Green synthesis and characterization of Tree Turmeric mediated nanoparticle and their biological application

Genus and different species, cytogenetic Berberis encompasses roughly 650 species globally, with 54 species identified in Indian Himalayas. The genus is the major within Berberidaceae, comprising about 400 species, some widely cultivated in India. The genus Berberis aristata takes high medicinal worth and traditional been used to treat a variety of digestion health, as well as skin care. Kashmale is a spiny shrub commonly seen growing in not built-up forest, hillside roadsides, pathway shrubberies at elevation since 1800-2800 m in western Himalayas. Its canister be tolerated in thrilling winters.A total of 77 species of berberis.The Himalayan mountains, particularly Devbhoomi, boasts the peak number Berberis variety, with around 28-29 varieties documented. The current study focuses on regions with concentration, specifically Kashmir (approximately 20 varieties) Mountain State varieties), or Land of Monastery (15 to 16 varieties widely used in Ayurvedic medicines an it’s know variousnames such as Daruharida, Daruhaldi, Dar Chitra alternative name for the Tree Turmeric. been discovered that theplant possessed medicines properties, including fever -reducing, killing, nicribe-fighting, liver-protecting, blood lowering, cholesterol-reducing effects. Making valuable resource for treating various health condition. Research on Berberis aristata extracts has shown promising results in treating a result of ailments, including loose motions, piles, sugar disease, ocular, auditory, disease-causing agents, injury recovery, yellowing of the skin, dermatological condition, malarial fever. The plant active compounds, berberine, is responsible for its therapeutic effects. Berberine’s unique properties necessitate multiple extraction and detection approaches making it a versatile compound for various applications. The genus is recognised for its diversity in pharmacological practises, and Berberis Aristata is no exception.

It traditional medicine arrangement have been used for centuries, and ongoing research continue to uncover its potential therapeutic applications.

Exploration these remedial shrubberies with more transformation is the need of contemporary remedial system. The present investigation places of concentration the Phytochemicals and pharmacologic investigations reveal beginning category berberis within the last two sectors.

Since its discriminations this analysis describes various technique discussed in the nonfictionup to this point regarding to the most notable characteristics, manipulating berberine removal. Furthermore, the common analytical techniques such as thin layer chromatography, highperformance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometer are discussed in detailed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current methodologies. Furthermore, both clinical and experimental, indicates that berberine possesses a multitude of pharmacological benefits, including immunomodulation, antioxidant properties, cardio protection. This summary highlights the key finding regarding the botanical presence, liverprotective, and kidneyprotective attributes of berberine, it’salsodiscussing the outdated applications, extraction, methods, and therapeutic properties of berberine and the plants that’s contain it.

The present study underscores the ethnobotanical, pharmacogenetic, and pharmacological aspects of Berberis aristata, offering valuable perspective on the development of potentially novel bioactive entities or plant-derived frameworks. Furthermore, this review will shed light on the prevailing patenting patterns and innovative formulations derived from the plant’s properties. Beginning the Berberis aristata also the dissimilarassignedelaborate in the filing patent (Potdar et al., (2012))

Berberis aristata takesremained exploited as a health-giving protective remedy diaphoretic, urinary stimulant, and different interventionaimed at the multiple health issues including, skin problems, rheumatic conditions, snake envenoming, excessive menstrual bleeding, liver disorders and the ophthalmic problems (Mohi-Ud-DinR, etal., (2021)).The main alkaloids ingredients found in numerous fragments derived from the plant, counting herbaceous parts, underground stem, creeping roots, andthe stem bark is the source of the berberine. Premature revisions as demonstrated by itshypoglycaemic belongingsin the management of diarrheal besides insulin resistance (Murad H.M et al., ((2020)).In provincesnations such as Inia and NepalBerberisAristata is employed inn conventional medicines with the purpose of antipathies endocrine system problems diarrhoea, subclinical malaria, intestinal amoebiasis, eye-related apprehension as a form of bowel stimulant.

Family: Berberidaceae

Synonym: Berberis bussmul, Berberis ceratophyllids, Berberi’sserrati folia.

Mutual Name: Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric. Homegrown Name: Kashmale

KEYWORDS: antibacterial, anticancer, Berberis aristata, berberine, hepatoprotective.

