Development and In-Vitro Quality Evaluation of Momordica dioica  Tablet Formulation for Urolithiasis

Furqan shah ashfaque shah; Dr.Monika Jadhao; Shailesh Jawarkar; Dr. Vijay Waghulkar; Amol Sawale

doi:10.5281/zenodo.19551410

Review Paper | Open Access
Volume 04 | Issue 04 | Article Id IJPS/260404221

Development and In-Vitro Quality Evaluation of Momordica dioica Tablet Formulation for Urolithiasis
Furqan shah ashfaque shah * Dr.Monika Jadhao Shailesh Jawarkar Dr. Vijay Waghulkar Amol Sawale
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Vidyabharathi College of Pharmacy, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati 444601, Maharashtra, India.

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a recurrent renal disorder characterized by the formation of calculi in the urinary tract, a recurring kidney disease. Because of their safety and therapeutic effectiveness, herbal medications are becoming more and more popular. A member of the Cucurbitaceae family, Momordica dioica is a medicinal plant with anti-urolithiatic properties that has long been used to treat urinary problems. The goal of this study is to create a tablet formulation of Momordica dioica and assess its in vitro quality criteria. The direct compressed method was used to make the tablets, and their weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, and drug content were assessed. Acceptable tablet quality and consistency were indicated by the fact that all assessed metrics fell within pharmacopeial limits. The research backs the creation of a standardized herbal tablet formulation for the treatment of urolithiasis.

Keywords

Momordica dioica, Urolithiasis, Herbal tablet, In-vitro evaluation, Quality control.

Introduction

Urolithiasis is one of the most common disorders of the urinary system, with a high rate of recurrence. Current Treatment options include surgical procedures and synthetic drugs, which may be associated with side effects and High cost. Herbal drugs offer a safer alternative and are widely accepted in traditional medicine systems. Momordica dioica has been reported to possess diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-urolithiatic activities. However, the absence of standardized dosage forms limits its pharmaceutical application. Therefore, the present Study focuses on the development and in-vitro quality evaluation of Momordica dioica tablet formulation.

Momerdica diocia fruits

Traditional medicinal herbs are still used across various cultures worldwide for basic healthcare needs, despite developments in modern medicine.^[3,4,5]Due to their efficiency, low cost, and availability, these medicinal plants have traditionally been used as a form of therapy in many traditional medical systems. However, the lack of standards for drug authenticity makes natural origin medicines vulnerable to adulteration and substitution. As a result, this affects the strength, quality, and purity of pharmaceuticals. A pharmacognostic investigation is necessary to ensure the authenticity of herbal medicine. Herbal medicines have been utilized for many Years to treat a variety of illnesses. Many human Illnesses have been treated with herbs, which are widely Available, and have a lower risk of side effects.^[18-22]In many nations,where 35% of medicines contain natural components,the use of therapeutic plants is growing . The World Health Organization,better known as the WHO, has established specificfor the assurance of safety, and strong quality control profiles, and also outlines the requirements for standardizing herbs, herbal products, and other forms of healthcare .Momordica dioica is a perennial, dioecious cucurbitaceous climbing creeper. Kankoda, kakrol, spiny gourd, teasle gourd, akakara, bodakakara, kakor, kantola, golbandra, parora, kheksa, dharkarela, and batkarila are some of its other names. It is found on the Deccan Plateau and in central India, where it is indigenous to Asia. In addition to Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, China, and Pakistan, it is also dispersed outside of India.^[6,7]

Botanical Profile of Momordica Dioica:^[8,9]

Vernacular Names of Momordica Dioica:

Bengali: Kartoli

English: Small bitter gourd, Spine gourd,Teasel gourd

Hindi: kakora, Parora,Kantola

Malayalam: Venpaval

Tamil: Paluppakkay

Telugu: Agakara, Karl

Sanskrit: Vahisi

Punjabi: Bharkarela

Marathi: Kantoli

Gujrati: Katwal

Taxonomy of Momordica Dioica:-^[10]

Kingdom	Plantae
Sub-Kingdom	Tracheobionata
Division	Magnoliphyta
Class	Magnoliphyta
Super-division	Spermatophyta
Family	Cucurbitaceae
Order	Violales
Genus	Momordica
Dioica	Dioica

MATERIALS AND METHODS:-^[11,12,13]

1.Plant Material

Dried fruits of Momordica dioica were procured from a local market and authenticated by a qualified Pharmacognosist. The material was dried, powdered, and stored in airtight containers.

