The Preparation and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Cream From Neem & Liquorice.

Background Inflammation is a complex biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.  Inflammation is a natural defence mechanism against any kind of stimuli that may be harmful however, excessive inflammation lead to various health problems, including skin, disorder, arthritis,and autoimmune disease.

It is the body’s natural protective response to injure , infection ,irritation ,or harmful stimuli. It is a defense mechanism of the immune system that helps remove harmful agents and starts the healing process.

Inflammation is the reaction of living tissues to damage caused by physical injury, chemicals, microorganisms, or immune reactions.

Causes of Inflammation

• Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
• Physical injury (cuts, burns, fractures)
• Chemical irritation
• Allergic reactions
• Autoimmune diseases
• Exposure to toxins
• Radiation

 

 

Fig 1: Inflammation of cell

 

 

Fig 2: Signs of inflammation

 

 

Fig 3: Acute and Chronic inflammation

Basic information about cream:-    

 

 

Creams represent semi-solid preparations meant to be applied externally on the skin. Creams have either one or more medicines suspended or dissolved in a proper base. Creams are extensively used for:

 Anti –inflammatory effects.

Moisturizing.                                           

Antifungal or antibacterial treatment.

Cosmetic use

A cream is a semisolid emulsion system consisting of:-

• Oil phase
• Water phase
• Emulsifying agent

Type of Creams:-

1. Oil–in water (O/W) Cream

Oil droplets are dispersed in a continuous water phase.

Charactristics

Non-greasy, easily washable with water, Light texture, cooling effect on skin.

Composition:-

Oil phase is in (small amount)) whereas Water phase is (large amount).

Mechanism:-

Water is the external phase → absorbs quickly → gives non-oily feel

Advantages:-

Suitable for oily skin, Good patient acceptance, No staining of clothes

Disadvantages:-

Less moisturizing, easily contaminated by microbes

Examples:-

Vanishing cream, Moisturizing cream.

2. Water –in oil (W/O) Cream

Water droplets are dispersed in a continuous oil phase.

Characteristics:-

Greasy and thick, Not easily washable, Provides protective layer.

Composition:-

Oil phase is in (large amount) whereas Water phase (small amount).

Mechanism:-

Oil forms outer layer → prevents water loss from skin

Advantages:-

Excellent moisturizing effect, Good for dry skin, Protective barrier

Disadvantages:-

Sticky feel, Can clog pores

Examples:-

Cold cream, Night cream

Ideal Properties of Cream:-

• Smooth texture
• Easily spreadable
• Non-irritant
• Stable (no phase separation)
• Good appearance and fragrance

Ingredients Used in Cream Formulation

1. Active Ingredient (API)

Example:

• Neem extract → antibacterial
• Liquorice extract → anti-inflammatory

2. Oil Phase

• Beeswax → thickening agent
• Stearic acid → emulsifier
• Liquid paraffin → emollient

3. Aqueous Phase

• Distilled water → vehicle
• Glycerin → moisture retention

4. Emulsifying Agents

• Triethanolamine
• Soap-based emulsifiers

5. Preservatives

• Methylparaben
• Propylparaben

6. Perfume & Color

For aesthetic appeal.

 

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION:-

 

• Topical Route              

 

 

The topical route of administration involves application of the drug directly onto the skin or mucous membrane to produce a local therapeutic effect at the site of application. This route bypasses systemic circulation, thereby minimizing systemic side effects while maximizing local drug concentration. Topical preparations include creams, ointments, gels, lotions, pastes, and transdermal patches.

• Skin as a Route of Administration

The skin consists of three primary layers: 1. Epidermis - the outermost layer comprising the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale;

2. Dermis - the middle layer containing blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands.

3. Hypodermis / Subcutaneous layer - the innermost fatty layer providing insulation and cushioning.

The stratum corneum (SC), composed of flattened, non-viable, keratin-filled corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix, represents the primary barrier to drug penetration. The 'brick and mortar' model describes the SC as corneocytes (bricks) embedded in lipid bilayers (mortar). Drug molecules must traverse this barrier by one of the following pathways:

1. Transcellular pathway - directly through corneocytes;

2. Intercellular pathway - through the lipid domains between corneocytes;

3. Transappendageal pathway - via hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat ducts.

• Aim and objective :-

Aim: To formulate and evaluate a herbal anti-inflammatory cream using extracts of Neem and Liquorice, and to assess its effectiveness in reducing inflammation.