MATERIAL AND METHOD MATERIAL

Botanical compound

Berberis Aristata sample stayed collected from surrounding area of Hamirpur in the month of February 2025.High-quality laboratory chemicals incorporated into experiment originated from beginning the directorate of school of Pharmacy Carrer point university Hamirpur.

Method

Sample preparation

The plant was prepared of dirt and unwanted material by successively washing with running tape water and sterilized water for 2-3 times. different plants parts that are leaves, stems and roots. Remained and dispersed in sterile surfaces. These were dried subsequently under a shed for consecutive 3-4 workweeks at room temperature to avoid microorganism contamination and to protect from the moisture effects. The desiccated components were separately ground into a fine powdered.

Extraction

B. aristata leaves: The leaf (40g) was air dries and them ground into a powdered fragments into smaller pieces and re-desiccated and the roughly pulverized was followed by comprehensive extraction Soxhlet extraction was carried out with 95% ethyl acetate for 3 days. The temp.at (80degree Celsius). The process continued with hot solvent extraction undertake Soxhlet extraction for 5-6 hours at (40 degree Celsius). By means ofbristly powdered crude drugs.

MORPHOLOGY

Berberis Aristata is characterised by an upright spiny shrub arranging flanked by 2-3 meters (6.6-9.8 feet). The plant’s woody form is characterized by bark that shifts from yellow to brown on the exterior and showcase a rich yellow colour beneath privileged. The bark is safeguard by three-branched projections that enhance leaf function and can be extracted by pointer along the length stripes. Leaves are clusters in group of 5-8 measuring about for

4.9cm (1.9 inches) long and the 1.8cm (0.71inches) broad.The leaves are dark green dorsally and light green ventrally, with pinnate venation and a leathery consistency. The leaf margins are serrated featuring numerous small indentions. (Parmar, C, M.K.

Kaushal etal., (1998)).

Morphology (TABLE NO.1)

Medicinal uses

Tree turmeric utilizes in Ayurvedic medicines with the shoot, Tuber, Berry being employed Ayurvedic practises (Kala, CP. etal., (2006)). A study on rasaunt involves boiling the tuber bark

s, stem cutting propagation in water to create a remedy. The solution afterward filtered along with concentration through evaporation till a reach to a gel like consistency equals achieved, resulting in rasaunt. The rasaunt is subsequently combined choose between Margarine, honey and Citrus juice (Parmar and M.k. Kaushal etal., (1982)). The root bark is known to contain the alkaloid berberine, which has an unpleasant taste as evolved into

researched due to its therapeutic properties.

Botanical description of Berberis aristata

1.         Leaves

Popular clumps of five to eight, simply spiny toothed, leathery, and leaves remain grouped. Length: 4.9cm, width: measuring 1.8cm, with a rich green hue on the higher side with a pale green hue on the base of the plant.

2.         Flower

Flowers be situated yellow, actinomorphic, and had aregular diameter of 12.5mm.

3.         Fruits

Fruits amount in 7mm in length and 4mm in diameter, weigh 227 mg and consume volume 237microleter. The fruit consumes an aconite violet.

4.         Stem

The stem of Berberis aristata is a valuable component in traditional Indian medicine, particularly in Ayurvedic practices. It's used for its potential antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties.

Phytochemical constituents

protoberberine alkaloids, undergoes a chemical reaction.as fine as palmatime chloride. Additional extracted alkaloids include aroma line, oxy be berberine, Berberine, oxyacanthine, besides Berberine chloride. Alkaloids, composed with taxilamine, pseudo palmatine chloride, pseudo 1 in 10 dilution chemical constituents, remained obtained from the bark. (Chakravarty et al., (1950)). the berberis aristata plant's blooms comprise the polyphenolic flavonoids quercetin, martin, and rutin. Two more acids were e-caffeic acid but also chlorogenic acid that is contemporary. The ethanolic extract of the plant also contain the paraffin hydrocarbon is also particular detected throughout heartwood ethanolic extract. The substantial inorganic in the plant rhizomes have Significant amount of cadmium, iron and Zinc. (Blasko. (1982)).

Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis Quantitative analysis

Qualitative chemical analysis was performed and experimental in various citations like chloroform acetone and ethanol and liquid of berberis aristata stem for detective work the secondary metabolised current in it.