2.Preparation of Extract of Momordica dioica

Momordica dioica (Spiny gourd/Kantola) extract can be prepared using different methods depending on the solvent and purpose (phytochemical screening, tablet formulation, pharmacological study, etc.). Below is a standard laboratory method.^[24-27]

Method 1: Soxhlet Extraction (Hydroalcoholic Extract)

Materials Required:

Dried powdered drug (50–100 g)

Solvent: Ethanol (95%) or Hydroalcoholic (70% ethanol)

Soxhlet apparatus

Heating

Procedure:

Weigh 50 g of powdered drug.

Place it in a thimble inside Soxhlet apparatus.

Add 300–500 ml solvent in round bottom flask.

Heat at 60–80°C.

Allow 6–8 hours extraction (until siphon tube runs clear).

Filter the extract.

Concentrate using rotary evaporator at < 45°C. 8. Dry in a water bath to obtain a semisolid mass.

9. Store in desiccator.

Method 2: Maceration Method (Simple Method)

Procedure:

Take 50 g coarse powder.

Add 250 ml hydroalcoholic solvent.

Keep in closed container for 72 hours.

Shake occasionally.

Filter through muslin cloth.

Concentrate filtrate on water bath.

Dry and store.

Tablet Formulation:-

Formulation of tablets from the phenolic Extract was conducted by direct compression Method.^[13,14] Direct compression refers to the Practice of compressing tablets directly from Powdered active drug components and Appropriate excipients into a solid compact Without using the granulation process. These Involve mixing and processing formulation Ingredients and then compressing them into Tablets. To achieve the perfect formulation, We performed the “Hit and Trial” method, Experimenting with different formulations to Find the best one. We crafted five unique Formulations through this approach, tweaking The components and proportions each time

Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method using suitable excipients including microcrystalline

Cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30), sodium starch glycolate, and magnesium stearate.^[15,16]

Composition of Momordica dioica Tablet Formulation

Ingredient	Quantity (mg)
Momordica dioica extract	250
Microcrystalline cellulose	200
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30)	30
Sodium starch glycolate	15
Magnesium stearate.	5

In-Vitro Evaluation

The formulated tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content,And dissolution studies according to standard pharmacopeial procedures.

In-Vitro Quality Evaluation Results

Parameter	Result	Pharmacopoeial Limit
Weight variation	±4.2%	±5%
Hardness	5.2 kg/cm²	4–6 kg/cm²
Friability	0.62%	< 1%
Disintegration time	6.5 min	< 15 min
Drug content	98.4%	95–105%

CONCLUSION

The study successfully developed a standardized herbal tablet formulation using the extract of Momordica dioica. By utilizing the direct compression method, the research addressed the previous lack of standardized dosage forms for this medicinal plant, which is traditionally known for its anti-urolithiatic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The in-vitro quality evaluation confirms that the formulated tablets are of high quality and consistency, as all tested parameters .

REFERENCES

The wealth of India. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, 1962; 6: 408-11.
Maharudra S. Rakh * 1 and J. Banurekha 2:COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA AND MOMORDICA DIOICA: AN UPDATE
Raj NM, Prasanna KP and Peter KV: Momordica spp. In: Kallo G, Bergh BO (Eds.), Genetic Improvement of Vegetables Crops, Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1993: 239-43.
Zafar R: Medicinal Plant of India, 1^st ed, CBS publisher And distributors, New Delhi 2002; 105.
Nadkarni KM: Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt, Ltd, Mumbai, India, 2007; 1: 805-

07.

