 Bi 2. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2016;4(11):4312-20.
  82. Liu FZ, Shi H, Shi YJ, Liu Y, Jin YH, Gao YJ, Guo SS, Cui XL. Pharmacodynamic experiment of the antivirus effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on influenza virus in mice. Yao xue xue bao= Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2010 Mar 1;45(3):399-402.
  83. Bauer R, Pröbstle A, Lotter H, Wagner-Redecker W, Matthiesen U. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents from Houttuynia cordata. Phytomedicine. 1996 Mar 1;2(4):305-8.
  84. Lau KM, Lee KM, Koon CM, Cheung CS, Lau CP, Ho HM, Lee MY, Au SW, Cheng CH, Bik-San Lau C, Tsui SK. Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2008 Jun 19;118(1):79-85.
  85. Ruansit W, Charerntantanakul W. Oral supplementation of Houttuynia cordata extract reduces viremia in PRRSV-1 modified-live virus-vaccinated pigs in response to the HP-PRRSV-2 challenge. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022 Jul 18;13:929338.
  86. Woessner NM, Brandl SM, Hartmann S, Schamel WW, Hartl FA, Minguet S. Phospho-mimetic CD3ε variants prevent TCR and CAR signaling. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024 May 8;15:1392933.
  87. Thiel V, Ivanov KA, Putics A, Hertzig T, Schelle B, Bayer S, Weißbrich B, Snijder EJ, Rabenau H, Doerr HW, Gorbalenya AE. Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression. Journal of General Virology. 2003 Sep;84(9):2305-15.
  88. Chen SD, Li T, Gao H, Zhu QC, Lu CJ, Wu HL, Peng T, Yao XS. Anti HSV-1 flavonoid derivatives tethered with houttuynin from Houttuynia cordata. Planta medica. 2013 Dec;79(18):1742-8.
  89. Loo YC, Tsai YH, Chen H, Hsieh HP, Chen YC, Chen HE, Lin ZH, Huang HT, Liu IM, Liaw CC, Chang FR. Quality and production enhancement of fish mint, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., cultivated in a hydroponic planting system with designed plant growth-promoting additives. Heliyon. 2024 Apr 15;10(7).
  90. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  91. Yang W, Karatay A, Zhao J, Song J, Zhao L, Xing Y, Zhang C, He C, Yaglioglu HG, Hayvali M, Elmali A. Near-IR broadband-absorbing trans-bisphosphine Pt (II) bisacetylide complexes: preparation and study of the photophysics. Inorganic Chemistry. 2015 Aug 3;54(15):7492-505
  92. Shin S, Joo SS, Jeon JH, Park D, Jang MJ, Kim TO, Kim HK, Hwang BY, Kim KY, Kim YB. Anti-inflammatory effects of a Houttuynia cordata supercritical extract. Journal of veterinary science. 2010 Sep 1;11(3):273-5.
  93. Taguchi K, Hagiwara Y, Kajiyama K, Suzuki Y. Pharmacological studies of Houttuyniae herba: the anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin. Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 1993 Apr 1;113(4):327-33.
  94. Singh YD, Jena B, Ningthoujam R, Panda S, Priyadarsini P, Pattanayak S, Panda MK, Singh MC, Satapathy KB. Potential bioactive molecules from natural products to combat against coronavirus. Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2020 Sep 15:1-2.
  95. Chen YY, LIU TF, Chen CM, Chao PY, Chang TJ. A study of the antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. using an oxidized frying oil-fed model. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2003;49(5):327-33.
  96. Zhang QW. Houttuynia cordata Thunb ??? (Yuxingcao, Houttuynia). InDietary Chinese Herbs: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Evidence 2015 May 17 (pp. 623-630). Vienna: Springer Vienna.
  97. Hotez PJ, Ehrenberg JP. Escalating the global fight against neglected tropical diseases through interventions in the Asia Pacific region. Advances in parasitology. 2010 Jan 1;72:31-53.
  98. Gross AV, Stolz ED, Müller LG, Rates SM, Ritter MR. Medicinal plants for the” nerves”: a review of ethnobotanical studies carried out in South Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2019 Jun 19;33:269-82.
  99. Mahdi Pourmortazavi S, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Somayyeh Hajimirsadeghic S. Supercritical fluid technology in analytical chemistry-review. Current Analytical Chemistry. 2014 Jan 1;10(1):3-28.
  100. Zheng Y, Fan C, Liu M, Chen Y, Lu Z, Xu N, Huang H, Zeng H, Liu S, Cao H, Liu J. Overall quality control of the chemical and bioactive consistency of ShengMai Formula. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020 Sep 10;189:113411.
  101. Sun H, Ge X, Lv Y, Wang A. Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. Journal of Chromatography A. 2012 May 11;1237:1-23.
  102. Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Revilla-Ruiz P, Hernández-Méndez J. Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 2005 Sep 30;1089(1-2):1-7.
  103. Višnjevec AM, Barp L, Lucci P, Moret S. Pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of bioactive compounds in plants with emphasis on phenolics. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2024 Feb 22:117620.
  104. Nguyen HM, Huong TT, Loan HT, Le TM. Application of response surface methodology to optimize the ultrasound-assisted flavonoid-rich extraction of fish mint (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.). Science and Technology Development Journal. 2021 Aug 2;24(3):1994-2003.