Test for alkaloids

Pipette 2 ml of sample into a clean test tube and add 3 drops of picric reagent formation of light-yellowunder pressure indicates the occurrence of alkaloids.

Test for flavonoids

TO 2ml of sample add few drops of the concentrated NH3 solutions suggestion of yellow colour confirms the occurrence of flavonoids

Test for Tannins

Withdraw 2ml of illustration into dried followed by 2 ml of sterile water. Along with drip in a few drops of 0.1%t of ferric chloride and perceive for dark precipitates

Test for steroids

To 1ml of sample add and sequentially add 2ml of glacial acetic acid an equal volume(2ml) of concentrated H2SO4. Experimental for colour transformationsince violet to blue green.

Qualitative analysis

Thin layer chromatography of berberis aristata leaves Flat-bed chromatography techniques exited adopted in the Favor identification associated with the different classes of apparatuses present extracted base on the approaches designate previous.

List of various materials used in this:-

 

 

 

 

SAMPLE IMAGES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particle Size Analysis Data

The particle size of the synthesized sample was analyzed using a Litesizer 500 instrument operating in particle size measurement mode. The analysis was conducted at a controlled temperature of 25°C, using water as the solvent.

Measurement Conditions

•      Measurement mode: Particle size (Dynamic Light Scattering)

•      Measurement angle: Side scatter

•      Solvent: Water

•      Solvent refractive index: 1.3303

•      Solvent viscosity: 0.8903 mPa·s

•      Number of runs: 6

•      Time per run: 10 seconds

1.         Average Particle Size

The hydrodynamic diameter of the particles was found to be:

 •          256.2 nm This indicates that the synthesized particles fall within the nanometer range, confirming successful nanoparticle formation.

2.         Polydispersity Index (PDI)

•           PDI = 18.5% (0.185) The PDI value suggests a moderately narrow size distribution, indicating that the particles are fairly uniform but not perfectly monodisperse.

3.         Particle Size Distribution

The intensity-based particle size distribution showed:

to nanoparticles around 251 nm, indicating that most particles are in the nanoscale range.

•           A minor peak (~14420 nm) suggests the presence of some aggregated or larger particles.

4.         Additional Parameters

•      Diffusion coefficient: 1.9 µm²/s

•      Mean intensity: 295.0 counts’/s

•      Absolute intensity: 8889.2 counts’/s

•      Transmittance: 77.0%

The particle size analysis confirms that the synthesized material consists predominantly of nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 256 nm. The relatively low PDI indicates a fairly uniform distribution, although the presence of a small fraction of larger particles suggests partial aggregation.

CONCLUSION

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the authenticity, phytochemical profile, and nonmaterial-based characterization of Berberis aristata (tree turmeric). The study successfully integrated classical pharmacognostic techniques with advanced analytical approaches to ensure accurate identification and evaluation of the plant material. Microscopic examination of the plant drug revealed distinct diagnostic features such as well-developed xylem vessels, fibers, and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, which are characteristic markers for identification and help in detecting adulteration. These anatomical observations confirmed the genuineness of the crude drug. (TLC) analysis demonstrated the presence of important phytoconstituents, particularly alkaloids such as berberine. The developed chromatographic profile provided a reliable fingerprint for the plant, supporting its standardization and quality control. Furthermore, the study extended towards nanotechnologybased characterization of synthesized nanoparticles derived from the plant

extract. Particle size analysis using Dynamic Light Scattering confirmed that the particles were within the nanometer range, with an average size around 256 nm and a relatively low polydispersity index, indicating acceptable uniformity. Elemental analysis through Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy verified the presence of copper along with carbon and oxygen, confirming successful synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles through a green approach. Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that the particles were predominantly spherical with slight aggregation, supporting controlled growth and nanoscale formation. In addition, X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles, with welldefined diffraction peaks indicating structural stability and successful formation of nonmaterials. Overall, the results of the study demonstrate that Berberis aristata is a valuable medicinal plant with significant phytochemical constituents and potential for nanoparticle synthesis. The combination of microscopy, TLC profiling and advanced analytical techniques provides a comprehensive approach for authentication, quality evaluation, and potential pharmaceutical applications. The findings of this work highlight the importance of integrating traditional pharmacognostic methods with modern analytical tools for the development of standardized herbal formulations and novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems.

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