Indian Pharmacopoeia, Government of India.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy.
WHO Guidelines on Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials.
Behera TK: Hetero is in bitter gourd in Hybrid Vegetable Development, ed, by Singh PK, Dasgupta SK andTripathi SK, Haworth Press, New York, NY, 2004; 217-21.
Chakravarty HL: Cucurbits of India and their role in the Development of vegetable crops in Biology and Utilization Of Cucurbitaceae ed by Bates DM, Robinson RW, Jeffrey C, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1990; 325-34.
Cefalu WT, Ye J and Wang ZQ: Efficacy of dietary Supplementation with botanicals on carbohydrate Metabolism in humans, endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets, 2008; 8: 78-81.
Jain A and Singhai AK: Effect of Momordica dioica Roxb On gentamicin model of acute renal failure, Natural Product Research 2009.
Darshan Gurude*, Sonali V. Uppalwar, Abhishek K. Sen:The Comprehensive Review on Momordica Dioica International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 5, no 12, pp 349-356 December 2024.
K. Joseph John, V. T. Antony, and Y. C. Roy, “On the occurrence, distribution and taxonomy of Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde in India,” Genet Resour Crop Evol, vol. 54, no. 6, 2007, doi:10.1007/s10722-006-9114-4.
S. N. Talukdar and M. N. Hossain, “Phytochemical, Phytotherapeutical and pharmacological study of momordica dioica,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/806082.
P. Panda, N. Sahoo, S. Das, S. Das, and D. Mohanty, “Phytochemicals in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review,” Journal Of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 2020.
M. Sorifa, “Nutritional compositions, health promoting phytochemicals and value added products of bitter gourd: A review,” 2018.
Y. H. KIM et al., “Anti-Allergic Effects of Kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.) Flesh Extract,” Biosci Microbiota Food Health, vol. 31, no. 1, 2012, doi: 10.12938/bmfh.31.1.
N. Padole, H. Chandankhede, R. Deshmukh, P. Chatakwar, S. Dandekar, and J. Baheti, “A Review:

Phytochemical Investigation and Medicinal Applications of Herb’s,” Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research and Development, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v10i6.1210.

D. N. M. -, S. V.D. -, and K. R. N. -, “Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of members of Cucurbitaceae from Ralegaon Region-A Review,” International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.icmrs23.204.
K. K. and P. S. Jamuna S, “Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of certain medicinally important species of Cucurbitaceae family a review,” Journal of Research in Biology, vol. 5, no. 6, 2015.
M. S. Rakh and J. Banurekha, “COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA AND MOMORDICA DIOICA: AN UPDATE,” Int J Pharm Sci Res, vol. 12, no. 8, 2021.
M. N. I. Manik, M. G. Rasul, M. M. Rahman, Y. Ozaki, and H. Okubo, “Parthenocarpic fruiting behavior in Kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.),” Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, vol. 45, no. 2, 2001, doi: 10.5109/24395.
M. G. Rasul, M. A. K. Mian, Y. Cho, Y. Ozaki, and H. Okubo, “Application of plant growth regulators on the parthenocarpic fruit development In teasle gourd (Kakrol, Momordica dioica Roxb.),” Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, vol. 53, no. 1, 2008, doi:

10.5109/10067.

J. K. Joseph and V. T. Antony, “Ethnobotanical investigations in the genus Momordica L. in the Southern Western Ghats of India,” Genet Resour Crop Evol, vol. 55, no. 5, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10722-007-9279-5.
Y. Kumar, A. Kheto, L. Singh, and V. S. Sharanagat, “Ultrasound pretreated hot air drying of spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb. Ex Willd): The effect on quality attributes,” Food Chemistry Advances, vol. 2, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.focha.2022.100167.
D. K. Jha, R. Koneri, and S. Samaddar, “Potential Bio-Resources of Momordica dioica Roxb: A Review,” Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, vol. 45, no. 2, 2019.
B. Bawara, M. Dixit, N. S. Chauhan, V. K. Dixit, and D. K. Saraf, “Phyto-pharmacology of Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd: A review,” 2010. doi: 10.5138/ijpm.2010.0975.0185.02001.

Reference

The wealth of India. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, 1962; 6: 408-11.
Maharudra S. Rakh * 1 and J. Banurekha 2:COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA AND MOMORDICA DIOICA: AN UPDATE
Raj NM, Prasanna KP and Peter KV: Momordica spp. In: Kallo G, Bergh BO (Eds.), Genetic Improvement of Vegetables Crops, Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1993: 239-43.
Zafar R: Medicinal Plant of India, 1^st ed, CBS publisher And distributors, New Delhi 2002; 105.
Nadkarni KM: Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt, Ltd, Mumbai, India, 2007; 1: 805-

07.

