The Evolution of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block: From Conventional Techniques to Precision-Guided Anesthesia

Abstract

In dental practice, inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is still the method most frequently used to achieve mandibular anesthesia. The traditional landmark-based approach is widely used, but it has anatomical limitations, technique sensitivity, and inconsistent success rates. The goal of this review is to present a thorough overview of the development of IANB techniques, including extraoral approaches, modifications to classical methods, and new technological advancements. To incorporate historical viewpoints, clinical approaches, and contemporary developments, a narrative review methodology was used. Numerous intraoral techniques have been described, each with unique benefits and drawbacks, including Halsted, Gow-Gates, Vazirani–Akinosi, and multiple modifications. In situations where mouth opening is limited, extraoral techniques are useful substitutes. Precision-guided and patient-centered anesthesia is now the norm thanks to recent developments like computer-controlled anesthesia delivery, intraosseous systems, ultrasound guidance, and vibration-assisted techniques. The results imply that there isn't a single technique that is always better, and that clinical skill, anatomical knowledge, and the right technique selection are all necessary for successful anesthesia. The incorporation of contemporary technologies has the potential to enhance mandibular anesthesia's precision, security, and patient comfort.

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