  105. Yau Y.K.Ooi C.W.Ng E.-P.Lan J.C.-W.Ling T.C.Show P.L.Current applications of different type of aqueous two-phase systems.Bioresour. Bioprocess. 2015; 2: 49-61
  106. Albertsson PÅ. Partition of cell particles and macromolecules in polymer two-phase systems. Advances in protein chemistry. 1970 Jan 1;24:309-41.
  107. Li Y.Yang S.Zhang W.Lu X.Yang H.Hu J.Phase equilibria and salt effect on the aqueous two-phase system of ethanol + 2-propanol + salt [(NH4)2SO4/Na2SO4] + water.J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017; 127: 2473-2487
  108. Hempen CH, Fischer T. A materia medica for Chinese medicine: plants, minerals, and animal products. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
  109. Janta K, Thaharn W. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against some pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases. Progress in Applied Science and Technology. 2018 Jun 30;8(1):141-51.
  110. Wu Z, Deng X, Hu Q, Xiao X, Jiang J, Ma X, Wu M. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021 Sep 1;12:714694.
  111. Wang S, Li L, Chen Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Li N, Wu Y, Yuan J. Houttuynia cordata thunb. alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating intestinal microenvironment: a research review. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023 Nov 22;14:1306375.
  112. Kiewhuo K, Gogoi D, Mahanta HJ, Rawal RK, Das D, Vaikundamani S, Jamir E, Sastry GN. OSADHI–An online structural and analytics based database for herbs of India. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 2023 Feb 1;102:107799.
  113. Wang JH, Bose S, Shin NR, Chin YW, Choi YH, Kim H. Pharmaceutical impact of Houttuynia Cordata and metformin combination on high-fat-diet-induced metabolic disorders: Link to intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2018 Oct 24;9:620.
  114. Han EH, Park JH, Kim JY, Jeong HG. Houttuynia cordata water extract suppresses anaphylactic reaction and IgE-mediated allergic response by inhibiting multiple steps of FcεRI signaling in mast cells. Food and chemical toxicology. 2009 Jul 1;47(7):1659-66.
  115. Rafiq S, Hao H, Ijaz M, Raza A. Pharmacological effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata): a comprehensive review. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Aug 29;15(9):1079.
  116. Wu Z, Deng X, Hu Q, Xiao X, Jiang J, Ma X, Wu M. Houttuynia cordata Thunb: an ethnopharmacological review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021 Sep 1;12:714694.
  117. Chung MS, Bae WJ, Choi SW, Lee KW, Jeong HC, Bashraheel F, Jeon SH, Jung JW, Yoon BI, Kwon EB, Oh HA. An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017 Dec;17:1-1.
  118. CHOUDHARY BK, MAJUMDAR K, DATTA BK. A preliminary assessment of ecological services and functions in Tripura, India.
  119. Wei L, Wu X (2012) Genetic variation and population differentiation in a medical herb Houttuynia cordata in China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Int J Mol Sci 13:8159–8170
  120. Bhattacharyya N, Sharma S (2010) Assessment of availability, ecological feature, and habitat preference of the medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. In the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam, India. Environ Monit Assess 160:277–287
  121. Frank KA, Dana MN (2012) Spreading ornamental plants: virtues & vices. Lands Hort 1:1–4
  122. Hamrick JL and Golt MJW (1990) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources (Brown AHD, Clegg MJ and Kahler AL, eds.). Sinauer, Sunderland, 43–63
  123. Mihara T (1960) On the reduction division of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Bot Mag Tok 73:498–498
  124. Shibata K, Miyake H (1908) Ueber Parthenogenesis bei Houttuynia cordata. Bot Mag Tok 22:141–144
  125. Chung MS, Bae WJ, Choi SW, Lee KW, Jeong HC, Bashraheel F, Jeon SH, Jung JW, Yoon BI, Kwon EB, Oh HA. An Asian traditional herbal complex containing Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Perilla frutescens Var. Acuta and green tea stimulates hair growth in mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2017 Dec;17:1-1.
  126. Dehgan B. Angiosperms: flowering plants. In Garden Plants Taxonomy: Volume 1: Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (Monocots) 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 173-603). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  127. Ma Q, Wei R, Wang Z, Liu W, Sang Z, Li Y, Huang H. Bioactive alkaloids from the aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2017 Jan 4;195:166-72.
  128. Subedi L, Lee TH, Wahedi HM, Baek SH, Kim SY. Resveratrol?enriched rice attenuates UVB?ROS?induced skin aging via downregulation of inflammatory cascades. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017;2017(1):8379539.
  129. Nakamura H, Ota T, Fukuchi G. The constituents of diuretic drugs. II. The flavonol glucoside of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. J Pharm Soc Japan. 1936;56:68.