Indian Pharmacopoeia, Government of India.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy.
WHO Guidelines on Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials.
Behera TK: Hetero is in bitter gourd in Hybrid Vegetable Development, ed, by Singh PK, Dasgupta SK andTripathi SK, Haworth Press, New York, NY, 2004; 217-21.
Chakravarty HL: Cucurbits of India and their role in the Development of vegetable crops in Biology and Utilization Of Cucurbitaceae ed by Bates DM, Robinson RW, Jeffrey C, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1990; 325-34.
Cefalu WT, Ye J and Wang ZQ: Efficacy of dietary Supplementation with botanicals on carbohydrate Metabolism in humans, endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets, 2008; 8: 78-81.
Jain A and Singhai AK: Effect of Momordica dioica Roxb On gentamicin model of acute renal failure, Natural Product Research 2009.
Darshan Gurude*, Sonali V. Uppalwar, Abhishek K. Sen:The Comprehensive Review on Momordica Dioica International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 5, no 12, pp 349-356 December 2024.
K. Joseph John, V. T. Antony, and Y. C. Roy, “On the occurrence, distribution and taxonomy of Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde in India,” Genet Resour Crop Evol, vol. 54, no. 6, 2007, doi:10.1007/s10722-006-9114-4.
S. N. Talukdar and M. N. Hossain, “Phytochemical, Phytotherapeutical and pharmacological study of momordica dioica,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/806082.
P. Panda, N. Sahoo, S. Das, S. Das, and D. Mohanty, “Phytochemicals in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review,” Journal Of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 2020.
M. Sorifa, “Nutritional compositions, health promoting phytochemicals and value added products of bitter gourd: A review,” 2018.
Y. H. KIM et al., “Anti-Allergic Effects of Kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.) Flesh Extract,” Biosci Microbiota Food Health, vol. 31, no. 1, 2012, doi: 10.12938/bmfh.31.1.
N. Padole, H. Chandankhede, R. Deshmukh, P. Chatakwar, S. Dandekar, and J. Baheti, “A Review:

Phytochemical Investigation and Medicinal Applications of Herb’s,” Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research and Development, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v10i6.1210.

D. N. M. -, S. V.D. -, and K. R. N. -, “Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of members of Cucurbitaceae from Ralegaon Region-A Review,” International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.icmrs23.204.
K. K. and P. S. Jamuna S, “Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of certain medicinally important species of Cucurbitaceae family a review,” Journal of Research in Biology, vol. 5, no. 6, 2015.
M. S. Rakh and J. Banurekha, “COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA AND MOMORDICA DIOICA: AN UPDATE,” Int J Pharm Sci Res, vol. 12, no. 8, 2021.
M. N. I. Manik, M. G. Rasul, M. M. Rahman, Y. Ozaki, and H. Okubo, “Parthenocarpic fruiting behavior in Kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.),” Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, vol. 45, no. 2, 2001, doi: 10.5109/24395.
M. G. Rasul, M. A. K. Mian, Y. Cho, Y. Ozaki, and H. Okubo, “Application of plant growth regulators on the parthenocarpic fruit development In teasle gourd (Kakrol, Momordica dioica Roxb.),” Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, vol. 53, no. 1, 2008, doi:

10.5109/10067.

J. K. Joseph and V. T. Antony, “Ethnobotanical investigations in the genus Momordica L. in the Southern Western Ghats of India,” Genet Resour Crop Evol, vol. 55, no. 5, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10722-007-9279-5.
Y. Kumar, A. Kheto, L. Singh, and V. S. Sharanagat, “Ultrasound pretreated hot air drying of spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb. Ex Willd): The effect on quality attributes,” Food Chemistry Advances, vol. 2, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.focha.2022.100167.
D. K. Jha, R. Koneri, and S. Samaddar, “Potential Bio-Resources of Momordica dioica Roxb: A Review,” Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, vol. 45, no. 2, 2019.
B. Bawara, M. Dixit, N. S. Chauhan, V. K. Dixit, and D. K. Saraf, “Phyto-pharmacology of Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd: A review,” 2010. doi: 10.5138/ijpm.2010.0975.0185.02001.