Objective:

1. To study preparation of anti-inflammatory cream using extraction of Neem and                             Liquorice .
2. To formulate a stable herbal cream incorporating these extracts.
3. To evaluate the physicochemical properties of the formulated cream such as : pH , viscosity , spreadability
4. To formulate an oil-in-water (O/W) anti-inflammatory cream using the given formulation components including cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, almond oil, coconut oil, glycerine, purified water, methyl paraben, vitamin E, and fragrance.
5. To optimize the concentration of neem and liquorice extracts in the cream formulation.
6. To evaluate the prepared cream for organoleptic properties (color, odor, appearance, texture).
7. To determine the pH of the formulated cream using a calibrated digital pH meter.
8. To assess the spreadability of the cream using the parallel plate method.
9. To determine the viscosity of the cream using a Brookfield viscometer.
10. To perform UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis of the extracts and formulated cream.

• Herbal anti-inflammatory Treatment:

Herbal anti –inflammatory treatment are widely used in traditional system like Ayurveda and modern herbal medicine.

Some herbs have compounds that can help reduce inflammation, through they're usually milder than pharmaceutical drugs.

The herbal drug such as liquorice (Glycyrrhizin – glycyrrhizic acid ) and Neem (Nimbidin).

• Herbal ingredient

The different parts of plant were selected for study having anti inflammatory property which is alredy proven . following are the ingredient which we have to used in formulation of anti –inflammatory cream

• Neem extract .
• Liquorice extract .
• Emulsifying wax.
• Steric acid .
• Coconut oil .
• Distilled water.
• Glycerin .
• Methyl paraben.
• Vitamin e.
• Flavouring agent .

Anti –inflammatory herbs

1. Neem :

The neem plant has a number of active compounds including:

Nimbidin , Azadirachtin , Quercetin

Nimbidin – principal anti-inflammatory substance, found especially in oil

Nimbin – helps with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activitie

Azadirachtin – mainly used for insecticidal purposes, but promotes immune response

Quercetin – a naturally occurring flavonoid; powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

The active compounds act to:

Decrease formation of inflammatory agents such as prostaglandins reduce swelling and redness.

Have an antioxidant effect which lowers oxidative stress contributing to inflammation

Biological source

Neem consists of the leaves, bark, seeds, and oil of Azadirachta indica.

     

 

     

 

Fig 4: Leaves and powder of Neem

Table no1:- Taxonomical classification of Neem

        

      

 

Fig5: Root and Powder of liquorice

 

 

Fig:6Microwave synthesis system

 

     

 

Fig 7: Extraction of Neem                             Fig 8: Extraction of Liquorice

• Advantages of Cream

• Cosmetically elegant and aesthetically acceptable.
• Easy to apply and spread uniformly over the skin surface.
• O/W creams are non-greasy and washable, improving patient compliance.
• Can accommodate both hydrophilic and lipophilic active ingredients.
• Provides localized drug delivery with minimal systemic absorption.
• Can be formulated with preservatives to maintain microbiological stability.
• Suitable for large surface area application.
• Avoids first-pass metabolism associated with oral drug administration.

• Disadvantages of Cream

• Possibility of microbial contamination due to high water content.
• Requires preservatives which may cause sensitization.
• Physical instability due to possible phase separation on storage.
• Limited drug loading capacity compared to ointments.
• May cause local irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

• Method of preparation :

Step 1 : Preparation of Oil phase:-

Take stearic acid , cetyl alcohol ,and emulsifying wax   and oil in a beaker  heat them up to   70-75 ⁰ C .

Stir them completely melted .

 

 

Fig 9:  Preparation of Oil phase

Step 2 : Preparation of Aqueous phase:-

In another beaker take distilled water ,glycerine and methyl parabeen heat them with same temperature (70-75 ⁰ C)

Stir until preservative dissolves .

 

 

Fig 10:  Preparation of Aqueous phase

Step 3: Emulsification:-

Slowly add oil phase into aqueous phase

Stir continuously using: Mechanical stirrer / glass rod

Continue stirring to form uniform emulsion

Step 4: Addition of Herbal Extracts:-

Allow mixture to cool to about 40°C

Add:  Neem extract , Liquorice extract . Mix thoroughly.

 

 

Fig 11: Placed the extract of liquorice and neem on water bath

Step 5: Addition of Additives:-

Add: Vitamin E (antioxidant)

Flavouring agent  for pleasant smell to mask the unplacent smell of neem

Mix gently to avoid air bubbles, stir continuously to make smooth , semisolid and uniform cream .

Step 6: Cooling and Packaging:-

Allow cream to cool to room temperature. And transfer into clean and suitable container .

 

     

 

Fig12: Cream  are filled in container

The formulated herbal anti-inflammatory cream was ecaluated based on various physicochemical and dermatological parameter .The are summarized given below :-

Colour: The cream exhibited a Light or pale green  color, indicating the presence of natural herbal extracts such as neem.