Photo
Ishwari Koparkar
Corresponding author

Department of Pharmacognosy, GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik.

Photo
Durva Birari
Co-author

Department of Pharmacognosy, GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik.

Photo
Mrunal Gharate
Co-author

Department of Pharmacognosy, GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik.

Ishwari Koparkar, Mrunal Gharate, Durva Birari, Harnessing the Anti-Aging Benefits of Houttuynia Cordata: A Systematic Review, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2026, Vol 4, Issue 9, 546-567. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22308973

More related articles
Transnational Cybercrime: Legal Frameworks, Challe...
Dr Dharmendra Kumar ...
Development of Anti Migrane Orodispersible Tablets...
Raj Nandani, Shivanand Patil, Arti Kori...
Spanlastics: An Emerging Generation of Flexible Na...
Gowthaman R, Gokulkumar M, Harshitha Shri S...
View more
Therapeutic Role of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Revi...
Shravya C, Rasmi Debnath, Md Farhan...
Quercetin In Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review...
C. Priya Dhaarani, S. V. S. Harish, L. Subramanian, Dr. M. Rajesh...
From Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver to Diabetes: Exploring the Hepato-Metabolic Linka...
G. Venkata Karthik Kumar Reddy, Rachana P R, Chethan Kumar B G, Chethan M, Apoorva N...
View more
Download PDF
Related Articles
A Green Chemistry Approach to Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids: Docking, Synthesi...
Sumithra. S, Dr. D. Nagavalli...
Advances in UV-Responsive Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug Delivery: A Comprehen...
Dr. Monal Jain, Rushi Busamwar, Abhijit Das, Pratik Chavan, Auston Rodrigues...
A Case Report On Lumbar Severe Canal Stenosis...
Agnes R. P., Shaiju Dharan, Drishya L., Hiranya S. S....
Exosomes And Plant Derived Extracellular Vesicles (Pdev’s): Pioneering The Tra...
Raj Jagtap, Dr. Sadhana Shahi, Akanksha Tattu, Kranti Deshmukh, Yash Gandhi...
Transnational Cybercrime: Legal Frameworks, Challenges, and Strategies for Effec...
Dr Dharmendra Kumar ...
More related articles
Transnational Cybercrime: Legal Frameworks, Challenges, and Strategies for Effec...
Dr Dharmendra Kumar ...
Development of Anti Migrane Orodispersible Tablets of Naproxen Sodium and Ondans...
Raj Nandani, Shivanand Patil, Arti Kori...
Spanlastics: An Emerging Generation of Flexible Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Syst...
Gowthaman R, Gokulkumar M, Harshitha Shri S...
View more

Copyright © 2026 IJPS. All rights reserved