Texture: The texture was found to be smooth and semi-solid, ensuring easy application and a pleasant feel on the skin.

State: The cream remained semi-solid, maintaining uniformity and stability throughout the study period.

Irritancy: No skin irritation was observed during the skin irritation test, suggesting excellent skin compatibility.

pH: The pH of the cream is an important parameter as it directly affects skin compatibility, drug stability, and microbial preservation. Skin has a natural acidic pH range of 4.5-5.5, and topical formulations should ideally have a pH in the range of 4.5-7.0 to avoid skin irritation.

Method: 0.5 g of the cream was accurately weighed and dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water (CO2-free). The pH of the resulting dispersion was measured using a calibrated digital pH meter (Systronics) at room temperature (25°C ± 0.5°C). The electrode was calibrated using standard buffer solutions of pH 4.0 and 7.0 before use. The measurements were performed in triplicate and mean values were reported.

Result:  The pH of the cream was found to be in the range of 5-6 which is within an acceptable limit for topical herbal preparations. The pH scale photograph is given below :-

Fig :13pH of Cream

Spreadability test  : The formulation demonstrated good spreadability, comparable to marketed standard creams, allowing even application over the skin.

Spredability test show how easily cream spreads on skin .

Spreadability is a critical property of topical formulations that determines the ease and extent of application over the skin surface. Good spreadability reduces the force of application, prevents skin trauma, and ensures uniform drug distribution.

Method (Parallel Plate Method):  1 g of the cream was placed at the centre of a glass plate (10 cm × 10 cm). Another glass plate of identical size and weight was placed on top, and the cream was allowed to spread for 1 minute. A 50 g standard weight was placed on the upper plate and the diameter of spreading was measured after 1 minute. The spreadability was calculated using the formula

Formula :    S =   M×L /T

Where M : weight

            L : length of slide

            T  : time

Result: The spreadability was found to be 9.8 ± 0.34 g.cm/sec, indicating excellent spreadability of the formulation, which is consistent with a well-formulated O/W emulsion cream.                 

Washability Test: The washability test demonstrated good removal with water alone, supporting ease of use without the need for additional cleansing agents.

Apply cream on skin , wash with water should be easily removable .

Skin Irritation Test: Apply small amount on skin (patch test ) observe for redness ,itching ,swelling .A patch test revealed no erythema or edema, confirming that the formulation is non-irritant and safe for topical use.

Phase Separation: No phase separation was observed during storage, indicating the stability of the cream .

Homogeneity test : The homogeneity of the cream was assessed by visual inspection and by spreading a small quantity of cream on a glass plate between two glass slides. The preparation was examined for the presence of any lumps, agglomerates, or gritty particles.

Result: The cream showed a smooth, homogeneous texture with no visible lumps, agglomerates, or phase separation. Microscopic examination under 40× magnification confirmed uniform dispersion of oil droplets in the continuous aqueous phase .

Viscosity Test:

Take a representative sample of the cream (avoid air bubbles).Maintain temperature at 25 ± 1°C (very important).

Transfer the cream into a clean beaker.Select appropriate spindle and attach it to the viscometer.

Immerse the spindle fully into the cream (without touching bottom/sides).Set a suitable speed (e.g., 10–50 rpm depending on consistency).Allow the spindle to rotate until the reading stabilizes.Record viscosity in centipoise (cP).

Viscosity was evaluated in Brookfield viscometer using the LV-64 spindle .The rotational rate was directly immersed into the spindle and viscosity was measured as 1900 cps.

Fig:14Brookfield Viscometer

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

• Extract Preparation and Yield

The methanolic extracts of neem leaves and liquorice root were successfully prepared by microwave extraction prpcess , using 70% methanol as the solvent. The yield of neem leaf methanolic extract was 14.8% w/w and that of liquorice root methanolic extract was 18.2% w/w. The higher yield from liquorice root can be attributed to its high saponin (glycyrrhizin) content, which is readily soluble in aqueous ethanol. The extracts showed characteristic dark brown (neem) and yellow-brown (liquorice) colors, consistent with published reports.

• Phytochemical Screening

Phytochemical screening of the neem leaf methanolic extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols, proteins, and carbohydrates. The liquorice root extract showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols, and carbohydrates, but lacked alkaloids and proteins. The phytochemical profile of both extracts correlates well with literature reports and supports their pharmacological activities.

• Cream Formulation

The cream was successfully prepared by the fusion method as an O/W emulsion. The combination of cetyl alcohol and stearic acid served as the primary emulsifying system. Cetyl alcohol, being an amphiphilic fatty alcohol, acts as a co-emulsifier, viscosity builder, and stabilizer of the O/W emulsion by forming a condensed interfacial film at the oil-water interface. Coconut oil and almond oil served as the lipid phase, providing emollient and penetration-enhancing properties. Glycerine acted as a humectant, maintaining skin hydration and cream consistency. Methyl paraben (0.5% w/w) provided adequate antimicrobial preservation, and Vitamin E served as an antioxidant to prevent rancidity of the oil phase

CONCLUSION

The present study successfully demonstrated the preparation and evaluation of a herbal anti-inflammatory cream containing Neem and Liquorice extracts. Both herbal extracts showed significant therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and soothing properties. The microwave-assisted extraction method proved to be an effective technique for obtaining active constituents from both plants.

The formulated cream showed satisfactory physicochemical properties such as smooth texture, good homogeneity, pleasant odor, suitable pH, excellent spreadability, easy washability, and absence of skin irritation. No phase separation was observed, indicating good stability of the formulation.

Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that the prepared herbal cream is safe, stable, and suitable for topical use. It may serve as an effective natural alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory creams with fewer side effects. Therefore, Neem and Liquorice-based cream has good potential for further pharmaceutical development and therapeutic application in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.

The polyherbal cream demonstrated superior antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity compared to individual plant extracts, confirming a synergistic pharmacological effect. The stability studies indicated satisfactory physicochemical stability over 3 months under accelerated conditions.

Based on the comprehensive evaluation, it can be concluded that the formulated polyherbal anti-inflammatory cream containing neem and liquorice extracts is a safe, stable, and effective topical dosage form with promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The formulation offers a scientifically validated, cost-effective, and natural alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory topical agents for the management of inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, and acne.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors sincerely express their gratitude to Rupali S. Joshi for their valuable guidance, encouragement, and continuous support throughout the preparation of this The Preparation and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Cream From Neem & Liquorice. Her insightful suggestions and expert supervision have been instrumental in shaping the quality and depth of this work. The author also extend their appreciation to their institution and colleagues for providing the necessary resources and academic environment that facilitated this study.

Conflict of interest :

The author declared no conflict of interest with respect to the authorship and publication of this article.

Availability of data and material :

All the data used in our article are available from publicly accessible sources such as PubMed, Elsevier, Wikipedia, etc.

Funding :

The authors received no financial support for the authorship and for publication of this article.

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32. Chattopadhyay RR, Bhattacharyya SK. Herbal spices as antimicrobials. Advances in Phytomedicine. 2007;4:27-54.
33. Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Sengupta A, et al. Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer. Life Sciences. 2004;75(24):2867-2878.
34. Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Ghoreishi MR. The treatment of atopic dermatitis with licorice gel. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003;14(3):153-157.
35. Asl MN, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(6):709-724.
36. Kharkwal H, Joshi DD, Dwivedi AK. Phytochemistry and uses of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) leaves. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 2012;4(2):316-321.
37. Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77-80.
38. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1984.
39. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. 15th ed. London: Saunders Publishers; 2002.
40. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad. 2018;Vol. I-III.
41. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1986.
42. Ansel HC, Allen LV, Popovich NG. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
43. Gupta GD, Garg A, Upadhyay AK. Preparation and evaluation of anti-acne herbal formulations from the extract of Azadirachta indica. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2010;1(3):1184-1190.
44. Baghel SS, Shailesh N, Rathore S, Baghel RS. A review of quercetin: antioxidant and anticancer properties. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;1(1):146-160.
45. Nigam V, Nayak D. Formulation, development and evaluation of herbal cream: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016;9(Suppl 3):9-11.
46. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline. Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products Q1A(R2). International Conference on Harmonisation; 2003.
47. Khandelwal KR. Practical Pharmacognosy. 23rd ed. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2014.
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49. Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 52nd ed. Pune: Nirali Prakashan; 2018.
50. Dubey N, Dubey N, Mehta RS, Saluja AK, Jain D. Antimicrobial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra root. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2009;3(1):58-60.
51. Kaur IP, Kapila M, Agrawal R. Role of novel delivery systems in developing topical antioxidants as therapeutics to combat photoageing. Ageing Research Reviews. 2007;6(4):271-288.
52. Derle DV, Sagar BSH, Pimpale S. Effect of Penetration Enhancers on Buccal Permeation of Dihydroergotamine Mesylate. Indian Drugs. 2006;43(1):46-49.
53. Bhalekar MR, Pokharkar V, Madgulkar A, Patil N. Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(1):289-296.
54. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999;12(4):564-582.
55. Shah SM, Khan SA, Khan A, Raza SM, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss bark. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2011;4(4):1094-1096.
56. Rafi MM, Iyer B, Gullapalli S, et al. Licochalcone A, a novel flavonoid isolated from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), causes G2 and late-G1 arrests in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Letters. 2000;152(2):145-154.
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